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The document discusses scientific notation and its use in representing very large and very small numbers. Scientific notation expresses numbers as a decimal between 1 and 10 multiplied by a power of 10. For example, 1 million can be written as 1 x 106 and 0.0000001 can be written as 1 x 10-7. The document provides examples of using scientific notation and discusses how it is used on scientific calculators.
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4) Le Chatelier's principle which states that systems at equilibrium will respond to stresses like changes in concentration, pressure, or temperature to reduce the stress.
Chem Unit7
The document discusses various topics relating to states of matter and gas laws. It defines the three common states of matter and phase transitions. It also explains the different types of intermolecular forces and how they relate to boiling points. Several gas laws are defined, including Boyle's, Charles', and Gay-Lussac's Laws. The ideal gas law and concepts like molar mass, density, diffusion, and partial pressures are also covered.
E S A Unit6
Water is essential for life and has unique properties that make it suitable as a universal solvent and coolant. It exists in three phases - solid, liquid, and gas - and the water cycle circulates water between these phases, providing fresh water for living things through processes like evaporation and precipitation. However, water pollution from various sources threatens water quality and availability. Sustainable practices are needed to conserve water resources and ensure there is clean water to support the growing human population and global food supply.
Chem Unit6
Stoichiometry is the quantitative relationship between reactants and products in chemical reactions. Hess's law states that the enthalpy change of a reaction is independent of the pathway and depends only on the initial and final states. Using Hess's law, one can determine the enthalpy change of a reaction by adding the enthalpy changes of multiple steps that combine to give the overall reaction. The standard enthalpy of formation of a compound is the enthalpy change when one mole of the substance is formed from its elements in their standard states.
Esa Unit5
The document discusses several alternative energy sources including hydroelectric power, nuclear energy, solar energy, wind energy, and geothermal energy. Hydroelectric power harnesses the kinetic energy of falling or flowing water using dams, and provides around 7% of US energy needs. Nuclear energy currently supplies 17% of the world's electricity through fission in plants, but safety is a concern due to past incidents. Solar energy can be captured passively through building orientation or actively through photovoltaic cells, though efficiency and availability are issues. Wind energy uses turbines to convert kinetic energy of wind into electricity and capacity has been growing, though output is variable. Geothermal energy taps into heat from the Earth's interior through steam or hot
Chem Unit5
The document discusses various chemistry concepts including:
1. Avogadro's number defines the number of particles in one mole of a substance as 6.02x1023.
2. Molar mass is the mass of one mole of a pure substance and is used to convert between grams and moles.
3. Empirical and molecular formulas can be determined from percent composition data using mole ratios and molar mass.
4. Chemical equations represent chemical reactions and must be balanced to satisfy the law of conservation of mass.
Esa Unit4
The document discusses the history of energy sources from the discovery of fire to modern times. It covers early sources like wood and biomass, as well as fossil fuels including coal, petroleum and natural gas. It then discusses issues with fossil fuel usage and alternatives being explored such as ethanol, hydrogen fuel cells, nuclear power, and renewable sources like solar, wind and hydroelectric. Newer technologies aim to reduce pollution and transition away from non-renewable energy sources.
Chem Unit4
This document provides information about ions and salts, including:
- Cations are atoms that lose electrons to form positively charged ions, while anions are atoms that gain electrons to form negatively charged ions. Common examples like NaCl are described.
- Transition metal ions and polyatomic ions that can combine to form various salts are listed, along with methods for naming monoatomic and polyatomic salts.
- Properties of salts like high melting points and conductivity are discussed briefly.
- The basics of Lewis dot structures and molecular geometry are introduced for covalent bonding in organic compounds. Electronegativity and molecular polarity are also covered.
Esa Unit3
The USDA conducted a culling program in Griggstown, New Jersey where they used pesticides to kill an estimated 5,000 starlings. Many local residents were shocked to discover dead starlings littering the roads and lawns in their community in the days following the culling. While the USDA notified local authorities of the program, they did not inform residents that dead birds could fall from the sky. Some residents remained concerned about the unusual event and unexpected presence of large numbers of dead starlings in the area.
