Lumber ppt
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- The document discusses the design, construction, and working of a solar lumber dryer. It aims to provide a controlled drying method for lumber using solar energy as an alternative to open-air drying or expensive high-temperature dryers. - Key aspects covered include classifications of solar dryers, materials commonly dried, advantages over traditional drying methods like reduced costs, defects, and drying times. Calculations are presented on moisture content reduction during drying and heat requirements. - Applications mentioned include drying wood, agricultural crops, herbs, spices and more wherever hot air is needed for controlled drying. In conclusion, solar drying is found to be effective and cheaper than normal sun drying for tropical regions.
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11 conversion of timber
This document discusses different methods for converting logs into timber. It describes felling timber and transporting logs. It then explains four methods for converting logs: horizontal bandsaw, through and through sawing, quarter sawing, and tangential sawing. For each method, it provides the advantages and disadvantages. An exam question is included that asks the reader to name the conversion methods shown in diagrams, state the advantages and disadvantages of each, and determine which board shown is most likely to cup and why.
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This document discusses different wood finishes. It begins by outlining the purposes of applying a finish to wood, which include protecting the wood from wear and tear, preventing decay, and enhancing the wood's appearance. It then describes the two main stages of finishing as surface preparation and application of the finish. A number of specific finishes are discussed such as paint, varnish, Danish oil, wax, and lacquer. Application steps are provided for several of these finishes.
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2. It explains the types of laminates based on manufacturing process and surface finish. The main types are low pressure, high pressure, matte finish, glossy finish, textured finish and digital laminates.
3. Veneers are thin wood sheets used for decorative purposes. The manufacturing process of veneers involves slicing logs, grading, trimming and joining. Common types are oak, teak, walnut and birch veneers.
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There are many types of wood joints that can be used for different purposes. Some key wood joints include butt joints which simply join the ends of two pieces together, biscuit joints which use an oval piece to reinforce a butt joint, and mortise and tenon joints which are very strong and join two pieces at a 90 degree angle. Other common joints include dovetail joints which are the strongest for joining wood end grain to end grain, finger joints which are similar but with straight pins, and tongue and groove joints which provide a strong connection along the long edge of boards. Each joint has advantages for strength, durability and application, though some require more time and skill to execute.
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This document discusses various types of manufactured timber boards. It describes that manufactured boards are made by gluing wood layers or fibers together into large, consistent sheets. Examples of manufactured boards include plywood, medium density fiberboard (MDF), particle board, blockboard, and chipboard. The document compares properties of these different board types such as their composition, cost, strength, and common applications. Plywood is made from thin wood veneers glued in alternating directions while particle board uses wood chips and MDF uses wood fibers. These manufactured boards are often cheaper than solid wood but may require veneers. The summary provides an overview of the key board types and their basic properties discussed in the document.
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Timber can be used as a structural material for construction. It is wood that has been processed after felling trees and before use in construction. Timber is used in housing, commercial buildings, and for interior fittings. There are two main types - alternative timbers which are remanufactured and conventional woods. Timber provides advantages like flexibility, lower costs, and sustainability compared to other materials like steel. However, it is susceptible to decay if exposed to moisture and requires additional design considerations.
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The document discusses different types of wood, their characteristics, uses, and processing. It defines the differences between wood and timber, and describes softwood and hardwood. It then covers the internal section of wood including the pith, heartwood, sapwood, and growth layers. The rest of the document summarizes different wood-based boards like plywood, blockboard, and MDF. It also discusses veneers, types of veneers, and laminates used in woodwork.
4 wood
This document defines various wood terminology and discusses the characteristics of wood. It begins by defining boards, lumber, and timbers based on their thickness. It then discusses various wood terminology including heartwood, sapwood, growth rings, grain orientation, and board feet. The document also covers eight characteristics of wood such as defects, grain orientation, stiffness, load bearing ability, ease of working, and decay resistance. Tables summarize these characteristics for softwoods and hardwoods. The document concludes by providing guidance on selecting wood for different common construction applications.
