Paper is an attempt to define agenda for planning sustainable cities using different options of planning, transportation, green buildings, ruralisation etc
Paper tries to look at the planning, growth and development of cities and the manner in which they can be made sustainable in the context of 17 SDG. It tries to define agenda for their planning and governance while considering the new urbanism.
Planning Smart cities- Concepts and Practices.docxJIT KUMAR GUPTA
Planning remains universal for making cities growth rational and logical. In the absence of planned development, cities cannot be made to grow in an orderly manner. Planners have been making cities different and distinct using different agenda for planning and development of cities. Currently planners are making cities safe, resilient, sustainable and livable. Many nations are vouching to make cities smart. Smart city is not a new concept .It has been followed globally to improve the quality of living and promote operational efficiency and productivity of the cities. It is an attempt to make cities more livable, sustainable and for creating a brand image to attract investment and make them a tourist destination. Globally , smart cities are characterized by high degree of environmental consciousness; using information technology to promote energy/ resources efficiency; creation of knowledge infrastructure; promoting sustainable economic development and high quality of life; ensuring wise management of natural resources through participatory action. According to Forbe, the structure of smart cities will have to be built on eight pillars involving: ‘smart governance, smart energy, smart buildings, smart mobility, smart infrastructure, smart technology, smart healthcare and smart citizens. Based on detailed studies and in depth analysis made of the most successful case studies globally, as how to transform cities into great places to live and make a city great, Mckinsey’s suggests three pronged strategies involving, achieving smart growth, do more with less and win support for change. Considering the entire gamut of urban settlements , a city can be made Smart only if it is planned smart, developed smart, operated smart, financed smart and governed smartly .
Building Carbon neutral Cities Through Green RoofJIT KUMAR GUPTA
building are known to be largest consumers of enrgy, resources, water and generators of waste. They consume largest energy and responsible for climate change and global warming. Within buildings roof area remains the arae which is most unused, abused and misused space, which can be effectively leveraged to minimise the adverse impact of buildings on resources, energy, climate change etc. It can cool the buildings, bring down the energy use, make cities free from disasters and do large number of positivity to buildinga, climate, environment . Green roofs remains an area, potential of which remains largely unexplored. It needs to studied, analysed with policy options evolved to make it a distict reality in the buildings
Preparing and Empowering Cities in the face of Pandemics- Covid 19.JIT KUMAR GUPTA
Paper makes an attempt to understand the context and impact of Covid 19 on the urban settlements, people and communities in terms of operation, economy, mobility, healthcare etc. and tries to define the issue which needs to be addressed and options which need to be exercised in order to enable and empower cities to counter to the negative effect of all natural and manmade disasters to make them better places to live and work.
Strategy for Promoting Sustainable Cities in IndiaJIT KUMAR GUPTA
Paper is an attempt to look at the options to make cities more livable, sustainable, productive, effective, efficient and inclusive in the face of rapid, massive,unplanned and haphazard urbanisation.
Decarbonising Human Settlements through Regional Planning, Peri-urban Devel...JIT KUMAR GUPTA
Text tries to draw the attention of the professionals engaged in planning and designing of cities to the role of peri-urban areas in promoting the future planned growth of urban areas. Text also defines that cities need to be seen , planned , designed, developed and visuliased in the larger context not cofined to arbitrary physical boundaries defined by polotical and economic factors. Cities need to be seen in the larger context of the region and accordingly planned and devloped in the larger context of peri-urban araes/regional context, to stay safe, rational and sustainable. Neglecting rural areas at the cost of promoting urban development can be both irrational, illogical and fraught with danger of having lopsided developmnet of the urban areas. in the developing countries. Making cities carbon neutral will be possible only if the urban / rural areas and peri -urban areas are integrated within a unified planning, devlopment and management framework.
Paper is an attempt to define the role and importance of smart cities in the context of state of art planning and design to promote happiness among the residents and stakeholders of the city .
