The document discusses various drying techniques used in the pharmaceutical industry including tray drying, fluidized bed drying, vacuum drying, and freeze drying. Tray drying uses heated air circulation to dry materials on shelves. Fluidized bed drying uses heated air to fluidize and dry particles. Vacuum drying occurs below atmospheric pressure allowing drying at lower temperatures. Freeze drying works by freezing materials and then sublimating ice under vacuum to dry heat-sensitive substances. Each method has advantages and disadvantages for different material types and applications.
Definition of drying
Importance of drying
Difference between drying and evaporation
Drying is defined as removal of the liquid from a material by application of heat & is accomplished by transfer of a liquid from the surface into an unsaturated vapor phase .
Drying is the final removal of water from material (usually by heat)
Drying is commonly the last stage in a manufacture process
Non-thermal drying
1- As Squeezing wetted sponge
2- Adsorption by desiccant (desiccation)
3- Extraction.
Preservation of drug products
Preparation of bulk drugs
Improved handling
Improved characteristics
Equipments
Drying is necessary in order to avoid deterioration. A few examples are…
--blood products, tissues… undergo microbial growth
--effervescent tablets, synthetic & semi synthetic drugs undergo…. chemical decomposition.
Definition of drying
Importance of drying
Difference between drying and evaporation
Drying is defined as removal of the liquid from a material by application of heat & is accomplished by transfer of a liquid from the surface into an unsaturated vapor phase .
Drying is the final removal of water from material (usually by heat)
Drying is commonly the last stage in a manufacture process
Non-thermal drying
1- As Squeezing wetted sponge
2- Adsorption by desiccant (desiccation)
3- Extraction.
Preservation of drug products
Preparation of bulk drugs
Improved handling
Improved characteristics
Equipments
Drying is necessary in order to avoid deterioration. A few examples are…
--blood products, tissues… undergo microbial growth
--effervescent tablets, synthetic & semi synthetic drugs undergo…. chemical decomposition.
introduction, theory of drying, applications of drying, construction & working about fluidised bed dryer,use of tray dryer,construction about vacuum dryer, construction & working about drum dryer, construction about spray dryer
Pharmaceutical Dryers. Dryers are used in a variety of industries, such as the food processing, pharmaceutical, paper, pollution control and agricultural sectors. ... Direct dryers convectively heat a product through direct contact with heated air, gas or a combusted gas product.
Mixer Machines Mixer Machines are used in a number of different applications and industries in order to produce a final product that is the result of mixing or combining two or more materials.
Drying. Drying is a mass transfer process consisting of the removal of water or another solvent by evaporation from a solid, semi-solid or liquid. ... In bioproducts like food, grains, and pharmaceuticals like vaccines, the solvent to be removed is almost invariably water.
introduction, theory of drying, applications of drying, construction & working about fluidised bed dryer,use of tray dryer,construction about vacuum dryer, construction & working about drum dryer, construction about spray dryer
Pharmaceutical Dryers. Dryers are used in a variety of industries, such as the food processing, pharmaceutical, paper, pollution control and agricultural sectors. ... Direct dryers convectively heat a product through direct contact with heated air, gas or a combusted gas product.
Mixer Machines Mixer Machines are used in a number of different applications and industries in order to produce a final product that is the result of mixing or combining two or more materials.
Drying. Drying is a mass transfer process consisting of the removal of water or another solvent by evaporation from a solid, semi-solid or liquid. ... In bioproducts like food, grains, and pharmaceuticals like vaccines, the solvent to be removed is almost invariably water.
specifications and working of two stage spray drier with fluidized bed drier installed in experimental dairy,national dairy research institute,karnal,haryana
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
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Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
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NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
2. Drying:
The final removal of liquid from solids by vaporization with
the aid of heat.
The equipment used for drying is called a Dryer.
Theory of Drying:
It involves both Heat & Mass transfer.
Two steps are involved i.e.
Heat must be supplied to provide latent heat of
vaporization.
The liberated vapour must be removed by moving an air
stream.
dw/dØ = q / λ
3. dw/dØ =the rate of evaporation pounds of water per hour
q= overall rate of heat transfer
λ= latent heat of vapourisation of water (BTU per hour)
Applications of Drying:
In the pharmaceutical industry it is used as a unit process in the
manufacture of granules which can be dispensed in bulk or
converted into tablets or capsules
Drying can also be used to reduce the bulk & weight of the
material, thereby lowering the cost of transportation & storage.
It helps in the preservation of crude drugs of plant from mould
growth , which occurs due to presence of moisture.
It helps in the size reduction of crude drugs. The presence of
moisture in the crude drug does not allow it to get powdered
easily.
4. Drying is also used in the processing of materials i.e. the
preparation of dried aluminum hydroxide, the spray drying of
lactose & in the preparation of solid extracts.
Factor affecting the rate of drying:
Surface area of material: increase in surface area leads to
increase in rate of drying.
Rate of heat transfer by increasing airflow, temperature
gradient.
Moisture content of the material: time taken for drying will be
more if the moisture content is more.
Time and temperature: High temperature with less time drying
will takes place without degrading the material.
