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This document discusses grain crop drying, handling, and storage. It begins by introducing that grains are seasonal crops and must be stored from one harvest until the next planting season. The goals of storage are to maintain the crop in prime condition for as long as possible while minimizing losses. Key factors that are discussed include drying methods, storage structures, grain properties, recommended moisture levels, and the effects of temperature and insects on long-term storage. Proper drying and control of moisture, temperature, and insects are emphasized as important principles for successful grain storage.
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part 2
Grain crop drying, handling, and storage involves several key steps:
1) Bin sanitation which includes cleaning aeration ducts, augers, floors and removing debris before loading grain.
2) Loading grain in a way that optimizes storage, such as using augers at slow speeds and a spreader to fill bins evenly.
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2) Loading grain in a way that optimizes storage, such as using augers at slow speeds and a spreader to fill bins evenly.
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The document discusses India's record wheat and rice production and the government's storage issues. It then summarizes various traditional wooden, mud, bamboo, and pot-based grain storage structures used in different parts of India. These indigenous structures provide benefits like pest resistance but have limitations for long-term storage. The document concludes there is a need to improve traditional structures with scientific inputs and develop new region-specific designs to help reduce India's substantial post-harvest food grain losses.Grain storage in steel silos - Technology in Grain Storage Terminal
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India must move from Bags to Bulk soonest possible to save grain from rotting.
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- 1. Grain crop drying, handling and storage By SAMIR ALBADRI
- 2. Introduction -Major food crops such as cereal grains and tubers, including potatoes, are normally seasonal crops. -Food produced in one harvest period -Seed must be stored for: .Gradual consumption until the next harvest, .Seed must be held for the next season’s crop -Crop tends to raise prices during the off-season
- 3. Aim of any storage 1- To maintain the crop in prime condition for as long as possible 2- The storage and handling methods should minimize losses we need to consider other factors, such as 1- economies 2-labour cost and availability 3-building costs and machinery cost
- 4. Grain drying 1- safe storage natural and artificial drying, followed by drying methods suitable for the small grower 2- Various types of storage structures and systems, from family size up to commercial units
- 5. storage
- 6. Properties of grains Cereal grains are edible seeds Grains can be divided into three groups; 1-cereals(maize, wheat, millet, rice, etc.), 2-pulses (beans, peas, cowpeas, etc.), 3-oil seeds (soybeans, sunflower, linseed, etc.)
- 7. Bin Types • Low profile bins 12-13 ft depth • Deep bins 17-18 ft depth • Hopper-bottom bins
- 9. Bin Systems • Safety equipment • Loaders/augers • Power sweep • Perforated Floor • Fans • Dryers & heat recyclers • Aerators • Ventilators
- 11. Storage Goals 1-Avoid crop loss at harvest 2-Prolong crop storage life 3-Maintain crop quality 4-Increase value of crop 5-National/international availability
- 13. Storage Principles Proper crop condition going into storage Control moisture Control temperature Control insects
- 14. Recommended Grain Storage Moisture
- 15. Moisture - High moisture content leads to storage problems - Moisture encourages fungal and insect problems - Moisture starts to decrease as the crop reaches maturity and the grains are drying.
- 16. Temperature - Grains are biologically active and respire during storage - One of the products of respiration is heat and reducing the temperature of the crop can help to diminish the rate of respiration - Temperature effect is on the activity of insect and fungal problems. With lower temperatures
- 17. Insects • Weight loss: as insects develop they will feed on the produce. Losses vary with the commodity, for grain and legumes • -Insect activity also increases with a rise in temperature.
- 18. Effects in storage at different temperatures and moisture content
- 19. Moisture content -The moisture content of a crop is normally given on a wet basis’ (wb) and is calculated as follows (%mcwb): -Occasionally ‘dry basis’ (db) moisture content is given and it is important to know which has been used.
- 20. Grain will normally be harvested at a moisture content of 18–25 percent (wb), although it can be substantially higher or lower depending on many factors such as:- -the stage of maturity -season, -weather -drying facilities
- 22. Grain Conditioning Technology We dry a crop because we choose to harvest a slightly “wet” crop to avoid harvest losses
- 23. Permanently Installed Grain Temperature Cables
- 25. Management • Moisture content for crops: – Shelled corn at 13% to 15.5% – Wheat, barley, oats at 13% – Sunflowers at 8% to 10% • No advantage to frozen grain • Clean grain has uniform air spaces • Distribute/eliminate fines in bin