In absence of standardised criteria diagnosis of lower urinary tract dysfunction is difficult in women. Comprehensive urodynamics including pressure-flow study, urethral pressure profilometry, EMG as well as video coordination (or separately done MCUG) are often required. pelvic floor dysfunction (so called dysfunctional voiding), bladder neck obstruction and urethral stricture are differential diagnoses. initial treatment of dysfunctional voiding includes behavioural modification, pelvic floor relaxation exercises, medications, treatment of constipation. further treatment includes inj Botox into sphincter and sacral neuromodulation.
interpretation of urodynamics requires basic understanding of physiology of LUT and pathophysiology of various LUT dysfunctions. The next step is to learn how to pen down the interpretation with full understanding of the findings (or any limitations came across during the study).
before reporting, one must know the urodynamic questions for which answers are sought (e.g. for a man, in whom urodynamics is ordered for quantifying bladder outlet obstruction, doing a stress study looking for stress incontinence is irrelavent. Similarly, for a woman whose UDS is ordered for stress incontinence, missing out a stress study makes the whole exercise irrelevant. And so on..).
One should start with mentioning the indication for UDS, the specifications of the catheters, type and temperature of filling fluid, position of patient during filling and voiding, filling rate, etc.
Filling phase description should including sensations, overactivity, capacity, compliance, leak point pressures (abdominal for stress and detrusor for poor compliant bladder), EMG cough reflex, guarding reflex (if done), urethral pressure profile MUCP and length (if done)
Voiding phase description to include hesitancy, PdetQmax, Qmax, type of flow, pattern of detrusor contraction, PVR, interpretation of pressure flow curves (particularly in men) - e.g. BOOI, DCI, BVE, EMG - relaxation / increased activity (if done), dynamic UPP - level of obstruction, max fall in MUCP (if done)
Interpreting as "neurogenic bladder" is mostly irrelevant in reporting UDS since UDS is for functional status and NOT Neurological status.
In absence of standardised criteria diagnosis of lower urinary tract dysfunction is difficult in women. Comprehensive urodynamics including pressure-flow study, urethral pressure profilometry, EMG as well as video coordination (or separately done MCUG) are often required. pelvic floor dysfunction (so called dysfunctional voiding), bladder neck obstruction and urethral stricture are differential diagnoses. initial treatment of dysfunctional voiding includes behavioural modification, pelvic floor relaxation exercises, medications, treatment of constipation. further treatment includes inj Botox into sphincter and sacral neuromodulation.
interpretation of urodynamics requires basic understanding of physiology of LUT and pathophysiology of various LUT dysfunctions. The next step is to learn how to pen down the interpretation with full understanding of the findings (or any limitations came across during the study).
before reporting, one must know the urodynamic questions for which answers are sought (e.g. for a man, in whom urodynamics is ordered for quantifying bladder outlet obstruction, doing a stress study looking for stress incontinence is irrelavent. Similarly, for a woman whose UDS is ordered for stress incontinence, missing out a stress study makes the whole exercise irrelevant. And so on..).
One should start with mentioning the indication for UDS, the specifications of the catheters, type and temperature of filling fluid, position of patient during filling and voiding, filling rate, etc.
Filling phase description should including sensations, overactivity, capacity, compliance, leak point pressures (abdominal for stress and detrusor for poor compliant bladder), EMG cough reflex, guarding reflex (if done), urethral pressure profile MUCP and length (if done)
Voiding phase description to include hesitancy, PdetQmax, Qmax, type of flow, pattern of detrusor contraction, PVR, interpretation of pressure flow curves (particularly in men) - e.g. BOOI, DCI, BVE, EMG - relaxation / increased activity (if done), dynamic UPP - level of obstruction, max fall in MUCP (if done)
Interpreting as "neurogenic bladder" is mostly irrelevant in reporting UDS since UDS is for functional status and NOT Neurological status.
Urinary incontinence simply means involuntary leaking of urine.
Incontinence can range from leaking just a few drops of urine to complete emptying of the bladder.
Social and hygienic problem.
describes its definition, causes, clinical manifestations, diagnosis and rx.
feedback and inquiries; gufuabdikadir96@gmail.com
Urinary incontinence affects millions of people.Urinary incontinence is leakage of urine you can’t control. Also referred to as loss of bladder control. No matter what you call it, if you have it, you may feel like you’re the only one because people don’t really talk about it. But you’re not alone.
