The document presents a project on power factor correction of a three-phase PWM AC chopper fed induction motor drive system using hysteresis band current control (HBCC) technique. It discusses the need for power factor correction in induction motor drive systems and describes different power factor correction methods. It then presents the proposed control strategy involving soft starting, speed control and power factor correction modes. Simulation models of the system with and without HBCC are shown and results demonstrate input power factor correction under different operating speeds with low harmonic distortion. Advantages of the system include high reliability and efficiency while improving machine performance.
Advance Solar charge controller with lot of benefits. An advantage over common PWM Solar charge controller. Double Boost Technique is used to get a desired output.
This ppt explained the basic concept of Tidal energy , Components of Tidal barrage powerplant, Modes of generation of Tidal power, Tidal stream generator, single and double bassin arrangement, Horizontal & vertical axis Tidal turbine Helical Turbine, Dynamic Tidal powerplant, Environmental impacts and Site selection for tidal powerplant. Also describes the advantages and disadvantages of Tidal powerplant.
This Presentation shows what is Geothermal Energy and how can we use it and what are the types of the plant setup can be done and what will be done for this India and how much it generates the power in terms of a watt in India.
Advance Solar charge controller with lot of benefits. An advantage over common PWM Solar charge controller. Double Boost Technique is used to get a desired output.
This ppt explained the basic concept of Tidal energy , Components of Tidal barrage powerplant, Modes of generation of Tidal power, Tidal stream generator, single and double bassin arrangement, Horizontal & vertical axis Tidal turbine Helical Turbine, Dynamic Tidal powerplant, Environmental impacts and Site selection for tidal powerplant. Also describes the advantages and disadvantages of Tidal powerplant.
This Presentation shows what is Geothermal Energy and how can we use it and what are the types of the plant setup can be done and what will be done for this India and how much it generates the power in terms of a watt in India.
Solar fed BLDC motor drive for mixer grinder using a buck-boost converterjournalBEEI
In existing mixer grinders, the universal motor is used due to its high starting torque than the induction motor. To achieve higher speed for smaller devices, the implementation of the universal motor becomes cheaper. The absence of brushes and the reduction of noise in the BLDC extends its lifetime, making it ideal for a mixer grinder. The solar-powered BLDC motor drive for a mixer grinder is presented in this paper. A DC-DC buck boost (BB) converter is utilised to operate the PV (photovoltaic) array at its highest power. The proposed hysteresis current (HC) control BLDC system is developed in the MATLAB. A comparison performance is demonstrated between the commercially available mixer grinder and the simulated proposed system.
This project proposes the performance of a 4- switch, 3-phase inverter fed induction motor (IM) drive
system for high performance industrial drive systems. In the proposed realization, instead of a usual 6-switch
three-phase inverter (SSTPI) a 4-switch three-phase inverter (FSTPI) is used. A cost effective FSTPI fed IM
drive using Field-Oriented-Control and Space-Vector PWM controller (with new control SVPWM approach) is
implemented as a simulation model. This reduces the cost of the inverter, the switching losses, and the
complexity of the control algorithms and interface circuits to generate 6 PWM logic signals. Furthermore, the
proposed control approach reduces the computation for real-time implementation. In this paper, a simulation
model of the drive system is developed and analyzed in order to verify the effectiveness of the approach. A
performance comparison of the proposed IS3P inverter fed drive with a conventional 6S3P inverter fed drive is
also mode in terms of speed response and total harmonic distortion (THI)) of the stator current. Simulation
results show that the proposed drive system provides a fast speed response and good disturbance rejection
capability. The designed inverter fed IM drive is found suitable considering its cost decrease.
Report On diode clamp three level inverterVinay Singh
three level diode clamp inverter. that converts any type of DC ( rectified, PV cell, battery etc.) to AC supply. we made by mosfet and ardiuno . in this ppt we present the Simulink model of a three-level inverter and the hardware reort of the inverter.
also discuss about other level inverter and there THD analysis, simulink model and detail. compression between another inverter.
