This document provides an overview of vaccines, including their history, types, and uses. It discusses how Edward Jenner developed the smallpox vaccine in 1796 and how Louis Pasteur later developed vaccines for chicken cholera and anthrax in the 1880s. The document outlines seven main types of vaccines: live attenuated, inactivated, subunit, toxoid, conjugate, DNA, and recombinant vector vaccines. It also discusses saponins' potential as vaccine adjuvants and research efforts to develop vaccines, such as for HIV.
Vaccine, suspension of weakened, killed, or fragmented microorganisms or toxins or of antibodies or lymphocytes that is administered primarily to prevent disease. A vaccine can confer active immunity against a specific harmful agent by stimulating the immune system to attack the agent. Once stimulated by a vaccine, the antibody-producing cells, called B lymphocytes, remain sensitized and ready to respond to the agent should it ever gain entry to the body. A vaccine may also confer passive immunity by providing antibodies or lymphocytes already made by an animal or human donor. Vaccines are usually administered by injection (parenteral administration), but some are given orally. Vaccines applied to mucosal surfaces, such as those lining the gut or nasal passages, seem to stimulate a greater antibody response and may be the most-effective route of administration.
Prevention is better than any cure. Smallpox has been eradicated. Polio is largely controlled. Hepatitis A&B now largely preventable. Measles and rubella are targeted for elimination.
What is a vaccine? How are they developed and implemented? What is the public health effectiveness? What vaccines are in use? Learn the answers to these questions and so much more in this free report: Vaccine Fact Book 2013.
Vaccine, suspension of weakened, killed, or fragmented microorganisms or toxins or of antibodies or lymphocytes that is administered primarily to prevent disease. A vaccine can confer active immunity against a specific harmful agent by stimulating the immune system to attack the agent. Once stimulated by a vaccine, the antibody-producing cells, called B lymphocytes, remain sensitized and ready to respond to the agent should it ever gain entry to the body. A vaccine may also confer passive immunity by providing antibodies or lymphocytes already made by an animal or human donor. Vaccines are usually administered by injection (parenteral administration), but some are given orally. Vaccines applied to mucosal surfaces, such as those lining the gut or nasal passages, seem to stimulate a greater antibody response and may be the most-effective route of administration.
Prevention is better than any cure. Smallpox has been eradicated. Polio is largely controlled. Hepatitis A&B now largely preventable. Measles and rubella are targeted for elimination.
What is a vaccine? How are they developed and implemented? What is the public health effectiveness? What vaccines are in use? Learn the answers to these questions and so much more in this free report: Vaccine Fact Book 2013.
Vaccine is a suspension of organisms or fraction of organisms that used to induce immunity.
Vaccination is the administration of antigenic material to stimulate adaptive immunity against pathogen.
the common types of vaccines are live attenuated vaccines, inactivated vaccine, subunit vaccines, DNA vaccines, and Toxoid vaccines.
I explain preparation of DNA vaccines by a diagram.
Following this protocol, youngsters take part in the research to develop a vaccine against malaria, which, in combination with the current measures, could contribute significantly to a better control of this important parasite-caused disease. Students will test different vaccine candidates using a technique called ELISA and they will decide which is the most effective. The experiment protocol is an opportunity for science centres, museums and schools to replicate a real experiment done in a real lab doing research on the malaria vaccine.
A vaccine is a biological preparation that provides active acquired immunity to a particular infectious disease. A vaccine typically contains an agent that resembles a disease-causing microorganism and is often made from weakened or killed forms of the microbe, its toxins, or one of its surface proteins.
Life Technologies (now Thermo Fisher Scientific) combines next-generation sequencing, in silico gene design and synthesis, synthetic biology products, and manufacturing capabilities to form a comprehensive synthetic vaccine development workflow.
David Haselwood | How vaccines prevent diseasesDavid Haselwood
David Haselwood - Vaccines provide immunity that protects you from disease without the risk of the infection. It contains a small amount of the germs or parts of the germs that cause disease. The germs in vaccines are either killed or weakened so they can't make you sick. Therefore, vaccination plays an important role in one’s health. #DavidHaselwood
http://davidhaselwood.blogspot.in/
https://medium.com/@davidhaselwood
https://davidhaselwood.wordpress.com/
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Vaccine is a suspension of organisms or fraction of organisms that used to induce immunity.
Vaccination is the administration of antigenic material to stimulate adaptive immunity against pathogen.
the common types of vaccines are live attenuated vaccines, inactivated vaccine, subunit vaccines, DNA vaccines, and Toxoid vaccines.
I explain preparation of DNA vaccines by a diagram.
