Vaccines are today's way of preventing so many virulent diseases that are almost holding humanity captive. This presentation will walk you through the definition of what a vaccine is up until how it is produced. The presentation talks briefly about immunization as well as giving a brief background of how vaccine production came into being. Lastly, the presentation will talk about the process of vaccine production, step by step.

1. LECTURER:
.STELLA AND MUUNDA, CLINICAL IMMUNOOGY, BUGEMA UNIVERSITY, UGANDA.
1

2. Presentation by
•STELLA ITING 15/BSB/BU/R/0001
•MUUNDA MUDENDA 15/BSB/BU/R/0004
STELLA AND MUUNDA, CLINICAL IMMUNOOGY, BUGEMA UNIVERSITY, UGANDA. 2

3. TOPIC:
V A C C I N E P R O D U C T I O
N
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4. OUTLINE OF PRESENTATION
• Brief History about Vaccines.
• What is a vaccine?
• How do Vaccines work?
• Types of vaccines.
• Vaccine production.
• Characteristics of a good vaccine.
STELLA AND MUUNDA, CLINICAL IMMUNOOGY, BUGEMA UNIVERSITY, UGANDA. 4

5. Briefly about
Vaccines
STELLA AND MUUNDA, CLINICAL IMMUNOOGY, BUGEMA UNIVERSITY, UGANDA. 5
• Although inoculation against small
pox was practiced over 2000 years
ago in China and India, a British
physician, Edward Jenner, is
generally credited with ushering in
the modern concept of vaccination.
In 1796 he used matter from
cowpox pustules to inoculate
patients successfully against
smallpox.

