The document summarizes key concepts in chemistry and physics including: 1) The planetary model of the atom including electrons orbiting the nucleus in shells and orbitals. 2) The periodic table organized elements based on their chemical and physical properties including valence electrons. 3) Bonding between atoms including ionic bonding through the transfer of electrons and covalent bonding through the sharing of electron pairs. 4) The three states of matter - gases, liquids, and solids - and the forces between atoms in each state.

1. Planetary Model of the Atom:
Central Nucleus
with protons & neutrons
Electrons in orbits

2. Mathematical Solution to Electron Probability
Spherical orbitals

3. One Electron but
Multiple electron shells
Ground State: level closest to nucleus

4. Helium with 2 electrons?
Both are placed in Shell #1
Maximum # electrons/shell: 2n2

5. Lithium with 3 electrons
Extra electron goes into next shell

6. n=1 2e
n=2 8e

7. Johann Dobereiner 1817
TRIADS:
Li, Na, K

8. 1868/9
Both published versions of a periodic table
of the elements

9. Left BLANK SPACES
For undiscovered elements:
e.g. Germanium
1886

11. Coinage Metals

12. Chemically inert
All gases
Progressively heavier

13. Li 3 electrons 2 + 1 Valence
Be 4 electrons 2 + 2 Valence
B 5 electrons 2 + 3 Valence
C 6 electrons 2 + 4 Valence
N 7 electrons 2 + 5 Valence
O 8 electrons 2 + 6 Valence
F 9 electrons 2 + 7 Valence
Ne 10 electrons 2 + 8 (filled shell)
Na 11 electrons 2 + 8 + 1 Valence

14. Ionization Energy
Some atoms lose electrons more easily than others
L i Li+ + e-
Cs  Cs+ + e-

15. Electron Affinity
Some atoms attract electrons more avidly
Cl + e-Cl-
F + e - F -

16. Ions = Electrically Charged Atoms
Na+ + Cl-NaCl

17. •Always contain balanced +/- charges
•Lots of possibilities:
Li+Br-
Rb+I-
K+F-

18. Alkaline Earth atoms &Chalcogens:
Be  Be2+ + 2e-
•O + 2e-  O2-
•Be2+ + O2-BeO
Bromellite

19. Combinations:
Opposite charges must be balanced:
Ba2+ + 2 I- BaI2
2 Rb+ + Se2- --> Rb2Se

20. Carbon has 4 valence electrons
It needs to lose or gain 4 electrons
to achieve Ne electron configuration

21. Electron “sharing”
Electrons are always paired
Atoms seek to achieve an OCTET

22. H2O = 2 hydrogen and one Oxygen atom

23. Carbon = 4 valence electrons
Hydrogen = 1 valence electron

24. Nitrogen = 5 valence electrons
Hydrogen = 1 valence electron

25. Shorter and Stronger than single bonds

27. H2O = 2 hydrogen and one Oxygen atom

29. Weak bonds
Easily broken but easily reformed

30. Synthetic compounds
Good heat transfer agents
Refrigerants; aerosol sprays

31. Ozone = O3
Absorbs ultraviolet rays
Increase in skin cancer,
& cataracts

33. •Coldest place on earth
•Polar vortex traps gases
•Ice crystals enhance
reaction

34. Ionic Bonding Covalent Bonding
Salts; electrons lost from one Electrons are shared in single
Atom and gained by another (one pair), double (two
atom pairs) or triple (three pairs)
bonds.