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Wood is a natural material that was one of the first used by humans. Trees are cut down and processed to extract wood, which is then cut, dried, and distributed. There are different types of wood including softwoods and hardwoods. Wood can also be processed into wood derivatives like plywood, chipboard, and paper. Woodworking involves measuring, marking, cutting, drilling, smoothing, and finishing wood using both hand tools and power tools.
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Glass is an amorphous solid formed by rapidly cooling molten materials like silica. It is manufactured by melting raw materials like quartz at high temperatures then rapidly cooling. The molten glass can be shaped using processes like pressing, blowing, or drawing. Glass has many useful properties like high strength, resistance to chemicals, and being a good electrical insulator. Common types include soda lime glass, borosilicate glass, and leaded glass. Glass finds wide uses in construction, appliances, vehicles, and scientific and industrial equipment due to its versatile material properties.
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Plywood is a manufactured wood panel made of thin layers of wood veneer glued together. It was invented in the 19th century by Immanuel Nobel as a stronger alternative to solid wood. Plywood has face veneers of higher quality wood and core veneers to increase bending resistance. Common dimensions are 1.2m x 2.4m or 4ft x 8ft, with ply thicknesses ranging from 1.4mm to 4.3mm depending on the number of plies. There are several types including softwood, hardwood, tropical, decorative, and marine plywood used for various construction and industrial applications.
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This document provides information on various wood panel products including plywood, particle board, MDF, and HDF. It defines each product, describes their manufacturing processes, common sizes and thicknesses, applications and advantages/disadvantages. Plywood is made of thin wood veneers bonded together, making it strong but susceptible to water damage if unprotected. Particle board is made from wood waste and resin and is cheaper and more uniform than wood but less attractive. MDF is very dense and uniform as it is made from wood fibers and resin under high heat and pressure.
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This document discusses different wood finishes. It begins by outlining the purposes of applying a finish to wood, which include protecting the wood from wear and tear, preventing decay, and enhancing the wood's appearance. It then describes the two main stages of finishing as surface preparation and application of the finish. A number of specific finishes are discussed such as paint, varnish, Danish oil, wax, and lacquer. Application steps are provided for several of these finishes.
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Tree conversion involves cutting down trees in winter and transporting logs to sawmills to be cut into boards. There are three main conversion methods: through and through sawing cuts logs parallel to the grain but can cause cupping; tangential sawing cuts at 90 degree angles to produce flame figured boards but are prone to shrinkage; quarter sawing cuts at 45 degree angles to produce stable boards with attractive grain for flooring but is the most expensive due to extra processing steps.
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This document discusses veneers and laminates. It defines veneer as a thin decorative wood covering that can be applied to other materials. Veneers are produced through slicing and peeling logs before being graded, joined, and pressed onto sheet materials. Laminates are manufactured by bonding layers of paper soaked in resin under heat and pressure. The document outlines the different types, properties, uses, and manufacturing processes of veneers and laminates.
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1. The document discusses different types of decorative surface materials like laminates, veneers, plywood and their manufacturing processes.
2. It explains the types of laminates based on manufacturing process and surface finish. The main types are low pressure, high pressure, matte finish, glossy finish, textured finish and digital laminates.
3. Veneers are thin wood sheets used for decorative purposes. The manufacturing process of veneers involves slicing logs, grading, trimming and joining. Common types are oak, teak, walnut and birch veneers.
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Protective coating
Plastering type-
lime
cement
Gypsum
Plaster of paris(application)
Pointing-
Purpose & type
Morter-
preperation and type
Painting and vernishes
Type and application
White washing
Detempering
Oil paint
Wall cladding-
Material and method
Wall prepering
Glazing work
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Wood is a hard, fibrous material found in trees and woody plants. It has been used for thousands of years for construction and fuel. There are two main types - hardwoods from deciduous trees and softwoods from coniferous trees. Common hardwoods include oak, maple, mahogany and teak which are used for furniture, flooring and construction. Softwoods like pine, fir and cedar are lighter and more porous, used for framing, millwork and paneling. Wood is seasoned to remove moisture and prevent problems when used in construction. Methods include air, solar and microwave seasoning.