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
263778731218 Abortion Clinic /Pills In Harare ,sisternakatoto
263778731218 Abortion Clinic /Pills In Harare ,ABORTION WOMEN’S CLINIC +27730423979 IN women clinic we believe that every woman should be able to make choices in her pregnancy. Our job is to provide compassionate care, safety,affordable and confidential services. That’s why we have won the trust from all generations of women all over the world. we use non surgical method(Abortion pills) to terminate…Dr.LISA +27730423979women Clinic is committed to providing the highest quality of obstetrical and gynecological care to women of all ages. Our dedicated staff aim to treat each patient and her health concerns with compassion and respect.Our dedicated group ABORTION WOMEN’S CLINIC +27730423979 IN women clinic we believe that every woman should be able to make choices in her pregnancy. Our job is to provide compassionate care, safety,affordable and confidential services. That’s why we have won the trust from all generations of women all over the world. we use non surgical method(Abortion pills) to terminate…Dr.LISA +27730423979women Clinic is committed to providing the highest quality of obstetrical and gynecological care to women of all ages. Our dedicated staff aim to treat each patient and her health concerns with compassion and respect.Our dedicated group of receptionists, nurses, and physicians have worked together as a teamof receptionists, nurses, and physicians have worked together as a team wwww.lisywomensclinic.co.za/
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
Follow us on: Pinterest
Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
3. URODYNAMICS
1954 Davis
• Dynamic study of transport, storage & evacuation of urine.
• Main goal of UDS: to reproduce pt.'s symptoms and determine their cause by various tests.
UDS Armamentarium
• Cystometry(most important test), filling cystometry & voiding cystometry
• Uroflowmetry
• Urethral pressure studies
• Pressure flow micturition studies
• Video-urodynamic studies
• Electromyography
4. UDS is most useful when history, physical exam and simple tests are not sufficient to make an accurate diagnosis
and/or institute treatment
• Incontinence:
-recurrent incontinence in whom surgery is planned.
-mixed urge & stress symptoms.
-associated voiding problems.
-pts. with neurologic disorders.
-pts. with mismatch between signs and symptoms.
• Outflow Obstruction: -pt with LUTS, at least uroflow study.
• Neurogenic bladder: -all neurologically impaired patients with neurogenic bladder
dysfunction.
• Children with voiding dysfunction: -kids with daytime urgency and urge incontinence,
recurrent infection, reflux, or upper tract changes
5. Level 1 evidenced-based “indications” for its use are surprising lacking
Clinical role
• Characterization of detrusor function.
• Evaluation of bladder outlet.
• Evaluation of voiding function.
• Diagnosis and characterization of neuropathy.
Three important rules before starting UDS evaluation:
• 1. Decide on questions to be answered before starting a study.
• 2. Design the study to answer these questions.
• 3. Customize the study as necessary
6. Terminology for Common Urodynamic Terms and Observations According to the
International Continence Society Standardization Subcommittee
Two principal methods of urodynamic investigation exist:
Conventional urodynamic studies: normally take place in the urodynamic
laboratory involving artificial bladder filling.
Ambulatory urodynamic studies: a functional test of the lower urinary tract
using natural filling and reproducing the subject’s everyday activities.
7. Intravesical pressure: the pressure within the bladder.
Abdominal pressure: the pressure surrounding the bladder; currently it is estimated from
rectal, vaginal, or extraperitoneal pressure or a bowel stoma.
Detrusor pressure: the component of intravesical pressure created by forces on the
bladder wall that are both passive and active.
Filling cystometry: the method by which the pressure and volume relationship of the
bladder is measured during bladder filling.
Physiologic filling rate: a filling rate less than the predicted maximum. Predicted
maximum is the body weight in kilograms divided by 4 and expressed as milliliters per
minute.
Nonphysiologic filling rate: a filling rate greater than the predicted maximum.
8. Urodynamic stress incontinence: noted during filling cystometry and defined as the
involuntary leakage of urine during increased abdominal pressure in the absence of a
detrusor contraction. This currently replaces genuine stress incontinence.
Urethral pressure measurements:
Urethral pressure: the fluid pressure needed to just open a closed urethra.
Urethral pressure profile: a graph indicating the intraluminal pressure along the length of the
urethra.
Urethral closure pressure profile: the subtraction of intravesical pressure from urethral
pressure.
Maximum urethral pressure: the maximum pressure of the measured profile.
Maximum urethral closure pressure (MUCP): the maximum difference between the urethral
pressure and the intravesical pressure.
Functional profile length: the length of the urethra along which the urethral pressure exceeds
intravesical pressure in women.
9. Abdominal leak point pressure(ALPP): the intravesical pressure at which urine leakage
occurs because of increased abdominal pressure in the absence of a detrusor
contraction.
Detrusor leak point pressure(DLPP): the lowest detrusor pressure at which urine
leakage occurs in the absence of either a detrusor contraction or increased abdominal
pressure.