Paper tries to look at the planning, growth and development of cities and the manner in which they can be made sustainable in the context of 17 SDG. It tries to define agenda for their planning and governance while considering the new urbanism.
Planning Smart cities- Concepts and Practices.docxJIT KUMAR GUPTA
Planning remains universal for making cities growth rational and logical. In the absence of planned development, cities cannot be made to grow in an orderly manner. Planners have been making cities different and distinct using different agenda for planning and development of cities. Currently planners are making cities safe, resilient, sustainable and livable. Many nations are vouching to make cities smart. Smart city is not a new concept .It has been followed globally to improve the quality of living and promote operational efficiency and productivity of the cities. It is an attempt to make cities more livable, sustainable and for creating a brand image to attract investment and make them a tourist destination. Globally , smart cities are characterized by high degree of environmental consciousness; using information technology to promote energy/ resources efficiency; creation of knowledge infrastructure; promoting sustainable economic development and high quality of life; ensuring wise management of natural resources through participatory action. According to Forbe, the structure of smart cities will have to be built on eight pillars involving: ‘smart governance, smart energy, smart buildings, smart mobility, smart infrastructure, smart technology, smart healthcare and smart citizens. Based on detailed studies and in depth analysis made of the most successful case studies globally, as how to transform cities into great places to live and make a city great, Mckinsey’s suggests three pronged strategies involving, achieving smart growth, do more with less and win support for change. Considering the entire gamut of urban settlements , a city can be made Smart only if it is planned smart, developed smart, operated smart, financed smart and governed smartly .
Building Carbon neutral Cities Through Green RoofJIT KUMAR GUPTA
building are known to be largest consumers of enrgy, resources, water and generators of waste. They consume largest energy and responsible for climate change and global warming. Within buildings roof area remains the arae which is most unused, abused and misused space, which can be effectively leveraged to minimise the adverse impact of buildings on resources, energy, climate change etc. It can cool the buildings, bring down the energy use, make cities free from disasters and do large number of positivity to buildinga, climate, environment . Green roofs remains an area, potential of which remains largely unexplored. It needs to studied, analysed with policy options evolved to make it a distict reality in the buildings
Preparing and Empowering Cities in the face of Pandemics- Covid 19.JIT KUMAR GUPTA
Paper makes an attempt to understand the context and impact of Covid 19 on the urban settlements, people and communities in terms of operation, economy, mobility, healthcare etc. and tries to define the issue which needs to be addressed and options which need to be exercised in order to enable and empower cities to counter to the negative effect of all natural and manmade disasters to make them better places to live and work.
Strategy for Promoting Sustainable Cities in IndiaJIT KUMAR GUPTA
Paper is an attempt to look at the options to make cities more livable, sustainable, productive, effective, efficient and inclusive in the face of rapid, massive,unplanned and haphazard urbanisation.
Decarbonising Human Settlements through Regional Planning, Peri-urban Devel...JIT KUMAR GUPTA
Text tries to draw the attention of the professionals engaged in planning and designing of cities to the role of peri-urban areas in promoting the future planned growth of urban areas. Text also defines that cities need to be seen , planned , designed, developed and visuliased in the larger context not cofined to arbitrary physical boundaries defined by polotical and economic factors. Cities need to be seen in the larger context of the region and accordingly planned and devloped in the larger context of peri-urban araes/regional context, to stay safe, rational and sustainable. Neglecting rural areas at the cost of promoting urban development can be both irrational, illogical and fraught with danger of having lopsided developmnet of the urban areas. in the developing countries. Making cities carbon neutral will be possible only if the urban / rural areas and peri -urban areas are integrated within a unified planning, devlopment and management framework.
Paper is an attempt to define the role and importance of smart cities in the context of state of art planning and design to promote happiness among the residents and stakeholders of the city .