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There are many types of wood joints that can be used for different purposes. Some key wood joints include butt joints which simply join the ends of two pieces together, biscuit joints which use an oval piece to reinforce a butt joint, and mortise and tenon joints which are very strong and join two pieces at a 90 degree angle. Other common joints include dovetail joints which are the strongest for joining wood end grain to end grain, finger joints which are similar but with straight pins, and tongue and groove joints which provide a strong connection along the long edge of boards. Each joint has advantages for strength, durability and application, though some require more time and skill to execute.
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Timber can be used as a structural material for construction. It is wood that has been processed after felling trees and before use in construction. Timber is used in housing, commercial buildings, and for interior fittings. There are two main types - alternative timbers which are remanufactured and conventional woods. Timber provides advantages like flexibility, lower costs, and sustainability compared to other materials like steel. However, it is susceptible to decay if exposed to moisture and requires additional design considerations.
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The document discusses different types of wood, their characteristics, uses, and processing. It defines the differences between wood and timber, and describes softwood and hardwood. It then covers the internal section of wood including the pith, heartwood, sapwood, and growth layers. The rest of the document summarizes different wood-based boards like plywood, blockboard, and MDF. It also discusses veneers, types of veneers, and laminates used in woodwork.
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This document defines various wood terminology and discusses the characteristics of wood. It begins by defining boards, lumber, and timbers based on their thickness. It then discusses various wood terminology including heartwood, sapwood, growth rings, grain orientation, and board feet. The document also covers eight characteristics of wood such as defects, grain orientation, stiffness, load bearing ability, ease of working, and decay resistance. Tables summarize these characteristics for softwoods and hardwoods. The document concludes by providing guidance on selecting wood for different common construction applications.
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Wooden Flooring, Types of Wooden Flooring and Installation Process
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This document discusses different types of wood, including coniferous wood which is composed of radial files of cells with resin ducts and tracheids. It also discusses ring porous wood which has large earlywood vessels and diffuse porous wood which has small vessels throughout. Examples of different species are provided for each wood type.
Materials For Technical Use Wood
Wood is a natural material that was one of the first used by humans. Trees are cut down and processed to extract wood, which is then cut, dried, and distributed. There are different types of wood including softwoods and hardwoods. Wood can also be processed into wood derivatives like plywood, chipboard, and paper. Woodworking involves measuring, marking, cutting, drilling, smoothing, and finishing wood using both hand tools and power tools.
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The terms “hardwood” and “softwood” are often misleading because they have no direct relation to the actual physical hardness or softness of the wood, so that a hardwood may actually be softer than a softwood.
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This document provides information about various types of wood and timber. It discusses hardwoods which come from broad-leaf deciduous trees like oak. It also discusses softwoods which come from coniferous trees that do not lose their leaves. Softwood is used widely in construction. Manufactured boards like plywood and MDF are also described, which are made from gluing wood layers or fibers together. The document also covers wood properties, classifications, elements of a tree, defects in timber, and uses of different wood types.
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This document outlines the design of a solar crop dryer. It includes sections on introduction and objectives, which aim to design a cost-effective solar dryer. It also discusses methodology, including determining solar energy absorption by flat plate collectors and the drying chamber design. Key specifications calculated are the declination angle, solar intensities, and energy absorbed by the collector, which is estimated at 14.77% efficiency. The solar dryer aims to provide a more sustainable alternative to open air drying and protect crops from spoilage.
IRJET- Design and Fabrication of Solar Dryer by Natural Convection
This document describes the design and fabrication of a solar dryer that uses natural convection. It begins with an abstract that discusses food loss issues and how solar drying can help preserve agricultural products using renewable energy. It then provides details on the design calculations and considerations for the solar dryer components, including the collector area needed to dry a sample product load. Test results are presented showing drying temperatures achieved using the natural convection solar dryer design as well as modifications using forced convection and a mirror attachment. In conclusion, the solar dryer provides an economical way to dry crops using solar energy.
Design and Experimentation of Collector based Solar Dryer with Recirculation ...
Sun drying system is very common method of preserving agricultural product. Solar energy is used for heating
of air and to dry food substance. In open sun drying food is unprotected from rain, wind-borne dirt and dust,
infestation by insects, rodents and other animal. This process is practically attractive and environmentally sound.
