This document discusses various physical properties of matter including states of matter, changes between states, and other properties such as density, viscosity, conductivity, malleability, and hardness. It describes the four states of matter - solid, liquid, gas, and plasma - and changes between these states through melting, freezing, vaporization, condensation, sublimation, deposition, and more. Additional sections cover properties like viscosity, conductivity, density, malleability, and the classification of elements.

1. Unit 3 Physical Properties of Matter

2. Physical Properties States of Matter Melting point Boiling point Density Viscosity Conductivity Malleability Hardness

3. States of Matter There are 4 states of matter Solid- molecules move very slowly and are connected together in a rigid formation, like crystals Liquid- molecules move quicker and flow over each other in a fluid manner like sand grains flowing over each other. But, they remain attached and can not disburse upward. Gases- molecules move very quickly, spread out, and have no connection to each other. Plasma- Highly energized particles that begin emitting energy. Florescent lights, Neon lights, and fire have plasma inside. The Sun is nearly all Plasma

4. Changes in the States of Matter Solid to Liquid = Melting a. Particles get more energy and begin rotating around each other. b. There isn’t enough energy to break the inter-particular attractions, so the particles remain close (liquid). c. The energy required to break the crystalline connects to melt a solid is called the Heat of Fusion Water Ice melts at 32°F Gallium melts at 86°F. So, it melts in your hand.

5. Changes in the States of Matter Liquid to Solid = Freezing a. Particles lose energy and slow down. b. Attractive forces between particles become stronger than the particles’ motion, so the particles begin merely vibrating in place. c. The amount of heat the particles lose to the environment turn into a solid is called the Heat of Fusion Liquid water freezes at 32°F. Molten lava freezes at 1000°F.

6. Changes in the States of Matter Liquid to Gas = Vaporization a. Types: 1) Boiling - rapid; gas bubbles are produced throughout. 2) Evaporation - slow; occurs at the surface. b. Liquid particles gain enough kinetic energy to overcome forces between the particles and they begin translational motion; this energy is called the heat of vaporization. Water boils at 212°F. But, water can evaporate at any temperature.

7. Changes in the States of Matter Liquid to Gas = Evaporation Evaporation is a cooling process. a. Particles in a liquid gain energy. b. They leave as gas particles (taking the energy with them). c. This leaves less energy in the liquid, therefore cooling down what is left.

8. Changes in the States of Matter Gas to Liquid = Condensation a. Particles lose energy, slow down, and come closer together. b. Forces between the particles become strong enough to make particles merely rotate around each other. c. The energy they lose as they become liquid is the heat of vaporization.

9. Changes in the States of Matter Solid to Gas = Sublimation Dry ice - carbon dioxide b. Iodine c. Frost The “smoke” you see is actually water vapor condensing to liquid because of the cold temperatures of the CO2 gas!

10. Changes in the States of Matter Gas to Solid = Deposition Dry ice - carbon dioxide b. Snowflakes c. Frost On Mars it can snow with no clouds

11. Changes in the States of Matter Triple Point Venus Gas Earth Liquid Mars Solid

12. Plasma The “4th” state of matter Plasma are gases that are heated so high that their electrons to be removed easily. Atoms can be positive or negatively charged and react to magnetic fields. The Sun is made of plasma that is made of hydrogen and helium. Lightening is a plasma formed by hail stripping electrons from water molecules. Fluorescent lamps are plasma

13. ViscosityA Property of Liquids Water has low viscosity and flows easily Honey has a medium viscosity Pitch has a viscosity 230 billion times higher than water. This pitch drop started in 1927!

14. MalleabilityA Property of Solids Very malleable metal wiring Gold is the most malleable of all metals Some metals are brittle and fracture easily

15. Elements Can Be:Metals, Metalloids, and Non-Metals Titanium is a metal Silicon is a metalloid Phosphorus and Bromine are non-metals

16. Conductivity The ability to conduct electricity or heat. Gold and silver are the best conductors. Since gold is very expensive, it is only used for very specialized electronics. Copper is usually used around the home and electronics. But, it is also too expensive for transmission lines, so aluminum is used. This means a lot of electricity is lost as heat on the way,. But, it is cheaper and lighter for use.

17. Density Density is the mass/volume Substances will separate by their density with heaviest at the bottom and lightest on top. Salt water is denser than freshwater. So, where they meet is the halocline, with salt water at the bottom and freshwater on top.