10. Urodynamic phases of micturition cycle
Storage or filling phase
• Cystometrogram (CMG)
• Provocative maneuvers
• ALPP
• Urethral pressure measurements
Emptying
• Voiding pressure - flow study
• Urethral sphincter or pelvic floor electromyography (EMG)
• Post void residual
11. CYSTOMETRY
First introduced 1927
• Measurement of intravesical bladder pressure during bladder filling(measures volume-
pressure relationships).
• Used to assess bladder sensation, capacity, compliance, detrusor activity.
• Bladder access by transurethral catheter, or rarely by percutaneous suprapubic tube.
• Filling medium either gas (CO2) or liquid (water, saline, or contrast material at body temp).
• Liquid cystometry is more physiologic.
• Ideally, filling should be performed in standing position
12. CYSTOMETRY(contd...)
• Bladder filling either by diuresis or filling through a catheter.
• Filling – slow (up to 10 ml/min), physiologic – medium (10 to 100 ml/min) – fast (>
100 ml/min)
• Children and pts with known bladder hyperactivity require slow fill rates.
• Reference point:- superior edge of symphysis pubis.
• All systems should be zeroed to atmospheric pressure.
• No air bubbles.
14. CMG PARAMETERS
• Intravesical pressure(Pves): Total Pressure within the bladder.
• Abdominal pressure(Pabd): Pressure surrounding the bladder; currently estimated from rectal,
vaginal, or extraperitoneal pressure or a bowel stoma.
• Detrusor pressure(Pdet): Component of intravesical pressure created by forces on the bladder
wall, both passive and active.
• True detrusor pressure = Intravesical pressure - Intraabdominal pressure.(Pdet = Pves-Pabd)
15. • Physiologic filling rate: A filling rate < predicted maximum.
Predicted maximum = body weight in kg divided by 4 and expressed as ml/min.
• Non physiologic filling rate: A filling rate > predicted maximum.
• First sensation of bladder filling: Volume at which patient first becomes aware of bladder filling.
• First desire to void: Feeling during filling cystometry that would lead the patient to pass urine at
the next convenient moment.
• Strong desire to void: Persistent desire to void without fear of leakage.
16. • Compliance: - Relationship between change in bladder volume and change in Pdet
(Δvolume/Δpressure); measured in ml/cm H2O.
- Normal bladder is highly compliant( 40 -120 ml/H2O) , and can hold large volumes at low
pressure.
- Normal pressure rise during the course of CMG in normal bladder will be only 6-10 cm
H2O.
- Decrease compliance < 20 ml/cm H2O, poorly distensible bladder.
17. Impaired compliance is seen in
• neurologic conditions: spinal cord injury/lesion, spina bifida, usually results from increased
outlet resistance (e.g., detrusor external sphincter dyssynergia [DESD]) or decentralization in
the case of lower motor neuron lesions,
• Long-term BOO (e.g., from benign prostatic obstruction),
• Structural changes- radiation cystitis or tuberculosis.
• Impaired compliance with prolonged elevated storage pressures is a urodynamic risk
factor and needs treatment to prevent renal damage.
18. Urgency: A sudden compelling desire to void.
• Normal detrusor function: Allows bladder filling with little or no change in pressure, no
involuntary contractions.
• Detrusor overactivity: Involuntary detrusor contractions during the filling phase,
spontaneous or provoked.
• Storage greater than 40 cm H2O is associated with harmful effects on the upper tract.
• Overactive bladder: storage symptoms of urgency with or without urgency incontinence,
usually with frequency and nocturia.
19. • Abdominal leak point pressure(ALPP): Intravesical pressure at which urine leakage occurs
because of increased abdominal pressure in the absence of a detrusor contraction.
• ALPP is a measure of sphincteric strength or ability of the sphincter to resist changes in
Pabd
• Applicable to stress incontinence; ALPP can be demonstrated only in a patient with SUI.
• There is no normal ALPP, because patients without stress incontinence will not leak at any
physiologic Pabd.
• Lower the ALPP, weaker is the sphincter.
– ALPP<60 cm H2O: significant ISD
– ALPP 60-90 cm H2O: equivocal
– ALPP>90 cm H2O: little or no ISD
20. • Detrusor leak point pressure(DLPP): Lowest detrusor pressure at which urine leakage occurs
in the absence of either a detrusor contraction or increased abdominal pressure (risk with >
40cm H2O).
• Its a measure of Pdet in a patient with decreased bladder compliance.
• Higher the urethral resistance, higher the DLPP, the more likely is upper tract damage as
intravesical pressure is transferred to the kidneys.
21.
22. UROFLOMETRY
• Non invasive study.
• Measurement of the rate of urine flow over time.
• Estimate of effectiveness of the act of voiding along with PVR.