Shell life of agricultural product is improve by drying. This paper present design and construction of active solar
dryer with recirculation technique. It consists of solar collector, drying chamber with netted trays and
recirculation arrangement. Air is allowed through inlet and it is heated up in collector. Then it is circulated in
drying chamber where it is utilize for drying. The design based on geographical location Wardha and
meteorological data were obtained for proper design specification. Locally available materials were used for
construction such as polyurethane glass, mild steel metal sheet, plywood sheet and insulating material.
Performance Evaluation of a Developed Multipurpose Solar Dryer
Post harvest losses in developing countries have contributed to the unavailability of foodstuff. Estimation of these losses is generally cited to be of the order of 4 but under very adverse conditions, it is estimated as high as 100 . A significant percentage of these losses are related to improper and or untimely preservation of foodstuffs. This research work is therefore aimed at developing a multipurpose solar dryer. The solar dryer consists mainly of solar collector and dryer chamber compartment. The materials used in this research work include based frame, transparent fiberglass cover, an absorber oven baked Aluminium , thermometer, wire gauze, etc. The frame was constructed from a wood bars with a dimension of 900 mm x 900 mm x 600 mm. The dryer chamber is a truncated rectangle and it comprises of a double walls made up of a plain ply board measuring 800 mm x 800 mm x by 500 mm with a transparent fiberglass cover inclined at an angle of 15o. Three different samples namely sample A sliced plantains , sample B sliced yams , and sample C fish were used for test performance evaluation of the developed multipurpose solar dryer. The results obtained reveal that overall heat energy transfer coefficient of 4.91w m0C, dryer chamber rate of 0.654 kg hr., and dryer chamber area of 0.659 m2 were required by the solar dryer. Besides, the solar dryer dried the three samples used in this research work within duration of 8 hours i.e., 9am 5pm . The maximum solar chamber dryer temperature and ambient temperature were recorded as 55.00 oC and 35.46 oC respectively. Besides, the minimum lower temperature values recorded were obtained as 40.45 oC for solar chamber dryer temperature and 29.02 oC for ambient temperature. The improved results obtained with the multipurpose solar dryer were due to improved temperature obtained with the solar dryer chamber. Orhorhoro EK | Aregbe O | Tamuno RI "Performance Evaluation of a Developed Multipurpose Solar Dryer" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-4 , June 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd31195.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/31195/performance-evaluation-of-a-developed-multipurpose-solar-dryer/orhorhoro-ek
Development of a Solar Drier for Domestic Applications
The solar drying system utilizes solar energy to heat up air and to dry small scale domestic produce like grain, omena, vegetables etc. This is beneficial in reducing wastage and hence preservation of agricultural products as well as increasing affordability by the local population who naturally cannot afford the higher cost of mechanical driers. This study presents the design, construction and performance of solar grain dryer. In the dryer, the heated air from a separate solar collector is passed through a grain bed, and at the same time, the drying cabinet absorbs solar energy directly through the transparent walls and roof. Tests carried out on the drier showed that the temperatures inside the dryer and the solar collector were much higher than the ambient temperature during most hours of the daylight. The temperature rise inside drying cabinet was up to 24oC (74%) for about three hours immediately after 12.00h (noon). This indicates better performance compared to open sun drying.
Drying methods
The document discusses various methods for drying grains, including conduction drying, convection drying, radiation drying, and others. Conduction drying involves heat transfer through direct contact with a heated surface. Convection drying uses hot gases to transfer heat and remove moisture. Radiation drying uses solar or infrared radiation as the heat source. Other methods mentioned are dielectric, chemical, sack drying, freeze drying, and solar drying techniques. The advantages and disadvantages of different drying methods are provided for natural air drying, supplemental heat drying, and heated air drying.
6 solar air heater solar dryer and solar pond
This document discusses various solar technologies including solar air heaters, solar dryers, and solar ponds. It provides details on the components, working principles, types (direct, indirect, mixed-mode), examples, advantages and limitations of each technology. Solar air heaters are used to heat air using solar energy by passing air through an absorber plate. Solar dryers utilize solar energy to dry agricultural crops and utilize direct, indirect or mixed-mode designs. Solar ponds store solar heat by creating salt concentration gradients that inhibit convection currents.