Chem Unit3
The document provides a timeline of the discovery of chemical elements from antiquity to the present day. It describes key developments in the understanding of periodic trends, including Dobereiner's triads, de Chantcourtois' spirals, Newlands' octaves, and Mendeleev's work that led to the formulation of the periodic table. The periodic table is then explained in more detail, covering trends in atomic structure, properties, and size across the families of elements.
Chem Unit2
This document discusses the history of atomic theory from ancient Greek philosophers to modern atomic structure. It covers key discoveries such as the law of definite proportions, Dalton's atomic theory, the discovery of the electron, Rutherford's gold foil experiment, discovery of the neutron, and development of quantum numbers to describe electron configuration. Modern atomic structure is represented using electron shells, orbitals, and quantum numbers to explain periodic trends and chemical bonding.
Esa Unit1
1. The document describes two scientific experiments.
2. The first experiment found that chickens fed polished rice lacking vitamin B1 got sick, suggesting vitamin deficiency causes beriberi disease in humans.
3. The second experiment found that a mold called penicillin killed bacteria in culture dishes, leading Fleming to discover penicillin's ability to kill bacteria.
Esa Unit2
This document summarizes key concepts relating to biomes and biodiversity, including the major terrestrial and aquatic biomes defined by temperature and precipitation patterns, the species found in each biome and their adaptations, ecological interactions like predation and mutualism, factors driving extinction, and examples of invasive species issues.
ESAUnit2.ppt
This document discusses key concepts in physics related to motion, forces, energy, and sound. It covers Aristotle and Galileo's early contributions, followed by Newton's laws of motion and universal law of gravitation. Key topics include linear and circular motion, forces, work, energy, heat transfer, and properties of sound waves like frequency, wavelength, and the Doppler effect. Equations for acceleration, velocity, forces, energy, heat, and sound are provided alongside examples to illustrate their application.
ERMslides4
1. The document discusses major climate events throughout history including the Dust Bowl of the 1930s and droughts in places like California, the Midwest, and along the Mississippi River.
2. It also covers evidence that an asteroid impact was the cause of the mass extinction that killed off the dinosaurs 65 million years ago, such as the iridium anomaly and shocked quartz found in the geologic record from that time.
3. The threat of future asteroid impacts is also discussed, along with efforts to detect potentially hazardous near-Earth asteroids and the possibility of deflecting them to avoid future impacts like the one that contributed to the KT extinction.
Histslides4
This document provides a summary of key developments in science from alchemy to the beginnings of modern chemistry, physics, and medicine. Some of the major topics and figures discussed include the development of tools like the thermometer, discoveries about gases by Black, Priestley, and Lavoisier, Dalton's atomic theory, discoveries in electromagnetism by Faraday and Maxwell, germ theory and advances in medicine by Pasteur and Lister, Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection, Mendel's laws of heredity, discoveries of DNA and the structure of the atom, and Einstein's theories of relativity.
Uslides4
The document summarizes key concepts in chemistry and physics including:
1) The planetary model of the atom including electrons orbiting the nucleus in shells and orbitals.
2) The periodic table organized elements based on their chemical and physical properties including valence electrons.
3) Bonding between atoms including ionic bonding through the transfer of electrons and covalent bonding through the sharing of electron pairs.
4) The three states of matter - gases, liquids, and solids - and the forces between atoms in each state.
ERMslides2
The document discusses the history of plagues and pandemics throughout human history including the Plague of Justinian, the Black Death, influenza pandemics such as the 1918 Spanish Flu, emerging diseases like SARS, Ebola, HIV/AIDS, antibiotic resistance, and the threat of bioterrorism and biological weapons development. Key events, diseases, and historical figures are mentioned along with the biology of pathogens such as Yersinia pestis, influenza virus, anthrax, and smallpox. The complex transmission cycles between humans, animals, and environmental factors that drive disease emergence are also addressed.
ERMslides3
The document discusses the theory of plate tectonics and provides evidence that supports continental drift, including matching fossil and rock formations found on different continents. It also describes different types of plate boundaries and associated geological phenomena like earthquakes, volcanoes, and mountain building. Finally, it discusses how plate tectonics has influenced Earth's climate over geological history.