Following this protocol, youngsters take part in the research to develop a vaccine against malaria, which, in combination with the current measures, could contribute significantly to a better control of this important parasite-caused disease. Students will test different vaccine candidates using a technique called ELISA and they will decide which is the most effective. The experiment protocol is an opportunity for science centres, museums and schools to replicate a real experiment done in a real lab doing research on the malaria vaccine.
A vaccine is a biological preparation that provides active acquired immunity to a particular infectious disease. A vaccine typically contains an agent that resembles a disease-causing microorganism and is often made from weakened or killed forms of the microbe, its toxins, or one of its surface proteins.
Life Technologies (now Thermo Fisher Scientific) combines next-generation sequencing, in silico gene design and synthesis, synthetic biology products, and manufacturing capabilities to form a comprehensive synthetic vaccine development workflow.
David Haselwood | How vaccines prevent diseasesDavid Haselwood
David Haselwood - Vaccines provide immunity that protects you from disease without the risk of the infection. It contains a small amount of the germs or parts of the germs that cause disease. The germs in vaccines are either killed or weakened so they can't make you sick. Therefore, vaccination plays an important role in one’s health. #DavidHaselwood
http://davidhaselwood.blogspot.in/
https://medium.com/@davidhaselwood
https://davidhaselwood.wordpress.com/
https://gust.com/companies/david-haselwood
A vaccine is an antigenic material that stimulates adaptive immunity to a disease.
Vaccines are generally considered to be the most effective method of preventing infectious diseases.
The material administered can either be live but weakened forms of either bacteria or viruses, killed or inactivated forms of these pathogens, or purified material such as proteins.
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Leading companies such as Nike, Toyota, and Siemens are prioritizing sustainable innovation in their business models, setting an example for others to follow. In this Sustainability training presentation, you will learn key concepts, principles, and practices of sustainability applicable across industries. This training aims to create awareness and educate employees, senior executives, consultants, and other key stakeholders, including investors, policymakers, and supply chain partners, on the importance and implementation of sustainability.
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
1. Develop a comprehensive understanding of the fundamental principles and concepts that form the foundation of sustainability within corporate environments.
2. Explore the sustainability implementation model, focusing on effective measures and reporting strategies to track and communicate sustainability efforts.
3. Identify and define best practices and critical success factors essential for achieving sustainability goals within organizations.
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1. Introduction and Key Concepts of Sustainability
2. Principles and Practices of Sustainability
3. Measures and Reporting in Sustainability
4. Sustainability Implementation & Best Practices
To download the complete presentation, visit: https://www.oeconsulting.com.sg/training-presentations
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Tata Group Dials Taiwan for Its Chipmaking Ambition in Gujarat’s DholeraAvirahi City Dholera
The Tata Group, a titan of Indian industry, is making waves with its advanced talks with Taiwanese chipmakers Powerchip Semiconductor Manufacturing Corporation (PSMC) and UMC Group. The goal? Establishing a cutting-edge semiconductor fabrication unit (fab) in Dholera, Gujarat. This isn’t just any project; it’s a potential game changer for India’s chipmaking aspirations and a boon for investors seeking promising residential projects in dholera sir.
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2. Contents:
• Introduction
• History
• Types
- 7 Types
- Their uses with exaple
- Saponins as vaccine adjuvants
• Vaccine Schedule (Nepal)
• Conclusion
3. Introduction:
• A vaccine is a biological preparation that
improves immunity to a particular disease.
• A vaccine typically contains an agent that
resembles a disease-causing microorganism
and is often made from weakened or killed forms
of the microbe.
4. • The agent stimulates the body's immune
system to recognize the agent as foreign,
destroy it, and keep a record of it.
• So that the immune system can more easily
recognize and destroy any of these
microorganisms that it later encounters.
• The terms vaccine and vaccination are derived
from Variolae vaccinae (smallpox of the cow),
the term devised by Edward Jenner to
denote cowpox.
Contd..
5. History:
• During the late 1760s whilst
serving his apprenticeship as
a surgeon Edward
Jenner learned of the story,
common in rural areas, that
dairy workers would never
have the often-fatal or
disfiguring disease smallpox
•Because they had already
had cowpox, which has a very
mild effect in humans.
Edward Jenner
6. • In 1796, Jenner took pus from the hand of a
milkmaid with cowpox, scratched it into the arm
of an 8-year-old boy.
• Six weeks later inoculated the boy with
smallpox, afterwards observing that he did not
catch smallpox.
• Jenner extended his studies and in 1798
reported that his vaccine was safe in children
and adults.
Contd..
7. • The second generation of vaccines was
introduced in the 1880s by Louis Pasteur who
developed vaccines for chicken cholera and
anthrax.
