This presentation is about URBAN GROWTH AND SYSTEMS OF CITIES: City is for all! City perspective differs for different class of people! Every city has its own dynamics! City growth is planned, yet its uncertain! Limited resources are usually seen as unlimited! Unplanned growth trends give reality checks! Planned and unplanned sectors intertwin in cities! It includes the identification and classification of urban settlements, itheir complexity, and their role in a country & its GDP

1. Introduction
URBAN SETTLEMENT

2. What is urban settlement?
What is urban agglomeration?

3. Classification of Urban settlements
As per Census of India;
• Towns which satisfies the following criteria:
• A minimum population of 5,000;
• At least 75 per cent of the male main working population engaged in non‐
agricultural pursuits;
• A density of population of at least 400 persons per sq. km.
• Statutory towns: notified government limits or under some municipality
• Non-statutory towns: result of urbanisation

4. 1. Quantitative criteria
• It refers to the concentration of the population.
• If such criteria alone is used then population size is taken. This is called
as “Conglomeration Approach”.
2. Qualitative criteria
• It refers to the urban characteristics of the population.
United Nations Report identified 5 main concepts:
1. Administrative Area
2. Population Size
3. Local Government Areas
4. Urban Characteristics
5. Predominant Economic Activity
Identification of Urban settlements

5. Identification of urban settlements
A. Based on Geographical region
• Hill city
• Coastal city
• Arid city
• Plains

6. Identification of urban settlements
B. Based on Specialised Function
According to Aurousseau's (1924) there are six urban functions;
• Administrative function
• Defence function
• Cultural functions
• Production functions
• Communication functions
• Recreation functions

7. Identification of urban settlements
C. Based on Demography or Population size
• Small town
• Medium town
• Metropolis
• Megapolis

8. Classification based on Demo.

9. Hierarchy based on Demo.

10. Engines of city growth
Urbanisation is the key to city growth

11. Cities as economic engines
Economic growth and urbanization are often positively linked.
• Cities provide economies of scale, agglomeration and localization
• they provide efficient infrastructure and services through density and
concentration in transportation, communications, power, human interactions,
water and sanitation services.
• They attract talents and skilled labor that allow specialization in knowledge,
skills, and management capabilities possible.

12. History reveals 4 broad processes for urbanization of settlement;
1. Socio- Cultural process
Emergence of new social relationships among people in cities and
between people in cities and those in villages through a process of
social change.
2. Political- Administrative process
Rise and fall of cities with changes in the political order.
3. Economic process
Growth based on new productions, which alter the economic base of
the city.
4. Urbanization as Geographical process
Population inflow resulting in physical spread.
Engines of city growth

13. Engines of city growth
Causes of Urbanization
1. Industrialisation
2. Commercialisation
3. Social benefits & services
4. Employment opportunities
5. Modernisation & changes in mode of living
6. Rural – urban transformation

14. Impacts of city growth
Positives of Urbanization
1. Ample employment opportunities
2. Technology and infrastructure advancements
(healthcare, education, water, electricity,
communication, etc.)
3. Lesser demand & supply gap in goods & services
4. Better transportation connectivity & options
5. Improved standard of living
6. Higher GDP
7. Better infrastructure investments
8. Higher chances of global identity

15. Impacts of city growth
Negatives of Urbanization
1. Land supply and Housing problems
2. Overcrowding and added pressure on physical
infrastructure, i.e. water, power, sanitation, SWM, etc.
3. Added pressure on road & transport infrastructure
4. Added pressure on social infrastructure, i.e.
education, healthcare, community grounds, etc.
5. Higher chances of disasters & resource loss
6. Urban poverty & unemployment
7. Higher crime rates and violence

16. City is Complex

17. City is Complex
ENTITIES OF A CITY
Natural environment
Topography, Soil types (marshy, fertile, sandy, rocky, etc.) , Seismicity, Water courses (Rivers, streams, lakes, ponds),
green cover, Types of vegetation, Macro & micro climate, Dominant wind directions, Landscape features, Fauna/ bio-
diversity, urban heat island, eco-sensitive areas and environmentally sensitive areas, types of pollution & their levels,
International/ National/ State environment policy and other related laws
Demography
Population & Density distribution, gender ratio, ethnicity & religion mix, literacy rate, birth & death rates, population influx
(natural & migratory), living affordability and income distribution, workforce participation ratio
Landuse
Percentage of land under different types of uses, percentage of BuA under different uses, landuse relation with existing &
projected population, city structure, sprawl type, growth/ urbanization trend, various land players, land availability, land
banking, land values, compatible & non-compatible uses, land values, State land utilization policy and other related laws
Housing
Various income groups, housing affordability, housing need, housing demand & supply, housing typology, various housing
players, types of settlements, housing finance, State housing policy and other related laws
Trade & Commerce
Major economic sectors & nodes, trade centers & routes, commercial typology, occupational distribution & structure,
investments types & impact on city structure, workforce demand & supply, GDP & per capita income, various resource flow
(in & out), city’s economic need, State economic policy and other related laws