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Equivariant neural networks and representation theory
Or: Beyond linear.
Abstract: Equivariant neural networks are neural networks that incorporate symmetries. The nonlinear activation functions in these networks result in interesting nonlinear equivariant maps between simple representations, and motivate the key player of this talk: piecewise linear representation theory.
Disclaimer: No one is perfect, so please mind that there might be mistakes and typos.
dtubbenhauer@gmail.com
Corrected slides: dtubbenhauer.com/talks.html
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hematic appreciation test is a psychological assessment tool used to measure an individual's appreciation and understanding of specific themes or topics. This test helps to evaluate an individual's ability to connect different ideas and concepts within a given theme, as well as their overall comprehension and interpretation skills. The results of the test can provide valuable insights into an individual's cognitive abilities, creativity, and critical thinking skillsThe binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defects
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Cytokines and their role in immune regulation.pptx
This presentation covers the content and information on "Cytokines " and their role in immune regulation .
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https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/Applied Science: Thermodynamics, Laws & Methodology.pdf
When I was asked to give a companion lecture in support of ‘The Philosophy of Science’ (https://shorturl.at/4pUXz) I decided not to walk through the detail of the many methodologies in order of use. Instead, I chose to employ a long standing, and ongoing, scientific development as an exemplar. And so, I chose the ever evolving story of Thermodynamics as a scientific investigation at its best.
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Deep Software Variability and Frictionless Reproducibility
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The ability to recreate computational results with minimal effort and actionable metrics provides a solid foundation for scientific research and software development. When people can replicate an analysis at the touch of a button using open-source software, open data, and methods to assess and compare proposals, it significantly eases verification of results, engagement with a diverse range of contributors, and progress. However, we have yet to fully achieve this; there are still many sociotechnical frictions.
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Exposé invité Journées Nationales du GDR GPL 2024
Nucleophilic Addition of carbonyl compounds.pptx
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Electronic effects (inductive effects, electron donation) have a large impact on reactivity.
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110 module1 2
- 1. Scientific Notation 1,000,000 = 1 million
- 2. Scientific Notation 1,ooo,ooo = 1 million = 1 x 106 Move the decimal point to a value between 1 and 10 1 000 000. ------> 1 x 106 Move the Decimal 6 places to the left
- 3. Scientific Notation There are 0.0000001 H+ ions in a neutral solution
- 4. Scientific Notation There are 0.0000001 H+ ions in a neutral solution = 1 x 10-7 H+ ions
- 5. Scientific Notation Format: 450,000 = 4.5 x 105 0.000073 = 7.3 x 10-5 Number between 1 and 9.99 Power of Ten 10 x 10 x 10 x . . .x
- 6. Scientific Notation NaCl crystal Distance Na+ .. Cl– 0.000000000278 m
- 7. Scientific Notation NaCl crystal Distance Na+ .. Cl– 0.000000000278 m = 2.78 x 10-10 m
- 8. Scientific Notation US National Debt (2016) $18, 200,000,000,000
- 9. Scientific Notation US National Debt (2016) $18, 200,000,000,000 = $1.82 x 1013
- 10. Scientific Notation Scientific calculators 8.978+01 = 8.978 x 101 = 89.78 5.0627 E+15 = 5.0627 x 1015 = 5,062,700,000,000,000
- 11. Significant Figures How do you know how many decimal places to use? All of the digits known with certainty plus one estimated digit.
- 12. Significant Figures Rules Any non-zero digit is Significant Any zero between non-zero digits is Significant All zeros to the left of the first non-zero digit are NOT Significant Zeros after the decimal point are Significant Zeros that occur without a decimal point are NOT significant
- 13. Significant Figures How many significant figures does each value have? Value # Significant figures 0.00008 m 36,000 km 22.00 g 5.05 x 10-3 mg
- 14. Significant Figures How many significant figures does each value have? Value # Significant figures 0.00008 m 1 36,000 km 2 22.00 g 4 5.05 x 10-3 mg 3
- 15. Significant Figures When multiplying or dividing, the result cannot have more sig figs than either of the original values In addition or subtraction, the answer cannot have digits after the decimal than the original values Rounding: If the first digit to be dropped is 4 or less, the last digit and any following are dropped. If the last digit is 5 or more, the last digit is kept and increased by 1.