Strategy and Options for Planning Inclusive CitiesJIT KUMAR GUPTA
Presentation looks at the context of inclusive cities, its relevance in the Indian context, problems faced by Indian cities and what are the options to make cities inclusive, and sustainable
Presentatio tries to bring out context of the cities in the overall development of communities and nations, and the manner cities are being subjected to devlopmental and population pressure. As engines of economic growth cities are known to have environmental, ecological and infrastructure implications besides becoming the major propeller of global warming and climate change. Looking at the role and importance of cities in alleviating poverty, pollution and numerous other growing dualitues and contradictions, presentation focusses on how to make growth and development of cities more rational, sustaianble, inclusive, safe abd resilient.
this presentation may help you to get better information on what is urbanization, its pros and cons globally as well as special emphasis on Indian Economy with adequate statistics.
hope you liked it.
Strategies for Promoting Urban SustainabilityJIT KUMAR GUPTA
Presentation looks at the options of making urban areas more liveable, productive and sustainable. It includes the reduction of energy consumption through green buildings and green transport
This set of urbanization notes is excellent for those who are looking for key ideas within the topic of urbanization. Handy for last-minute examination preparations and a good look-through just before the actual test!
Promoting Urban Environment Through Eco- CitiesJIT KUMAR GUPTA
Paper tries to define the role and importance of environmentally sustainable cities to promote urban environment , minimises carbon footprints and reduce global warmng
Indian Options for Managing Global Warming Through Ruralisation and Rationali...JIT KUMAR GUPTA
Paper looks at the option of adopting dual strategy , revolving round not only rationalising the development of cities but also promoting ruralisation through effective planning. New option will look at making villages more self-contained, self-sufficient, providing basic amenities and services besides generating employment for the rural inhabitants, creation of synergy between rural and urban settlements, rationalising planning, promoting accessibility, minimising mobility, planning for people not for vehicle and creating green built environment..
Comact City as an Option for Making Urban India more Sustainable and LivableJitKumarGupta1
Cities and towns remain critical in chartering and scripting the development trajectory of any community/nation. Structural transformation of the economy, sustaining high rates of economic growth and realization of economic potential is largely contingent on the efficacy and efficiency of urban settlements and rationalization of the process of urbanization. Well-managed, urbanization is known to fosters social and economic advancement and improved quality of life. However, cities are globally facing greater threat and challenges in terms of growing number of urban residents living in informal settlements , inadequate urban services, climate change; global warming; exclusion and rising inequality and poverty; rising insecurity; growing migration, rising global carbon emission. The current models and framework/approach to urbanization and urban planning remains highly unsustainable. Majority of Indian cities lack planning, capacity and preparedness to manage and counter effectively the challenges associated with rapid and massive urbanization. Accordingly, new agenda will be essential and critical to defined /effectively address the emerging challenges and take advantage of the opportunities offered by urbanization. The new urban agenda should promote human settlements that are planned, designed and managed to be environmentally sustainable; socially inclusive and economically productive. Compact city, as a role model of urban planning and development, offer enormous opportunities and options, to make cities more effective and efficient intense dense, efficient. Compact city is also known for its distinct quality of offering enormous opportunities to make cities more sustainable, socially interactive, walkable , cost-effective, land -efficient, productive, socially and environmentally, easy to develop/maintain. Accordingly, appropriate urban planning, development and management framework needs to be put in place and made operational on priority to make compact city model a distinct reality.
Strategy and Options for Planning Inclusive CitiesJIT KUMAR GUPTA
Presentation looks at the context of inclusive cities, its relevance in the Indian context, problems faced by Indian cities and what are the options to make cities inclusive, and sustainable
Presentatio tries to bring out context of the cities in the overall development of communities and nations, and the manner cities are being subjected to devlopmental and population pressure. As engines of economic growth cities are known to have environmental, ecological and infrastructure implications besides becoming the major propeller of global warming and climate change. Looking at the role and importance of cities in alleviating poverty, pollution and numerous other growing dualitues and contradictions, presentation focusses on how to make growth and development of cities more rational, sustaianble, inclusive, safe abd resilient.
this presentation may help you to get better information on what is urbanization, its pros and cons globally as well as special emphasis on Indian Economy with adequate statistics.
hope you liked it.