Ii3614451458
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Irjet v4 i3442
This document describes the design and construction of a solar dryer for drying agricultural products. The solar dryer consists of a solar collector chamber that heats air, and a drying chamber containing racks for drying trays. Hot air from the collector chamber flows through the drying chamber to remove moisture from agricultural products on the trays. The dryer was designed based on location and weather data to effectively dry crops while protecting them from insects, dust and rain compared to traditional sun drying methods. Locally available materials like wood, glass and metal sheets were used to construct the affordable and efficient solar drying system.
Design and Construction of Solar Dryer for Drying Agricultural Products
This document describes the design and construction of a solar dryer for drying agricultural products. Some key points:
- The solar dryer utilizes solar energy to heat air and dry food or agricultural products loaded inside, providing a beneficial and less wasteful preservation method.
- The dryer consists of a solar collector chamber that heats air, and a drying chamber containing racks for drying trays. Heated air is channeled through the drying chamber to remove moisture from loaded products.
- The design was based on location and weather data in Nagpur, India. Locally sourced materials like wood, glass, metal sheets and nets were used.
- Calculations were performed to determine optimal dimensions,
Design, Fabrication and Performance Evaluation of an Indirect Solar Dryer for...
This document describes the design, fabrication, and performance evaluation of an indirect solar dryer for drying agricultural products. The dryer consists of a solar air collector to heat air, a drying cabinet, and a centrifugal blower. The collector uses baffles to increase the heating time of air as it passes through. Heated air is blown into the drying chamber where agricultural products like apple slices are dried. The dryer was tested and found to be effective at drying products using solar energy in a sustainable way without fossil fuels.
Design and Fabrication of Solar Air Dryer
This document describes the design and construction of a solar air dryer for food preservation. The dryer uses solar energy to heat air that is then passed through drying cabinets to dry food items placed on drying trays. The heated air dries the food faster than natural sun drying alone. The dryer helps dry foods quickly to a required moisture level while maintaining high product quality. Materials used include glass, aluminum, wood and insulation. A schematic diagram and 3D design of the dryer are presented, along with the working principle and formulas for calculating moisture lost during drying. In conclusion, the existing solar dryer design performs well but could be improved with adjustments to increase efficiency.
Performance Analysis of Forced Convection Solar Dryer for Turmeric
This document describes the design, development, and performance analysis of a forced convection solar dryer for drying turmeric. Key points:
1) A forced convection solar dryer was designed and built consisting of a solar collector, blower, drying chamber, and supporting frame. Experiments were conducted drying turmeric using this solar dryer.
2) Results showed that turmeric could be dried from an initial 85.33% moisture content to a final 10.76% moisture content within 48 hours of sunshine using the solar dryer, much faster than open-air drying.
3) Drying time, solar intensity, moisture loss, and dryer efficiency were evaluated under different experimental conditions. The solar
Solar Dryer & Solar Distillation
This slide is about different types of Solar Dryer & Solar Distillation. Detail information given on this slide..
A03630108
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) is an intentional online Journal in English monthly publishing journal. This Journal publish original research work that contributes significantly to further the scientific knowledge in engineering and Technology.
A-REPORT-ON-INDUSTRIAL-TRAINING-AT-BFIDC-CHITTAGONG
The document summarizes the furniture manufacturing process at BFIDC in Bangladesh. It describes how raw materials like timber are purchased, seasoned through air or kiln drying to reduce moisture content, then machined using various tools like saws, planers and sanders. The machined parts are manually assembled and polished before delivery. Designers first create plans considering cost, materials and safety, while finishers polish furniture to enhance the wood and prepare items for sale. Furniture production can take place in both small workshops or large automated factories.