35. Loosely held electrons
Good conductors
Tough materials

36. Gases Liquids Solids
Atoms far apart Atoms closer Atoms in set
Non-interactive Some interaction arrangement
Fast moving Occupies a Atoms vibrate but
No shape defined volume do not translate
Formed by liquid Solids melt Rigid Shape
evaporation Gases condense Strong interaction
Liquid freezes

37. Diamond Graphite
High melting point Lubricating (slippery)
Exceptional hardness

38. Crystalline Amorphous
Regular repeating Lacks a regular 3-D pattern
arrangement of atoms

40. Silicates (SiO4) Non-silicates
Naturally occurring
Quartz pyrite
crystalline
compound
with a known
elemental composition

42. Inner Core: solid nickel/iron
Outer Core: liquid
Mantle: Silicates
Crust: thin, rigid

43. Alfred Wegener
1880 - 1930
Meteorologist
1915 “The Origin of Continents and Oceans”

45. Evidence:
Mesosaurus fossils
Glossopteris ferns
“puzzle pieces”
Glacial debris

47. Divergent Convergent Lateral Transform
North American and Nazca and South American San Andreas fault
Eurasian plates plates

49. Logarithmic
scale
7.2 quake has
amplitude
10x greater than
6.2
30x energy released

52. Krakatoa 1883

53. Kilauea

54. Before and after the May 1980 eruption

55. Alaska 2009

57. The Year without a Summer
(Lord Byron)
““Darkness”
“I had a dream, which was not all a dream.
The bright sun was extinguish'd, and the stars
Did wander darkling in the eternal space,
Rayless, and pathless, and the icy earth
Swung blind and blackening in the moonless air;
Morn came and went--and came, and brought no day”

58. 1783/1784:
Laki, Iceland
Asama, Japan

59. Shell of gases
circling the Earth

60. Where all weather
systems operate
Densest layer, due to gravity

61. Ozone Layer
Jet stream

62. Propagates AM radio signals
(Longer wavelengths)
Aurora Borealis (Northern Lights)

63. 3 Billion years ago
initially H2& He
Nitrogen (N2),
Carbon dioxide(CO2)
from volcanoes

64. CO2 + H2O -----> O2 + Glucose

65. N2 78%
O2 20.9%
Ar 0.93 %
CO2 0.038%

69. Volume increases with higher temperature
Density decreases with temperature
HOT AIR RISES and HOLDS MORE H2O
9 g @ 10°C 17 g @ 20°C 30 g @ 30°C

70. Amount of water vapor increases
EXPONENTIALLY
With temperature

71. Reached by
1. Excessive evaporation
2. Rapid Temperature drop

72. Water condenses as Temperature drops
Night temperatures cooler

73. Is formed if temperature
approach the
freezing point of H2O
(32°F or 0°C)

74. Cooler ocean air + warm land
Usually late afternoon

76. Warm front

77. Means rain on the way

78. Cold front

82. Tornadoes and Waterspouts
Wind speeds 60 – 120 mph

86. Hurricanes & Typhoons

87. Warm ocean waters
temperatures > 76°F
> 24.4°C

88. 26 storms
June -> December

89. 1997 – 1998 winter
Flooding in N. & S. America
Recent drought & fires in Asia

94. Climate cycles:
Hot House vs. Ice Age
Average: 15° C

96. Orbital variation
Tilt change
Solar flux

97. 100,000 year cycles

99. 41,000 year cycle
Greater tilt: Interglacial
Less tilt: Glaciation

100. 26,000 year cycle

102. 25 April 2009

105. Population Boom
Viking Travel
England exported
wine
Steppe Drought

106. Grain production
Ergot Blight
Plague
Patagonian
icefields

107. Role
Of
CO2

109. Svante Arrhenius
Fuel Burning <-> Global Warming
cutting the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere by half could lower the
temperature in Europe by some 4-5 oC.

110. CxHyOz + O2 -> CO2 + H2O

113. 800 K temp
90x atmosphere
96% CO2

114. Glacial Melting
Permafrost thaw
Increased evaporation
Seasonal change
Coral reef bleaching

124. Severe Storms
Coastal Erosion
Fires

126. Katrina
Rita
Wilma

138. The Universe Around Us
How does it Work?
What is it made of?
How does it affect us?

139. The Universe Around Us
How does it Work?
What is it made of?
How does it affect us?
How have we affected the world?