Difference in humidity (Hs-Hg) between surface layer and
atmospheric: if difference is more rate of drying will be fast
5. FLUIDISED BED DRYER
Working of FBD
Two types of FBD are used in pharmaceutical industry. There
are:
1. Vertical FBD
2. Horizontal FBD
The fluidizing air stream is induced by a fan which is mounted
in the upper part of dryer.
The air is heated to the required temperature in air heaters and
passed through the wet material contained in a drying chamber
fitted with a wire mesh support at bottom. The air flow rate is
adjusted by means of recirculation control and fabric filter bags
are provided to prevent the passage of fine particles. This type
of FBD is a batch type dryer and the
6. drying chamber is removed from the unit for charging ad
dumping. The FBD available in different capacities
ranging from 5 kg to 200 kg with an average drying time
of about 20-40 min.
Fig: Fluidised Bed Dryer
7. Use:
Used in granulation process for tablet preparation
It is used in coating.
Used for drying of filter cake.
Advantages:
It give high drying rate.
Suitable for thermolabile material.
Drying takes place of individual particles.
Temperature can be controlled.
Prevent the risk of migration of soluble material.
It can mostly used for drying of granules.
Disadvantages:
Turbulence produces cause attrition of particles.
Movement can generate electrical charges.
8. TRAY DRYER
The simplest form of dryer , the source of heat ( electric heater
or steam coil) is at floor level & relies on natural convection.
Therefore no efficient heat transfer. Modern dryer consists of
well insulated cabinet wit strategically placed fans and heating
coils.
The air circulates through the dryer at 200- 2000 feet / mins. In
small ovens , there may be provision for a single passage of
heated air , while in large units, the thermal efficiency is
improved by recirculation of air which is reheated after its
passage over each shelf.
The forced air circulation increases heat transfer & reduces
local vapour concentration.
9. Application of tray dryer.
1) For drying of crude drugs
2)For chemicals
3)For powders
4)For Granules used in tablet manufacturing
10. VACUUM DRYER
This equipment is a good example of conduction drier.
The vacuum oven consists of a jacketed vessel to
withstand vacuum within the oven.
There are supports for the shelves giving a larger area for
conduction heat transfer. The oven can be closed by a
door.
The oven is connected through a condenser and liquid
receiver to a vacuum pump. Operating pressure can be as
low as 0.03-0.06 bar. At this pressure water boils at 25-
35C. In the Pharma industry an oven of the size of about
1.5 m cubes having 20 shelves is commonly used.
12. Advantages:
It is useful for drying of heat sensitive materials
because drying take place at a low temperature.
A porous & soft dry extract is produced when a liquid
extract is dried in a vaccum dryer.
The valuable solvent can be recovered from the
extract.
Disadvantages:
The labour & running costs are rather high.
The vaccum dryer is of limited capacity.
Heat transfer coefficients are low.
13. FREEZE DRYER or LYOPHILIZATION
It is also called as sublimation drying process. In that
process water is sublimed & removed from the product
after it is frozen at the reduced pressure.
Theory:
Material is frozen in a container connected to a high
vacuum system. Vapour pressure of material is reduced
below the vapour pressure at which it is dried i.e. below
the triple point.
Under these conditions, heat transferred is used as latent
heat of sublimation to the product by means of radiant heat.
Ice sublimes to vapours. Water vapours are removed by
condensation.
14. Construction:
Components of Freeze dryer:
A chamber for vacuum drying
A vacuum source
A heat source
A vapour removal system
Chamber for vacuum drying having shelves for keeping
the material. Vacuum source vacuum pump is connected
to the chamber. A heat source heat is provided by
conduction or radiation or both. A vapour removal system
the condenser consists of large cooled surface by solid
carbon dioxide mixed with acetone or ethanol.
15. Working:
Pre-treatment : first solution is concentrated under normal
vacuum dryer before introducing in the chamber. This reduces
drying time by 8-10 times.
Pre-freezing : Ampoules, vials & bottles having aqueous
solution is packed & frozen in cold shelves at a temperature
below -50C.
Primary drying :
The material is spread. Temperature & pressure are kept below
the triple point of water. Heat is supplied. Ice sublimes into
vapours. Vapours are removed from the chamber. 98-99%
moisture removes during primary drying.
Secondary drying :
Remaining moisture is removed by vacuum drying at 50-
60C. Secondary drying takes about 10-20 hrs.
16. Fig: Freeze Dryer
Packing :
Biological products are dried packed in aseptic condition
immediately after drying.
Use:
Thermolabile substances, microbiological cultures, biological
products.
17. Advantages:
The product obtained is light and porous having excellent
solubility.
The chances of hydrolysis are minimized as drying takes
place at a very low temperature.
Drying takes place under vacuum; hence oxidation is
minimized as there is no contact with air.
The heat-sensitive materials can be dried.
The loss of volatile material is minimum.
The freeze-dried material can be stored at room
temperature if it is properly sealed in an inert atmosphere.
The sterility of the product can be maintained.
18. Disadvantages:
The process is very expensive because a complicated plant
is used.
The product obtained is very hygroscopic, so packaging
requires special precautions.
The period of drying is quite long.(usually not less than 10
hours)