Analysis of symmetrical & asymmetrical pwm based three phase ac to ac con...eSAT Journals
Abstract
A Three phase bidirectional AC to AC buck converter circuit using power MOSFET operating in high frequency chopping mode is simulated and analyzed for electrical parameters such as output phase voltage, input line current, input power factor, harmonic profile and efficiency using MATLAB/simulink software package. The various PWM techniques such as symmetrical ramp-DC PWM (SRDPWM), asymmetrical ramp-triangular PWM (ARTPWM), asymmetrical sinusoidal PWM type-1 [ASPWM1] and asymmetrical sinusoidal PWM type-2 [ASPWM2] techniques are adopted to analyze the harmonic profile, input power factor and efficiency of the converter. The rms value of the output phase voltage, output line current and source current can be significantly increased by varying the duty ratio K in case of symmetrical PWM control strategy and modulation index MI in case of asymmetrical PWM control strategies independent of variation in switching frequency. It is observed from the simulation results that the ASPWM1 switching strategy gives more output phase voltage, input power factor, efficiency by increasing modulation index MI and reduced low order harmonics of output voltage and source current by increasing the number of pulses per half cycle P compared to other PWM techniques rendering easy and economical filteration.
Keywords: Three phase AC chopper, symmetrical ramp-DC PWM, asymmetrical ramp-triangular PWM, asymmetrical sinusoidal PWM technique, harmonic profile, power factor, efficiency
Analysis of symmetrical & asymmetrical pwm based three phase ac to ac con...eSAT Journals
Abstract
A Three phase bidirectional AC to AC buck converter circuit using power MOSFET operating in high frequency chopping mode is simulated and analyzed for electrical parameters such as output phase voltage, input line current, input power factor, harmonic profile and efficiency using MATLAB/simulink software package. The various PWM techniques such as symmetrical ramp-DC PWM (SRDPWM), asymmetrical ramp-triangular PWM (ARTPWM), asymmetrical sinusoidal PWM type-1 [ASPWM1] and asymmetrical sinusoidal PWM type-2 [ASPWM2] techniques are adopted to analyze the harmonic profile, input power factor and efficiency of the converter. The rms value of the output phase voltage, output line current and source current can be significantly increased by varying the duty ratio K in case of symmetrical PWM control strategy and modulation index MI in case of asymmetrical PWM control strategies independent of variation in switching frequency. It is observed from the simulation results that the ASPWM1 switching strategy gives more output phase voltage, input power factor, efficiency by increasing modulation index MI and reduced low order harmonics of output voltage and source current by increasing the number of pulses per half cycle P compared to other PWM techniques rendering easy and economical filteration.
Keywords: Three phase AC chopper, symmetrical ramp-DC PWM, asymmetrical ramp-triangular PWM, asymmetrical sinusoidal PWM technique, harmonic profile, power factor, efficiency
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
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International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
In present days of electrical industries, adjustable speed controlled induction
motor drives are very common due to its versatile features. For the speed control of induction
motor, variable frequency sources are the heart of such drives. To attain variable frequency
and variable voltage supply a power electronics device; single phase matrix converter is
proposed.
In this paper, the single phase matrix converter is modeled in MATLAB Simulink
environment; controlled with sinusoidal pulse width modulation technique, control scheme is
implemented in a Xilinx system generator environment and interfaced with power circuit in
MATLAB Simulink. Analyses this SPMC with different type of loads in both frequency step
up and step down modes. Based on simulation results, this converter is suitable for variable
frequency power supplies, varying load conditions and variable speed electrical drives.
FPGA control is best suitable for controlling a circuit like SPMC, consists of more
controlled elements to attain fast operation.
Mainly the DC motors are employed in most of the application. The main objective is to Regulate the DC motor system. A motor which displays the appearances of a DC motor but there is no commutator and brushes is called as brushless DC motor. These motors are widespread to their compensations than other motors in relationships of dependability, sound, efficiency, preliminary torque and longevity. To achieve the operation more reliable and less noisy, brushless dc motors are employed. In the proposed work, dissimilar methods of speed control are analysed. In real time submission of speed control of BLDC motor, numerous strategies are executed for the speed control singularity. The modified approaches are the employment of PI controller, use of PID controller and proposed current controller.
Closed Loop Speed Control of a BLDC Motor Drive Using Adaptive Fuzzy Tuned PI...IJERA Editor
Brushless DC Motors are widely used for many industrial applications because of their high efficiency, high
torque and low volume. This paper proposed an improved Adaptive Fuzzy PI controller to control the speed of
BLDC motor. This paper provides an overview of different tuning methods of PID Controller applied to control
the speed of the transfer function model of the BLDC motor drive and then to the mathematical model of the
BLDC motor drive. It is difficult to tune the parameters and get satisfied control characteristics by using normal
conventional PI controller. The experimental results verify that Adaptive Fuzzy PI controller has better control
performance than the conventional PI controller. The modeling, control and simulation of the BLDC motor have
been done using the MATLAB/SIMULINK software. Also, the dynamic characteristics of the BLDC motor (i.e.
speed and torque) as well as currents and voltages of the inverter components are observed by using the
developed model.