Strategies for Promoting Urban SustainabilityJIT KUMAR GUPTA
Presentation looks at the options of making urban areas more liveable, productive and sustainable. It includes the reduction of energy consumption through green buildings and green transport
This set of urbanization notes is excellent for those who are looking for key ideas within the topic of urbanization. Handy for last-minute examination preparations and a good look-through just before the actual test!
Promoting Urban Environment Through Eco- CitiesJIT KUMAR GUPTA
Paper tries to define the role and importance of environmentally sustainable cities to promote urban environment , minimises carbon footprints and reduce global warmng
Indian Options for Managing Global Warming Through Ruralisation and Rationali...JIT KUMAR GUPTA
Paper looks at the option of adopting dual strategy , revolving round not only rationalising the development of cities but also promoting ruralisation through effective planning. New option will look at making villages more self-contained, self-sufficient, providing basic amenities and services besides generating employment for the rural inhabitants, creation of synergy between rural and urban settlements, rationalising planning, promoting accessibility, minimising mobility, planning for people not for vehicle and creating green built environment..
Comact City as an Option for Making Urban India more Sustainable and LivableJitKumarGupta1
Cities and towns remain critical in chartering and scripting the development trajectory of any community/nation. Structural transformation of the economy, sustaining high rates of economic growth and realization of economic potential is largely contingent on the efficacy and efficiency of urban settlements and rationalization of the process of urbanization. Well-managed, urbanization is known to fosters social and economic advancement and improved quality of life. However, cities are globally facing greater threat and challenges in terms of growing number of urban residents living in informal settlements , inadequate urban services, climate change; global warming; exclusion and rising inequality and poverty; rising insecurity; growing migration, rising global carbon emission. The current models and framework/approach to urbanization and urban planning remains highly unsustainable. Majority of Indian cities lack planning, capacity and preparedness to manage and counter effectively the challenges associated with rapid and massive urbanization. Accordingly, new agenda will be essential and critical to defined /effectively address the emerging challenges and take advantage of the opportunities offered by urbanization. The new urban agenda should promote human settlements that are planned, designed and managed to be environmentally sustainable; socially inclusive and economically productive. Compact city, as a role model of urban planning and development, offer enormous opportunities and options, to make cities more effective and efficient intense dense, efficient. Compact city is also known for its distinct quality of offering enormous opportunities to make cities more sustainable, socially interactive, walkable , cost-effective, land -efficient, productive, socially and environmentally, easy to develop/maintain. Accordingly, appropriate urban planning, development and management framework needs to be put in place and made operational on priority to make compact city model a distinct reality.
Compact city as an Option for Making Indian Cities Smart and SustainableJIT KUMAR GUPTA
Paper, written jointly with Ar Anoop Sharma from SMVDU Jammu, tries to look holistically at the prevailing pattern of India urbanization and planning and designing of Indian cities. Paper tries to underline the problems faced by cities in terms of environment, pollution, land , slums, traffic& transportation, housing,services etc and tries to suggest solutions looking at the advantages offed by the compact cities in terms of optimizing land, minimising travel/pollution, making cities development cost-effective, efficient and promoting walking instead of using fossil fuel propelled mechanical transportation. to make cities more livable and sustainable, resilient, safe and inclusive
Paper is an attempt to look at the Indian urban settlements in terms of their planning, designing, travel, buildings etc, identify problems they have and options which can be leveraged to make them more effective, efficient, livable, productive and sustainable
Strategies for Planning Smart Cities in IndiaJIT KUMAR GUPTA
Paper critically lookS at prevailing planning, development and management practices; re-define new order of urban planning, ; leveraging technology; rationalising travel; promoting governance and re-defining design strategies for built environment to make cities more humane, just, efficient, sustainable and happy place to live and work.