18. City is Complex
ENTITIES OF A CITY
Heritage & Tourism
Natural heritage, man-made heritage, tourism infrastructure, tourism facilities, legal framework
Social infrastructure
Healthcare facilities, education facilities, recreational facilities(parks & playgrounds, celebration spaces, sports grounds/
stadiums, gymnasiums, etc.), religious facilities, government facilities, prisons, courthouses, art & culture facilities
Physical infrastructure
Electricity supply & management, water demand & supply, city drains, water outflow management, city sanitation, SWM,
tele-communication infrastructure, safety & security (police protection and fire protection), disaster management cell,
cremation ground & graveyards
Transport
Network connectivity (air, water, land), modes of public & private transport, traffic volume, transport corridors & terminals,
modal split, road space usage, air strips, parking demand & supply, travel pattern of city, road signages and light, junctions
& crossings
Organisational structure & Governance
Institutional framework (types & hierarchy), role of governing bodies, interdependency/links between bodies, organization
set-up within bodies, power set-up, city-level reforms

19. City as Ecosystem
Like living organisms, cities require considerable flows and
stocks of resources such as;
• working population,
• energy,
• fuel,
• metal,
• wood,
• water,
• food,
• materials for buildings and infrastructure
• land

20. City as Ecosystem
Cities function largely in itself, yet, dependent on external resources
• Largely independent: Cities generates largely its own share of demand
• Resources are shared: land, social infra, physical infra
• High concentration of people in cities generates more opportunities for
interaction and communication, promotes creative thinking
• Cities are the agents of social, cultural, economic, technologic and political
changes and advancement
• Complementary shopping behaviors: businesses grow in proximity to each other
and in reach of consumers giving more choices of good and services
• Cities provide more opportunities for learning and sharing

21. Role in National development
Cities are centres of knowledge, innovation and specialization of
production & services.
City role in a country;
• GDP!
• Population concentration ~ resource sharing
• Higher infrastructure investments
• Upgraded living standard ~ higher human index
• Cities as Poverty Reduction Mechanisms

22. Role in National development
Economies of Agglomeration
• Agglomeration economies are the positive benefits of economic
activities that firms obtain from being located in close proximity
with those engaged in similar businesses or interests (i.e.
agglomerating).
Economies of Urbanisation
• It refers to the reduction of business cost as more efficiency and
productivity occur because of positive technological and pecuniary
externalities arising from the interaction of economic agents located in
close spatial proximity due to economies of scale and knowledge
spillovers.

23. Role in national development
Urban
Agglomeration

24. Role in national development

25. Role in national development
Share of national population and GDP in developed countries in 2008

26. Role in national development
Share of national population and GDP in developing countries in 2008

27. Role in national development
Competitiveness of cities

28. Role in national development
Urban areas usually generate 55 percent of GNP in low-income countries,
73 % in middle-income countries and 85 % in high – income countries.
Year 1950-51 1980-81 2007-08 2021
(Estimated)
Contribution of
Urban Sector
in GDP
29% 47% 62-63% 75%
Economic Growth
Expansion in size
and volume of cities
and towns
Increase in
contribution of
urban sector in
National Economy

29. Role in national development
Higher national income with higher rate of urbanization

30. Role in national development
Higher per capita income with higher rate of urbanization

31. Role in national development

32. Role in national development

33. Role in national development

34. Role in national development
In order to maintain and promote the vital economic growth power and
competitiveness of cities, it is essential that:
1. cities should have the power to generate revenues and make
development decisions;
2. cities should have sufficient investment to provide adequate
infrastructure and services, such as transport, communications, power
supply, water and sanitation, housing, and financial and business
services;
3. develop and attract high quality human resources for technological
innovation, entrepreneurship, and knowledge development;
4. an enabling national environment for market development