Experimental Investigations of the Self-Controlled Synchronous Motor Connecte...IJPEDS-IAES
This paper concerns the experimental investigations of the three-phase line
commutated SCR inverter fed synchronous motor. The fabricated system
consists of a line-commuted inverter, a three-phase synchronous motor with
the excitation winding connected in series to the inverter input, a terminal
voltage sensor and a gate-pulse generating circuit. The firing pulses for SCRs
of the inverter are generated by the microprocessor in proper sequence with
the help of synchronizing signal derived from the terminal voltages of the
synchronous machine. The steady state performance characteristics are
obtained experimentally using the fabricated system. The experimental
results show that a three-phase synchronous motor supplied by a line
commutated inverter with the excitation winding connected in series to the dc
link provide excellent characteristics of the conventional dc series motor.
We have compiled the most important slides from each speaker's presentation. This year’s compilation, available for free, captures the key insights and contributions shared during the DfMAy 2024 conference.
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
Harnessing WebAssembly for Real-time Stateless Streaming PipelinesChristina Lin
Traditionally, dealing with real-time data pipelines has involved significant overhead, even for straightforward tasks like data transformation or masking. However, in this talk, we’ll venture into the dynamic realm of WebAssembly (WASM) and discover how it can revolutionize the creation of stateless streaming pipelines within a Kafka (Redpanda) broker. These pipelines are adept at managing low-latency, high-data-volume scenarios.
NO1 Uk best vashikaran specialist in delhi vashikaran baba near me online vas...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
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Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
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6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024) will provide an excellent international forum for sharing knowledge and results in theory, methodology and applications of on Machine Learning & Applications.
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CW RADAR, FMCW RADAR, FMCW ALTIMETER, AND THEIR PARAMETERSveerababupersonal22
It consists of cw radar and fmcw radar ,range measurement,if amplifier and fmcw altimeterThe CW radar operates using continuous wave transmission, while the FMCW radar employs frequency-modulated continuous wave technology. Range measurement is a crucial aspect of radar systems, providing information about the distance to a target. The IF amplifier plays a key role in signal processing, amplifying intermediate frequency signals for further analysis. The FMCW altimeter utilizes frequency-modulated continuous wave technology to accurately measure altitude above a reference point.
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introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
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Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Using HBCC System Power Factor Correction of Three Phase PWM AC Chopper Fed Induction Motor Drive System
1. KCES’S COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
A
PROJECT PRESENTATION ON
“USING HBCC SYSTEM POWER FACTOR CORRECTION OF THREE PHASE
PWM AC CHOPPER FED INDUCTION MOTOR DRIVE SYSTEM”
GUIDED BY:
PROF. K. M. MAHAJAN PRESENTED BY:
MS. CHAITRA N. PANAT
PRN NO: 21510620181229210001
2. CONTENT:
1. Abstract
2. Introduction
3. Literature Review
4. Need of the system
5.Different methods of Power Factor Correction
6. AC Voltage Regulator & their control methods
7. HBCC Technique
8.System description and operation principle
9. Proposed Control Strategy
10. Simulation model
11. Result & discussion
12. Advantages
13.Disadvantages
14. Applications
15. Future Scope
16.Conclusion
17.Referrences
3. 1.ABSTRACT
In this project, a new control strategy for an induction motor
(IM) drive system fed from three-phase pulse width
modulation (PWM) ac chopper is proposed.
The main objective of the proposed control scheme is to
achieve input power factor correction (PFC) of the IM drive
system under different operating conditions.
PFC is achieved by continuously forcing the actual three-
phase supply currents with the corresponding reference
currents, which are generated in phase with the supply
voltages, using hysteresis band current control (HBCC)
technique.
4. 2. INTRODUCTION:
In this project, a new control strategy for an induction
motor (IM) drive system fed from three-phase pulse
width modulation (PWM) ac chopper is proposed.
Different topologies with different control methods of
these regulators in single phase applications and also in
three phase applications are presented.
5. 3. LITERATURE REVIEW:
Murat Kale, Murat Karabacak, Bilal Saracoglu, “ A novel
hysteresis band current controller scheme for three phase AC
chopper”. This paper explains the application of the hysteresis
band current controller technique to the three phase pulse
width modulation AC chopper used for the purpose of
controlling the magnitude of the sinusoidal currents and
voltages applied to the AC load.
Do-Hyun Jang, Gyu Choe, “ Improvement of input power
factor in AC choppers using Asymmetrical PWM technique”.