- 16. Significant Figures A 2002 Toyota Camry uses 11.70 gallons of gas to travel 278 miles – what is its mileage?
- 17. Significant Figures A 2002 Toyota Camry uses 11.70 gallons of gas to travel 278 miles – what is its mileage? 3 sig figs 278 miles = 23.8 mi/gal 11.7ogallons 3 sig figs 4 sig figs
- 18. Significant Figures A 2002 Toyota Camry uses 11.70 gallons of gas to travel 278 miles – what is its mileage? 3 sig figs 278 miles = 23.8 mi/gal 11.7ogallons 3 sig figs 4 sig figs The answer CANNOT have more significant figures than the input value with LESS sig figs.
- 20. Significant Figures Blood cholesterol level = 185 mg/dL = ?? g/L How many g of cholesterol are in 5 Liters Of blood?
- 21. Significant Figures Blood cholesterol level = 185 mg/dL x g/1000mg x 10dL/L = 1.85 g/L How many g of cholesterol are in 5L blood? 1.85 g/L x 5 L = 9.25 g = 9 g The answer is limited to 1 sig fig
- 22. Density Archimedes confirmed that a crown was made of gold rather than gold-covered metal by measuring its density by water displacement mass Density = volume
- 23. Density A piece of lead measures 0.5 cm x 1.55 cm x 25 cm and has a mass of 220.9 grams – what is its density?
- 24. Density A piece of lead measures 0.50 cm x 1.55 cm x 25 cm and has a mass of 220.9 grams – what is its density? mass Density = volume 220.9g = 19.38 cm3 = 11.40 g/cm3 = 11 g/cm3 [2 sig figs]
- 25. Bone Density Decreases with age (Osteoporosis) Normal weakened mg cm3
- 26. Body Mass Index (BMI)
- 27. Density & Temperature Density measurement must include temperature phase changes
- 28. Temperature Temperature is a measure of the amount of Kinetic Energy in a substance Kinetic Energy = Energy of motion http://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulation/states-of- matter
- 29. Temperature Scales °C = (°F – 32) x 0.55 °F = (°C x 1.8) + 32 K = °C +273
- 30. Temperature Scales °F °C K 57°F -75°C 6 106°F °C = (°F – 32) x 0.55 °F = (°C x 1.8) + 32° K = °C +273
- 31. Temperature Scales °F °C K 57°F 14°C 287 K -103°F -75°C 198 K -449°F -267°C 6 106°F 41°C 314 K °C = (°F – 32°) x 0.55 °F = (°C x 1.8) + 32° K = °C +273°
- 33. Phase Changes
- 34. Boiling Point For water Tb = 100°C = 373 K
- 35. Freezing Point For water, Tf = 0°C = 273K
- 36. Heating & Cooling Curves
- 37. Heat of Fusion Energy necessary to separate particles For water: 80 cal/g
- 38. Heat of Fusion Ice cube tray hold 325 g water. If the water is originally at 25°C how many calories must be removed to cool and freeze the water at 0°C?
- 39. Heat of Fusion Ice cube tray hold 325 g water. If the water is originally at 25°C how many calories must be removed to cool and freeze the water at 0°C? Cooling: 325 g x 1 cal/g°C x 25°C = 8125 cal • Freezing: 325 g x 80cal/g = 26000 cal TOTAL: 34125 cal = 34.125 kilocalories
- 40. Heat of Vaporization Energy to vaporize 1 g of liquid to gas Water: 540 cal/g
- 41. Steam vs. Hot Water Why does steam burn more than hot water at the same temperature? (100°C) body temp = 37°C Hot water: 25 g x 63°C x 1 cal/g°C = 1575 cal Steam: 25 g x 540 cal/g = 13500 cal TOTAL: 15075 cal (10x that of hot water)