Occupying merely 3% of global land resource and housing more than half of global population, cities are known to generate global prosperity besides consuming 70% of energy and 75% of global carbon footprints. Cities are also known to be major consumers of both manmade and natural resources besides generating large waste. Majority of global problems of climate change, global warming, rising temperature , flooding, disasters etc. can be attributed to the way cities are being treated , valued, planned and managed. If cities are the centres of all problems on this planet earth, surely they also have the solutions to overcome these problems. In order to make this world more sustainable, it will be critical to understand, appreciate, study and analyse the sources of the existing urban problems and then find options to overcome those problems. Considering the problem of energy, cities need to produce their own energy from the natural sources, rather than consuming black energy generated by thermal plants. In addition, cities need to be evaluated in terms of the activities which consume large energy. Focus should be to make those activities resource efficient. Travel, traffic and built environment are the major consumers of energy, they need to be reinvented and redefined to make them least consumers of energy. Cities need to look for green options of travel and creating built environment. Cities need to evolve their agenda for minimizing climate change. Reducing urban waste calls for adopting circular economy approach. Technology would need to be leveraged to make cities more resource/energy efficient. Large options are available on this planet earth which needs to be leveraged in a rational and realistic manner to make cities zero-carbon, in order to overcome the global problems revolving around sustainability, livability, quality of life, poverty and non-availability of basic human needs.
Paper looks at the current status of cities and urbanization, issues faced by urban sector and suggest strategies to make cities more smart and sustainable.
Strategies for Planning Smart and Sustainable CitiesJIT KUMAR GUPTA
Smart city remains a misnomer. No city on planet earth can claim to be smart. Experts are still searching the soul of smart city in order to precisely define it .Unfortunately smart city has become a money spending/spinning exercise for few individuals/agencies. Entire concept of smart city has been made technology centric, minimizing the role and importance of human beings. In addition, role of Town Planners in smart city has been totally marginalized. How can a city be made smart without intervention of planning and planners. Smart city as a concept has been copied globally to promote operational efficiency and productivity of the cities , with minimum concern for human growth and development. Addressing issue of poverty and making city livable for all should be the agenda of urban growth and development. In the face of homeless people , absence of basic amenities and facilities essential of human living, making city’s smart will be a fallacy and prove to be counterproductive. Cities do not exist in isolation and require the support of rural hinterland. Dealing cities alone by excluding villages will invariably lead to lopsided growth of cities because genesis of majority of urban ills has roots in the neglect of the rural areas. Urban areas must do handholding for the rural areas for synergizing mutual strength and to usher a new era of rational growth. Smart city concept must focus on empowering human being/ living, making them more skilled, create options for meeting the basic human needs and removing the curse of poverty and unemployment.
Designing for smart and Inclusive Cities in indiaJitKumarGupta1
Making cities Smart remains an illusion/ mirage and a fallacy in this world, which is illogically and irrationally being chased and promoted by politician, administrators and people in the power. How can cities be made Smart, both conceptually and physically, when cities are marked by dualities and contradictions, when it cannot take care of its stakeholders; Create ownership among them; provide them basic infrastructures, amenities and services; assure them appropriate employment and economic options; provide them with reasonable shelter; ensure healthy living. Cities cannot be made Smart till poverty continue to rule the cities; where planning remains marginalized/diluted; where multiplicity of agencies continue to operate and rule in contradiction to each other; where decision made remain mired with subjectivity; where there is total lack of ownership; where leadership has no understanding of the city growth and development and where manpower deployed remain inadequately qualified to understand and address the issues of urbanization. Cities would require more focus and will need care and caution, provided with the input of professionals who can lead the cities to make them more livable. I think need is to move from and focus on promoting livability rather than smartness. How can we achieve the objective of livability, should remain the agenda for all professionals and stake holders involved with making cities Smart.
