This document discusses key concepts in physics related to motion, forces, energy, and sound. It covers Aristotle and Galileo's early contributions, followed by Newton's laws of motion and universal law of gravitation. Key topics include linear and circular motion, forces, work, energy, heat transfer, and properties of sound waves like frequency, wavelength, and the Doppler effect. Equations for acceleration, velocity, forces, energy, heat, and sound are provided alongside examples to illustrate their application.

1. Aristotle Natural Motion

2. Galileo Experimentation

3. Newton Newton’s Laws of Motion, Gravity

4. Linear Motion distance SPEED = time

5. Linear Motion displacement VELOCITY = time

6. Earth -> Sun distance 1.497 x 1011m Time = velocity = 3 x 108m/s = 498.9 seconds = 8.3 minutes

7. Sun -> Mars d 2.28 x 1011m t = v = 3 x 108m/s = 760.3 seconds = 12.67 minutes

8. Acceleration change in velocity Acceleration = time

9. Deceleration = Negative Acceleration

10. Saleen S7 Turbo vf– vi 60 mph – 0 mph mph a = t = 3.3 s = 18.2 s = 0.005 mi/s2

11. Gravitational Acceleration

12. Free Fall Acceleration due to GRAVITY Mass doesn’t matter

13. Gravitational Acceleration Velocity increases at a constant rate vf - vi a = t 20m/s - 10 m/s = 1 second = 9.8 m/s2 = 32 ft/s2

14. Distance Fallen Distance = Velocityaverage x time vi + vf = 2 x t 0 + gt = 2 x t = 1/2 gt2

15. Transamerica Building 46 g golf ball droppedfrom top of Transamericabuilding 7.35 seconds to hit ground d = ????

16. Transamerica Building 46 g golf ball droppedfrom top of Transamericabuilding 7.35 seconds to hit ground d = 1/2gt2 = (0.5)(9.8 m/s2)(7.35s)2 = 265 m = 853 ft

17. g and elevation ATT vs. Coors Field sea level 5280 ft 9.8185 m/s2 9.8136 m/s2

18. G force Extreme Acceleration > 1g Breathing difficultiesblackout

19. Gravity

20. Newton’s Laws of Motion Every body continues in a state of rest or in uniform motion in a straight line unless compelled to change that state by forces impressed upon it. INERTIA

21. Inertia

22. Newton’s Laws of Motion 2) The acceleration produced by a Force acting upon on body is directly proportional to the mass of the body. F = m x a

23. Force Units F = m x a = 2000 kg x 0.05 m/s2 = 100 kg m/s2 = 100 Newtons

24. Force of Gravity F = m x a Fg = m x g Fg = WEIGHT

25. Mass vs. Weight 60 kg person Weight = m x g Earth Moon Jupiter (60 kg)(9.8m/s2) (60 kg)(1.67 m/s2) (60 kg)(25.9 m/s2) 588 N 100 N 1552 N

26. Weightlessness “less” gravityNOT no gravity

27. Newton & Gravity 1687 Principia “Every object in the universe is attracted to and attracts every other object in the universe by a force called gravity”

28. Gravitational Force Mutually attractive force Inverse square GM1M2 Fg = r2 where G = 6.67 x 10-11Nm2/kg2

29. g on Uranus? Fg = m x g = GM1M2/r2 G Mplanet g = rplanet2 (6.67 x 10-11 Nm2/kg2)(8.44 x 1025 kg) g =(2.56 x 107 m)2 g = 8.59 m/s2

30. Size of Gravitational Force (6.67 x 10-11 Nm2/kg2) (60 kg)(60 kg) Fg = (1 m)2 Fg = 2.4 x 10-7 N

31. Size of Gravitational Force (6.67 x 10-11 Nm2/kg2) (6 x 1024 kg)(7.35 x 1022kg) Fg = (3.83 x 108 m)2 Fg = 2 x 1020 N

32. Escape Velocity d = 1/2gt2 for objects in free fall 2d = gt2 but t = v/g for free fall2d/g = t2 = (v/g)2 2 dg = v2 √2dg = v = ESCAPE VELOCITY