Energy and Exergy Analysis of ETC Based Solar Air Dryer
This document summarizes a study on the energy and exergy analysis of a solar air dryer using an evacuated tube collector (ETC). The study found that the first law efficiency (based on energy) of the solar air dryer is higher than the second law efficiency (based on exergy), and both efficiencies increase with higher airflow rates. The efficiencies also fluctuate during the day based on changing solar radiation levels. The document provides background on solar drying technologies, solar radiation measurement, and details of the experimental setup using a 9-tube ETC collector for the study.
Design and Development of Domestic Solar Dryer
This document describes the design and development of a domestic solar dryer. The solar dryer is intended to help preserve foods like fruits, vegetables, and herbs using solar energy. It aims to be portable so it can be easily moved and used in households.
The dryer design includes components like trays to hold foods, a solar fan to circulate hot air, and a toughened glass cover to allow sunlight to enter while protecting foods. It is intended to dry foods faster and more efficiently than traditional sun drying methods, while preventing spoilage from things like rain or pests. Testing showed the dryer was able to successfully dry food samples.
Future work could focus on improving drying times further and incorporating heat
Design, fabrication & simulation of mixed mode solar dehydrator for date ...
The drying process is one of the oldest methods used to remove the moisture content from the natural product.
It is the simplest and economical method on a large scale drying because of cheaper cost as compared to drying machine.
But it is estimated that about 30-40 percent of the commodity is wasted due to insufficient post-harvest treatment.
If solar dryers are used to remove excess moisture from the product before storage, their quality during storage will not deteriorate and infestation of insects will be reduced
Similarly, large quantities of excess vegetables and fruits, which are now being wasted, could be solar-dried for use during the off-season in a controlled manner.
Seminar on performance evaluation of a solar tunnel
The document summarizes a study evaluating the performance of a solar tunnel dryer for drying fruits and vegetables throughout the year. Key findings from the study include:
- Products dried in the solar tunnel dryer for 7-8 days were of good quality and sensory evaluation found them to be highly acceptable.
- The dryer was able to reduce the moisture content of garlic from 65% to 8.5%, chili from 77% to 7%, fenugreek from 86% to 7.2%, and aonla candy from 44% to 16% on average.
- The average thermal efficiency of the solar tunnel dryer ranged from 8.89% to 17.63% for different products dried.
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IRJET- Design and Fabrication of Solar Dryer by Natural Convection
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Design and Experimentation of Collector based Solar Dryer with Recirculation ...
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Performance Evaluation of a Developed Multipurpose Solar Dryer
Performance Evaluation of a Developed Multipurpose Solar Dryer
Development of a Solar Drier for Domestic Applications
Development of a Solar Drier for Domestic Applications
Design and Construction of Solar Dryer for Drying Agricultural Products
Design and Construction of Solar Dryer for Drying Agricultural Products
Design, Fabrication and Performance Evaluation of an Indirect Solar Dryer for...
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Performance Analysis of Forced Convection Solar Dryer for Turmeric
A-REPORT-ON-INDUSTRIAL-TRAINING-AT-BFIDC-CHITTAGONG
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Lumber ppt
- 2. Delivered by Mr. Ashwin S. Ghonmode Mr. Sachin Gayakawad Mr. Anup Jose Mr. Sachit Rawale Mr. Gopal Malu Mr. Saurabh Singh Mr. Kalim Khan Mr. Shishir Damke Mr. Srinivas Rebbawar Guided by Prof. N.R. Gandlewar Department of Mechanical Engg. R.C.E.R.T. Chandrapur
- 29. Calculation for one kg of wood 1.Mass of water to be evaporated M w = W*(M i -M f )/(100-M f ) where , W = wt. of teak lumber (for1 kg) Initial moisture = M i Final moisture = M f
- 30. 2. Heat required to evaporate Mw = M w *L (L = Latent heat) 3. Area required for Drying timber = Mw*L / It* efficiency
- 32. Time Temp.
- 33. Time Temperature
- 34. Time Temperature
- 35. Days Weight Loss
Editor's Notes
- Mass of water to be evaporated M w =W(M i -M f )/(100-M f ) where W- wt. of mahagony timber (for1 kg) M w =1*(35-11)/(100-11) M w =0.2696 kg
- 2. Heat required to evaporate M w = M w *L(L = Latent heat) =0.2696*2.8*10 6 =754880 MJ