This paper explains Asymmetrical pulse width modulated
control technique for the ac chopper is proposed to improve
the input power factor.
6. 4. NEED OF THE SYSTEM :
1.The main objective of the proposed control scheme is to
achieve input power factor correction (PFC) of the IM drive
system under different operating conditions.
2. The proposed ac chopper features a smaller number of active
semiconductor switches, four IGBTs, with only two PWM gate
signals. As a result, the proposed system is simple, reliable,
highly efficient, and cost effective.
7. 5. DIFFERENT METHODS OF POWER FACTOR
CORRECTION:
a. Static Capacitor:
For Power factor improvement purpose, Static capacitors
are connected in parallel with those devices which work
on low power factor.
8. These static capacitors provides leading current which
neutralize the lagging inductive component of load
current thus power factor of the load circuit is improved.
9. b. Synchronous Condenser:
When a Synchronous motor operates at No-Load and
over-exited then it’s called a synchronous Condenser.
Whenever a Synchronous motor is over-exited then it
provides leading current and works like a capacitor.
10. c. Phase Advancer:
Phase advancer is a simple AC exciter which is
connected on the main shaft of the motor and operates
with the motor’s rotor circuit for power factor
improvement.
Phase advancer is used to improve the power factor of
induction motor in industries.
11. 6. AC VOLTAGE REGULATOR & THEIR CONTROL
METHODS :
AC voltage regulators, also called as AC voltage
controllers, are used in various applications that require a
regulated AC voltage.
12. The purpose of AC voltage controller is to vary the root
mean square (RMS) value of its output that applied to the
load circuit.
There are three control methods are offered to achieve
this objective;
a. ON/OFF method
b. Phase angle (PA) method and
c. Pulse width modulation (PWM) method.
13. a. On/Off Method:
1. In ON/OFF control method, thyristors (i.e. silicon
controlled rectifiers) are used as power switches to
connect/disconnect the circuit of the load to/from the AC
voltage source continuously.
2. Applications of this method are restricted to heating
and temperature control systems due to the discontinuity
of the power source at low demand levels.
14. b. Phase angle (PA) method :
i. In PA control method, the output of the AC voltage
controller is regulated by adjusting the firing angles of
SCRs.
ii. The artificial techniques are utilized to adjust the
motor voltage by varying the firing angles of the
thyristors at certain operating instant of speed and torque
commands.
15. c. Pulse Width Modulation:
The definition of Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) is in
the name itself. It means modulating/varying the width of
the pulse (Not the frequency).
b. Pulse width modulation is a great method of
controlling the amount of power delivered to a load
without dissipating any wasted power.
16. • As the shown in the above diagram, the important thing
to note in a PWM signal is that the time-period and
hence the frequency is always fixed.
• Only the ON time and OFF time of the pulse (duty
cycle) varies. By this technique, we can modulate the
given voltage
17. 7. HBCC SYSTEM
• A single phase inverter is simulated using a very simple
and good method known as hysteresis band current
control.
• This method comes under current controlled modulation
technique of PWM. It is famous for its fast dynamic
response, easy implementation and low cost. It controls
the current level despite of the load condition.
19. Fig. 1 freewheeling stage, the power switch represents a
schematic diagram of the proposed three phase PWM AC
chopper fed an IM.
The chopper is composed only of four power electronics
switches (S1, S2, S3 and S4) that are illustrated in the
figure.
The three power switches (S1, S2 and S3) are series-
connected with the motor. While, the power switch (S4)
is parallel-connected via a poly phase bridge rectifier
with the motor.
20. There are three operating stages: active, freewheeling
and dead time. In dead time period, all four devices are
turned OFF.
The currents paths of the proposed PWM AC chopper
fed IM in its three operating stages are illustrated by Fig.
The input filter is composed of three inductors and Y-
connected three capacitors.
22. 9. CONTROL STRATEGIES OF A SYSTEM:
The proposed control strategy has three main control
objectives:
a. soft starting,
b. speed control, and
c. input power factor correction (PFC).
This strategy is depending on the control of the applied
voltage across IM terminals using AC chopper.
23. A. SOFT STARTING MODE :
The role of the soft starting mode is to generate the
reference value of the supply current in a manner that
limits the starting current of the IM at a preset value.
The actual current of IM (Im) is measured and its RMS
value is evaluated by RMS detector.
The command or preset value of the motor current (I ∗
m) and its actual value (Im) are compared.
24. B. SPEED CONTROL MODE:
There are several methods for controlling the speed of
three-phase IMs.