33. Escape Velocity vE = √2dg = √2gREarth = √2(9.8m/s2)(6.378 x 106 m) = 11.18 X 103 m/s

34. How high will it go? V2 = 2dg V2/2g = d (10 m/s)2 2 (9.8 m/s2) = d d = 5.1 m

35. Newton’s Laws of Motion In the absence of outside forces, the total momentum of a set of objects remains the same no matter how the objects interact with one another. p = m v

36. Conservation of Momentum m vbefore = m vafter (3000 kg)(10m/s) + (1000 kg)(0 m/s) = (3000 kg)v’ + (1000 kg) (15 m/s) 30,000 kg m/s = (3000 kg) v’ + 15,000 kg m/s 15,000 kg m/s = (3000 kg) v’ -------> v’ = 5 m/s

37. Conservation of Momentum m vbefore = m vafter (2000 kg) (8 m/s) + (50 kg) (0 m/s) = (2000 + 50 kg) v’ 16,000 kg m/s ÷ 2050 kg = v’ = 7.8 m/s

38. Inelastic Collisions (2 kg)(10 m/s) 3 kg v = 0 m/s v’ =?

39. Elastic Collisions (2 kg)(10 m/s) 3 kg v = -2 m/s v’ =?

40. Angular Momentum m1 x v1 x r1 = m2 x v2 x r2

41. Circular Motion 2 r = diameter 2πr = circumference Magnitude of v doesn’t change but direction does

42. Centripetal Acceleration v a = t vt - vb = 1/2(2r)/v 2v =r/v v2 mv2 ac = rFc = r

43. Applications Spin cycle washer

44. Car turning

45. The ROTOR

46. Centripetal Force mball = 0.25 kg r = 0.5 m v = 2 m/s Fc = ?

47. Centripetal Force mball = 0.25 kg r = 0.5 m v = 2 m/s (0.25 kg)(2 m/s)2 Fc = 0.5 m = 2 Newtons

48. Roller Coaster Loop Fc > Fg mv2 r > mg V2/r > g

49. Conservation of Energy The Energy of the Universe Is neither created nor destroyed; It merely changes form.

50. Forms of Energy

51. Work and Power W = F x d work Power = time

52. Work W = F x d W = m x g x d W = (50 kg)(9.8m/s2)(5m) = 2450 kg m2/s2 = 2450 Joules

53. Power Work Power = time 2450 J = 30 s = 81.67 J/s = 81.67 Watts

54. Kinetic Energy Work = F x d = (m x a) x d If d = 1/2at2 and v = atthen d = 1/2a(v/a)2 = 1/2v2/a W = m a d = m a (1/2 av2/a) = 1/2mv2