• From the late nineteenth century vaccines were
considered a matter of national prestige, and
compulsory vaccination laws were passed.
Louis Pasteur
Contd..
9. 1. Live, Attenuated Vaccines:
• Live, attenuated vaccines contain a version of the
living microbe that has been weakened in the lab
so it can’t cause disease.
• Because a live, attenuated vaccine is the closest
thing to a natural infection, these vaccines are
good “teachers” of the immune system.
• Example: Vaccines against measles, mumps, and
chickenpox
10. • Scientists produce inactivated vaccines by killing
the disease-causing microbe with chemicals,
heat, or radiation. Such vaccines are more
stable and safer than live vaccines.
• Because dead microbes can’t mutate back to
their disease-causing state.
• Example: Vaccines against influenza,
polio, hepatitis A, and rabies.
2. Inactivated Vaccines:
11. 3.Subunits Vaccines:
• Instead of the entire microbe, subunit vaccines
include only the antigens that best stimulate the
immune system.
• In some cases, these vaccines use epitopes the
very specific parts of the antigen that antibodies
or T cells recognize and bind to.
• Because subunit vaccines contain only the
essential antigens and not all the other
molecules that make up the microbe.
• Example: Plague immunization.
12. 4.Toxoid Vaccines:
• For bacteria that secrete toxins, or harmful
chemicals, a toxoid vaccine might be the
answer.
• These vaccines are used when a bacterial toxin
is the main cause of illness.
• Scientists have found that they can inactivate
toxins by treating them with formalin. Such
“detoxified” toxins, called toxoids, are safe for
use in vaccines.
• Example: Crotalus atrox toxoid is used to
vaccinate dogs against rattlesnake bites.
13. 5.Conjugate Vaccines:
• If a bacterium possesses an outer coating of
sugar molecules called polysaccharides, as
many harmful bacteria do, researchers may try
making a conjugate vaccine for it.
• Polysaccharide coatings disguise a bacterium’s
antigens so that the immature immune systems
of infants and younger children can’t recognize
or respond to them.
• Example : Haemophilus influenzae type B vaccine.
14. 6.DNA Vaccines:
• Still in the experimental stages, these vaccines
show great promise, and several types are being
tested in humans.
• DNA vaccines take immunization to a new
technological level.
• These vaccines dispense with both the whole
organism and its parts and get right down to the
essentials: the microbe’s genetic material.
• Example: Influenza vaccine.
15. 7.Recombinant Vector Vaccines:
• Recombinant vector vaccines are experimental
vaccines similar to DNA vaccines
• But they use an attenuated virus or bacterium to
introduce microbial DNA to cells of the body.
• “Vector” refers to the virus or bacterium used as
the carrier.
• Example : DPT
16. Saponins as vaccine adjuvant:
• At first: what is vaccine adjuvant ?
• A vaccine adjuvant is a substance that is added
to the vaccine to increase the body's immune
response to the vaccine.
• Saponins are natural glycosides of steroid or
triterpene which exhibited many different
biological and pharmacological activities.
• Notably, saponins can activate the mammalian
immune system, which have led to significant
interest in their potential as vaccine adjuvants.
17. Contd..
• The most widely used saponinbased adjuvants
are Quil A and its derivatives QS-21, isolated
from the bark of Quillaja saponaria Molina, which
have been evaluated in numerous clinical trials.
• Their unique capacity to stimulate both the Th1
immune response and the production of
cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTLs) against
exogenous antigens makes them ideal for use in
subunit vaccines and vaccines directed against
intracellular pathogens as well as for therapeutic
cancer vaccines.
18. Research & Development:
• WHO have a separate unit for the research and
development of vaccine.
• WHO’s Initiative for Vaccine Research (IVR)
facilitates vaccine research and development
(R&D) against pathogens with significant
disease and economic burden, with a particular
focus on low and middle income countries.
• Finding a safe, effective, and durable HIV
vaccine remains a top priority for world.
19. Contd..
• Through the Vaccine Research Center and the
Division of Acquired Immunodeficiency
Syndrome, NIAID (National Institute of Allergy
and Infectious Disease) is recently busy in
conducing and supporting biomedical research
that leads to increased knowledge about how
HIV interacts with the human immune system
and evaluation of the most promising vaccine
candidates.
***
20. References:
• World Health Organisation
http://www.who.int/topics/vaccines/en/
• A federal government Website managed by the U.S.
Department of Health and Human Services
http://www.vaccines.gov/more_info/types/
• http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1810383/
• http://www.niaid.nih.gov/topics/hivaids/research/vaccines
/Pages/default.aspx
• http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19208455