6. History continued…
• By 1900, there were two human virus vaccines, against
smallpox, and rabies, and three bacterial vaccines against
typhoid, cholera, and plague.
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7. What is a Vaccine?
• According to the W.H.O, A vaccine is a biological
preparation that improves immunity to a particular
disease.
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8. Types of Immunization
• Immunization is the process by which an individual's
immune system becomes fortified against an agent
(known as the immunogen).
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9. Types of immunization continued…
• Active Immunization: occurs naturally when a person
comes in contact with, for example, a microbe.
• Vaccines are an artificial type of active immunization.
• Passive Immunization: is where pre-synthesized elements
of the immune system are transferred to a person so that
the body does not need to produce these elements itself.
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10. How do Vaccines work?
• The function of the vaccine is to enable our body's natural defences,
i.e. our immune system, to fight and defend our body against a
disease.
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11. Continued…
• When the vaccine is injected into our body, it will
trigger an immune response in the same way our body
would respond after an exposure to the virus, but
without the person suffering symptoms of the
disease.
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12. • Our body's immune system will detect and recognise
the pieces of virus or the killed/weakened virus (also
known as the antigen) in the vaccine as a foreign
invader.
• Our immune system will then start an immune
response by producing proteins called antibodies.
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13. • The antibody proteins produced by our body during
an immune response will then identify and neutralize
these foreign viruses or viral particles.
• Immunological memory is then created.
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14. • If our body comes in contact with the same virus in
the future, our immune system should be able to
respond fast enough to prevent the development of
the disease.
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15. • The immune system will be able to recognize the virus
and make the antibodies fight against the virus faster,
leading to a much more rapid immune response.
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16. • This faster immune response will protect our body
from the potential viral infection or ease the
symptoms of the infection.
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17. ROUTES OF ADMINSTRATION
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18. Other routes of adminstration
• Intranasal spray application of a vaccine offers a needle free
approach through the nasal mucosa of the vaccine (personal
receiving the vaccine).
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19. • In October 2000, an inactivated intranasal flu vaccine
was licensed in Switzerland.
• In 2003, a cold attenuated re-assortant live intranasal
vaccine was licensed in the US.
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20. TYPES OF VACCINES
Inactivated/ Killed Vaccines
• Contain killed, but previously virulent, micro-
organisms that have been destroyed with chemicals,
heat, radioactivity or antibiotics. E.g., influenza ,
cholera, bubonic plague, polio, hepatitis A, and rabies
vaccines.
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21. Live Attenuated Vaccines
• Contain live, attenuated microorganisms. live viruses
whose virulent properties have been disabled – closely
related but less dangerous organisms to produce –
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22. Examples of Live Attenuated Vaccines
• Vaccinia (smallpox)
• Measles, mumps, rubella (MMR combined vaccine)
• Varicella (chickenpox)
• Influenza (nasal spray)
• Rotavirus
• Zoster (shingles)
• Yellow fever
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23. Toxoid Vaccines
Made from Inactivated toxins.
• Examples: Diphtheria, tetanus (part of DTaP
combined immunization)
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24. Sub-Unit/ Conjugated Vaccines
• A fragment of the organism (usually protein subunit) can be
used to elicit an immune response against the organism.
•Examples: Hepatitis B, Influenza (injection), Haemophilus
influenza type b (Hib), Pertussis (part of DTaP combined
immunization), Pneumococcal, Meningococcal, Human
papillomavirus (HPV).
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25. DNA VACCINES
This is naked DNA consisting of a plasmid that can be
expressed inside a cell.
• An immune response is produced by injection into
muscle or skin of a few micrograms of plasmid DNA
encoding the immunogenic protein.
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26. Continued…
• DNA vaccines are the trending area of research and
these have emerged as promising tools for vaccine
development against infectious agents, cancer,
autoimmunity and even allergy.
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27. Recombinant Vector Vaccines
• Recombinant vector vaccines are experimental vaccines
vaccines similar to DNA vaccines, but they use an
attenuated virus or bacterium to introduce microbial
DNA to cells of the body. “Vector” refers to the virus or
or bacterium used as the carrier.
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28. • New vaccines are still being developed for various
other killer diseases such as Malaria, HIV,
Tuberculosis, etc.
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29. VACCINE PRODUCTION
• There are several steps that are involved in vaccine
production. The following slides will take you through
the various steps.
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30. STEP 1: Generation of the antigen
• The first step in order to produce a vaccine is generating the
antigen that will trigger the immune response. For this purpose
the pathogen’s proteins or DNA need to be grown and
harvested using the following mechanisms:
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31. Continued…
• Viruses are grown on primary cells such as cells from chicken
embryos or using fertilized eggs (e.g. influenza vaccine) or cell
lines that reproduce repeatedly (e.g. hepatitis A).
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32. • Bacteria are grown in bioreactors which are devices that use a
particular growth medium that optimizes the production of the
antigens.
• Recombinant proteins derived from the pathogen can be
generated either in yeast, bacteria or cell cultures.
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33. STEP 2: Release and isolation of the antigen
• This can also be called the harvesting stage.
• The aim of this step is to release as much virus or
bacteria as possible. To achieve this, the antigen will
be separated from the cells and isolated from the
proteins and other parts of the growth medium that
are still present.
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34. STEP 3: Purification
• The antigen will need to be purified in order to
produce a high purity/quality product.
• This will be accomplished using different techniques
for protein purification.
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35. Continued…
• For this purpose several separation steps will be
carried out using the differences in for instance
protein size, physico-chemical properties, binding
affinity or biological activity.
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36. Examples of protein purification methods
• Affirnity chromatography
• Metal binding
• Immuno-affinity chromatography
• Purification of a tagged protein
• Separation based on charge or hydrophobicity
• Hydrophobic interaction chromatography
• Ion exchange chromatography
• Free-flow-electrophoresis
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37. Continued…
• HPLC (High Performance Liquid Chromatography)
• Size exclusion chromatography.
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38. STEP 4: Addition of other components
• Terms:
• Antigen: is a chemical substance that will trigger an
immune response in the human body and this will
cause the body to produce antibodies.
• Adjuvant: is a substance that is added to a vaccine
to help enhance the immune response of the
vaccine. (e.g. Alumminium Salts).
• The key advantage of adding an adjuvant in a vaccine is that it will reduce the amount of
antigen required in the vaccine to create an immune response.
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39. Continued…
• Preservative: are chemical substance added to
multidose vaccines to prevent bacterial and fungal
growth. They include a variety of substances, for
example Thiomersal, Formaldehyde, or Phenol
derivatives.
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40. • Stabilizers: these are chemical substances that are
used to help the vaccine maintain its effectiveness
during storage. Stabilizing agents include MgCl2 (for
OPV), MgSO4 (for measles), monosodium glutamate,
lactose-sorbitol and sorbitol-gelatine.
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41. Step 4 continued…
• The fourth step may include the addition of an
adjuvant, which is a material that enhances the
recipient’s immune response to a supplied antigen.
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42. • The vaccine is then formulated by adding stabilizers
to prolong the storage life or preservatives to allow
multi-dose vials to be used safely as needed.
• Finally, all components that constitute the final
vaccine are combined and mixed uniformly in a single
vial or syringe.
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43. VIALS
• Vials are containers in which vaccines are packaged/
stored, after production.
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44. STEP 5: Packaging
• Once the vaccine is put in recipient vessel (either a vial or a
syringe), it is sealed with sterile stoppers.
• Finally, the vaccine is labelled and distributed worldwide.
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45. CONTROL OF VACCINE PRODUCTION
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46. CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD
VACCINE• Must be safe and be able to produce the desired
response.
• Vaccines containing inactivated virus or viral proteins
must be free of infectious virus or contaminating
nucleic acid.
• Live attenuated vaccines must not change to being
infective.
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47. • Vaccine must not be contaminated with other agents during
production.
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48. • Vaccine must induce protective immunity in the population as a
whole rather than just individuals.
• Vaccines should offer long term protection.
• Vaccines must be Stable, easy to administer and low cost
(Affordable).
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49. CONLCUSION
• Vaccine are a method of immunization.
• Production of vaccine that can be used worldwide
takes a long time – even years.
• Vaccine production takes place under highly regulated
conditions.
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50. T H A N K Y O U !
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51. References
• http://www.biotec.or.th/biosafety/download/Biotec%20Seminar%202.pdf
• http://www.cfsciences.com/pdf/3.%20Vaccine%20Production%20ver7.pdf
• http://www.niaid.nih.gov/topics/vaccines/documents/undvacc.pdf
• ec.europa.eu/.../vaccine-research-catalogue_en.pdf
• www.ncirs.edu.au/.../vaccine-components-fact-sheet.pdf
• http://www.biotec.or.th/biosafety/download/Biotec%20Seminar%201.pdf
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