55. Potential Energy Potential Energy = m x g x h

56. Potential & Kinetic Energy PE + KE = Total Energy PEtop = KEbottom mgh = 1/2mv2 2gh = v2 V = √2gh

57. Escape Velocity vE = √2dg = √2gREarth = √2(9.8m/s2)(6.378 x 106 m) = 11.18 X 103 m/s

58. Terminal Velocity 1 Kg book falls 1 meter vf = ? V = √2gh = √2(9.8m/s2)(1m) = √19.6 m2/s2 = 4.4 m/s

59. How tall is the incline? V = 5.42 m/s V = √2gh Thus h = v2/2g = (5.42 m/s)2/2(9.8 m/s2) = 1.5 m

60. Roller Coaster

61. Pole Vault World Record = 6 m V = √2gh = √2 (9.8m/s2)(6 m) = 10.9 m/s

62. Heat transfer Heat: Energy transferred between 2 systems in contact and at different temperatures

63. Temperature Average kinetic energy of atoms or molecules

64. Temperature scales

65. Biological Temperature Regulation Human: 37C = 98.6 F Shivering, flushing

66. Biological Temperature Regulation Birds Animal fat layer

67. Specific Heat The Amount of heat energy necessary to raise the temperature of a given substance

68. Heat Energy Q Q = m C T C in units of Joules/g °C or calories/g °C Heat Energy

69. Heat Capacity C

70. Calories 1 calorie: amount of heat needed to raise temp of 1.0 gram H2O 1° C

71. Dietary Calories 1 Calorie = 1000 calories 100 Calories 100,000 calories!

72. Calorie burning

73. Heat Transfer Wooden vs. Aluminum Each pot contains 500 cal. Each spoon 100 g How hot will each one get?

74. Heat Transfer Aluminum spoon Q = mCT = 500 cal = (100g)(0.22cal/gºC) T 500 cal T = (100g) (0.22cal/gºC) = 22.73°C

75. Heat Transfer Wooden spoon Q = mCT = 500 cal = (100g)(0.58cal/gºC) T 500 cal T = (100g) (0.58cal/gºC) = 8.82°C

76. Identifying Unknowns A 400 g metal w/3680 Joules of Heat Temp 50°C -> 60°C What is C? Q C = mT = 3680 J/400g (10°C) = 0.92 J/g °C

77. Limiting Heat Transfer Cair = 0.17 cal/g°C

78. Refrigeration

79. Sound Energy Result of Vibrations Air molecules disturbed Ear membrane vibration Auditory nerve -> Brain

80. Hearing

81. Cochlea

82. Waves

83. Wavelength: distance between crests() Frequency: # crests pass a given pt/time (f)  x f = velocity of sound (m) (1/sec) 1/sec = HERTZ

84. Infrasound f of elephant communication if  is 34 m? f x  = vs = 340 m/s vs Thus f =  = 10 1/s = 10 Hz

85. Ultrasound f of dolphin communication if  is 0.0034 m? f x  = vs = 340 m/s vs Thus f =  = 105 Hz

86. Audible Sound Waves Hearing range fornormal human:20 - 20,000 Hz S,z,c soundsvs. M,b sounds

87. Sound & Medium Velocity of sound in different media

88. Sound & Temperature vs = vo + (0.61 m/sºC)T

89. Hot Day vs. Cold Day 110° F vs. –30 ° F? At 110° F = 43.33 °C vs = 331 m/s + (0.61m/s °C) (43.3 °C) = 357.43 m/s At –30 ° F = –34.4 ° Cvs = 331 m/s + (0.61m/s °C) (–34.4 ° C) = 310 m/s

90. Echolocation Bat sends signal and receives echo 0.7 slater in 4° C cave --how far is the wall? vs = 331 m/s + (0.61m/s °C) (4°C) =333.4m/s d = v x t = vs x t/2 = (333.4m/s)(0.35s) =116.7 m

91. Sound Intensity Bel = 10 db intensity doubling (d2)2 I1 (d1)2 = I2 Intensity drops with (distance)2

92. Sound Intensity

93. Intensity comparison Standing 2 m vs. 200 m from jet taking off? (200m)2 120 db (2 m)2 x 40000/4 = 105 = 5 factors of 10 x = 70 db

94. Doppler Effect

95. Doppler Effect Approaching sound f Vs f’ = f VS - V Retreating sounds f Vs f’ = f VS + V

96. Doppler Example Approaching at 30m/s: 340m/s f’ = (440 Hz) 340 - 30 m/s = 483 Hz Retreating at 30 m/s: 340m/s f’ = (440 Hz) 340 + 30 m/s = 404 Hz

97. Medical Doppler Blood flow velocity F= 80000 Hz, f’ = 80020 Hz f’ vs 1500 m/s f = vs - v = 1.00025 = 1500 - v m/s => v = 0.375 m/s = 37.5 cm/s

98. Sonic Boom

99. Music Pythagoras Octave = 2 f Harmonious frequencies = simpler ratio