• Influenced by
– effectiveness of detrusor contraction
– completeness of sphincteric relaxation
– patency of the urethra
• 3 methods used – gravimetric – rotating disk – electronic dipstick
23.
24. Recorded variables during UFM study:
• Voided volume (VV in milliliters)
• Flow rate (Q in milliliters per second)
• Maximum flow rate (Qmax in milliliters per second)
• Average flow rate (Qave in milliliters per second)
• Voiding time (total time during micturition in seconds)
• Flow time (the time during which flow occurred in seconds)
• Time to maximum flow (onset of flow to Qmax in seconds)
• Optimal voids 200 to 400cc.
• Voids < 150cc are difficult to interpret.
• Pt. should be well hydrated with full bladder, but not overly distended bladder.
• Should be performed in privacy and pt.encouraged to void in his normal fashion.
• Qmax & shape of curve- more reliable indicators of BOO.
• Qmax- most reliable variable in detecting abnormal voiding.
25. Normal uroflow curve is bell-shaped
Flattened pattern: Obstruction
Interrupted or straining pattern: Impaired bladder contractility, obstruction, or voiding
with/by abdominal straining.
26. Urethral pressure profilometry
• Urethral pressure profile (UPP): a graph indicating intraluminal pressure along the length of
urethra.
• Urethral pressure: fluid pressure needed to just open a closed urethra.
• UPP is obtained by withdrawal of a pressure sensor (catheter) along the length of urethra.
27. UPP Parameters:
• Urethral closure pressure profile is given by subtraction of intravesical pressure from
urethral pressure.
• Maximum urethral pressure is highest pressure measured along the UPP.
• Maximum urethral closure pressure (MUCP) : maximum difference between urethral
pressure and intravesical pressure.( 40- 60cmH2O)
• Functional profile length: length of urethra along which urethral pressure exceeds
intravesical pressure in women.
28. PRESSURE FLOW MICTURITION STUDIES
• Simultaneous measurement of bladder pressure and flow rate throughout the micturition
cycle.
• Best method of quantitatively analyzing voiding function.
• Access to bladder via transurethral or SPC 8F or less.
• Intra-abdominal pressure measured by balloon catheter in rectum or vagina.
• Men should void in standing position, while women seated on commode
29. Indications for pressure-flow studies:
1. to differentiate between pts with a low Qmax sec. to obstruction, from those sec.to poor
contractility.
2. Identify pt.with normal flow rates but high pressure obstruction.
3. LUTS in pt with hx of neurologic disease(CVA, Parkinson’s).
4. LUTS with normal flow rates (Qmax > 15cc/min).
5. younger men with LUTS.
6. Men whom LUTS s/o bladder instability rather than flow disorder.
7. Men with little endoscopic evidence of prostate occlusion
30. VIDEO-URODYNAMICS
• UDS with simultaneous fluoroscopic image of lower urinary tract.
• Equipment and technique: - CMG + PFS same as before but the study is conducted on a
fluoroscopy table, and the filling medium is a radiographic contrast agent.
• clinical applicability:
1. – complex BOO
2. – evaluation of VUR during storage &/or filling.
3. – neurogenic bladder dysfunction
4. – identification of associated pathology
• Primary BNO diagnosis & differentiation from dysfunctional voiding in women: only on VUDS.
31.
32. ELECTROMYOGRAPHY (EMG)
• Study of the electric potentials produced by depolarization of muscle membranes.
• In case of UDS, EMG measurement of striated sphincteric muscles of the perineum is done
to evaluate possible abnormalities of pelvic floor muscle function. • EMG activity is
measured during both filling and emptying.
• EMG is performed via electrodes placed in (needle electrodes) or near (surface electrodes)
the muscle to be measured.
33. Most important information obtained from sphincter EMG is whether there is
coordination or not between the external sphincter and the bladder.
• EMG activity gradually increases during filling cystometry (recruitment) and then
cease and remains so for the time of voiding.
• Failure of the sphincter to relax or stay completely relaxed during micturition is
abnormal.
• In pt with neurologic disease, this is called detrusor-sphincter dyssenergia.
• In the absence of neurologic disease, it is called pelvic floor hyperactivity,or
dysfunctional voiding.
34. URODYNAMIC RISK FACTORS
Following urodynamics findings are potentially dangerous and usually require intervention to
prevent upper and lower urinary tract decompensation:
1. Impaired compliance
2. Detrusor external sphincter dyssynergia (DESD)
3. Detrusor internal sphincter dyssynergia (DISD)
4. High-pressure detrusor overactivity present throughout filling
5. Elevated detrusor leak point pressure (>40 cm H2O)
6. Poor emptying with high storage pressures