These methods can be classified into two main categories
according to the control side of the IM:
a) speed control methods through the stator and
b) speed control methods through the rotor
25. C. PFC CONTROL
Since PWM AC/AC choppers can only modify the
magnitude of the applied voltage,
Therefore, the main contribution of the proposed control
strategy is achieving high PF approximately unity as in
case of resistive loads.
The proposed PFC strategy was implemented during
starting and speed control operating modes of IM drive
while using AC chopper.
32. As the implement power factor correction of three phase
PWM AC chopper fed induction motor drive in smooth
continues checking input as a source power factor and load
power factor. Source goes 0.97 and at that time load power
factor is 0.0043. Value as per resulted graph is already
given in specification.
Now different cases, when there is variation in speed is
as given below. According to that we able to know slight
changes in between the value of load power factor as well
as speed graphs and waveforms.This is to be done because
of variation in speed.
33. There is slight variation in between graphs and
waveforms with variation of speed. Now Table given
below shows the value of source power factor, load
power factor and THD with changing speed.
Case Speed Source PF Load PF THD
1 1500 RPM 0.97 0.0055 0.02%
2 1200 RPM 0.97 0.4726 0.02%
3 1000 RPM 0.97 0.0067 0.02%
34. 12. ADVANTAGES
1.Highly Reliable
2. bi-directional power flow.
3. Almost sinusoidal input current.
4.regulation of input power factor near to unity.
5.Low harmonic distortion of line current (THD
below 5%).
6.adjustment and stabilization of DC-link voltage
(or current).
7.Reduced capacitor (or inductor) size due to the
continues current.
8.Imrove Performance Of Machine.
9.Improves Efficiency
10. Highly Efficient
35. 13. LIMITATIONS:
1. Cost depends on the power electronic components
which are to be installed in a system.
36. 14. APPLICATIONS:
1. Used in domestic and industrial heating
2. Used in Power Electronics.
3. For industrial purpose
4. Used in Drives and different Machineries.
5. Speed control & Soft Starters for IM
37. 15. FUTURE SCOPE :
1.Implementation of digital controllers to control the
power electronic switches present in the device.
2. To study the operation of the devices in mitigating
other voltage problems that occur in power system.
38. 16. CONCLUSION :
1. The main control objective is to correct the input PF
with different operating conditions of the induction
motor drive system.
2.The proposed control strategy uses only two PWM
signals for driving the active switches of the AC chopper.
3.The proposed system is simple, reliable and low cost as
it has only four IGBT switches.
39. 17. REFERENCES:
[1] M.K.Metwaly, H.Z.Azazi, S.A.Deraz, M.E.Dessouki and M.S.Zaky, “ Power Factor
Correction of Three – Phase PWM AC Chopper Fed Induction Motor Drive System
Using HBCC Technique, IEEE Trans. & content mining, vol.7, 2019.
[2] M. Kale, M. Karabacak, and B. Saracoglu, “A novel hysteresis band current
controller scheme for three phase AC chopper,'' Int. J. Elect. Power Energy Syst., vol.
44, no. 1, pp. 219_226, Jan. 2013. doi: 10.1016/j. ijepes.2012.07.013.
[3] Do-Hyun Jang, Member and Gyu-Ha Choe, “Improvement of Input Power Factor in
AC Choppers Using Asymmetrical PWM Technique” IEEE Trans. on industrial
electronics, vol. 42, no. 2, april 1995.
[4] Binita Tailor, Ayaz Pathan, Harsh Patel & Ritesh Khushwaha, “Improvement in
Power Quality
of IGBT based Front-End Converter using MATLAB” International Journal of Science
Technology & Engineering | Volume 3 | Issue 07 | January 2017 ISSN (online): 2349-
784X
[5] Dhivya A, Murali D, “Average Current Mode Control Technique Applied to Boost
Converter for Power factor Improvement and THD Reduction”, International Journal
of Innovative Science, Engineering & Technology, Vol. 3 Issue 2, February 2016.
[6] Pekik Argo Dahono, Dessy Amirudin, Arwindra Rizqiawan & Deni, “ Analysis of
Input and Output Ripples of PWM AC Choppers” ITB J. Eng. Sci. Vol. 40, No. 2,
2008, 91-109.
[7] Panithi Sanjit and Apinan Aurasopon, “Asymmetrical PWM for Harmonics
Reduction and Power Factor Improvement in PWM AC Choppers Using Bee Colony
Optimization”, Journal of Power Electronics, Vol. 15, No. 1, pp. 227-234, January
2015 227 http://dx.doi.org/10.6113/JPE.2015.15.1.227.
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