As integral part of human history, cities have emerged as great places to live, work and do business. Cities symbolise the dreams, hopes and aspirations of society. Driving infrastructure and technologies, cities are fast becoming hub of economic and technical innovations. Dictating economy, generating employment, determining quality of life, promoting ideas and innovations besides providing quality infrastructures, cities remain crucial to human growth, development and happiness. Despite distinct advantages, cities also represent chaos, disorder, dualities and contradictions. Polarised cities, showing great contrasts of wealth and poverty, lack capacity, capability and will to meet basic needs of shelter, healthcare, education, water and sanitation. In the process, majority of urban residents are being marginalised with quality of life fast becoming nightmare for people opting for making cities and towns, as their preferred place of residence. Population, poverty, pollution and exclusion have emerged the hallmarks of Indian urbanisation. As consumers of enormous energy /resources and generators of large waste, ecological footprints of cities are growing very fast, promoting green- house gas emissions and global warming. With urban population projected to reach 590 million in 2030, greatest challenge before parastatal agencies, professionals and administrators remains, how to harmonise the urban growth with quality of life and make cities great , happy and smart place to live and work. If genesis of problems of climate change, global warming, rising temperature, ozone depletion and rising carbon footprints is in cities then solution for such problems are also embedded in cities. Search for solutions to make cities safe, resilient, inclusive and sustainable would fall in the domain of rationalising prevailing planning, development and management practices; re-defining new order of urban planning, ; leveraging technology; rationalising travel; promoting governance and re-defining design strategies for built environment.
Urban planning and urban governance invariably remain people centric having prime concern/focus on looking at/ promoting the welfare of the people, improving their social, physical, economic and environmental conditions besides improving quality of life. Both are mandated to create supportive/enabling conditions and environment to help people to perform their basic functions involving living, working , care of body & spirits and circulation, in a most effective / efficient manner. Accordingly urban planning and urban governance remain interlinked /integrated, and have close relationship. No good urban governance can exist in isolation/ without the input of good and rational planning. Looking at the entire context of good urban governance, it can be fairly concluded that effective urban planning holds the key to good urban governance. Poor urban governance has its genesis in poor urban planning. For enabling urban planning to play its desired and designated role in urban governance, it will be essential that operational mechanism of existing pattern of urban planning is critically looked into, reviewed, revised and re-defined to made it more responsive to the emerging urban dynamism/challenges. Unfortunately, in India, role of urban planners has been diluted and marginalized and has never been given appropriate recognition. Limited numbers of planning institutions have contributed to restricting the number of qualified professionals. With urban centres holding the key, future growth and development of the cities will be contingent largely upon the proficiency, efficacy and efficiency of ‘Planning Profession and Professionals’. However, , for planners/planning to play its ordained role, they have to be made more responsive , professionally competent, having capacity /expertise to understand /appreciate the complexities of urban growth and development, based on prevailing ground realities, and evolving appropriate options. .Planning tools will also require review and redefining to make them more effective and efficient.
MULTIFUNCTIONAL AND MULTILAYER DIMENSIONS OF EVOLVING CITIES FOR A SUSTAINAB...Sai Bhaskar Reddy Nakka
Cities are growing at a rapid phase, due to exponential growth of populations all over the world. The world population might stabilize by 2070 after reaching the peak population levels of about 9 billion. Already the urban population, living mostly in cities has reached 50% of the world population. Cities in the last few centuries have evolved coping with changes in social, economic, cultural, aesthetics, utility, historical, political, natural and environmental factors. There is always an interface between the interests of old and new generations of people sharing the same space. The buildings have more life than the people living in them. Each building is at least able to provide space for at least two generations. The comfort levels of one generation and the next are different in same space. There are often changes brought with time in any building. Similarly the infrastructure is also changing at a rapid phase as the transportation means and systems are changing. The access to power, drinking water, and open spaces for cultural and social events, educational institutions, markets, etc. also impacts the living space. The security and basic amenities are the main factors of consideration for not moving away from the congested cities. There is always an overlap of old and new adaptation factors, creating resilience for coexistence. The remembrance of a space and events in once own life time impact the people, and they love to continue in similar space. There is a kind of energy that one gets, while returning to the same space, it is often seen that the old people prefer living in the space they are used to and they often live longer too. There are emotions too acting up on the life of the people. Considering all the above factors, each city can be considered a single organism, having its own identity and also there are various diverse spaces within it. It is like a human body single living things, but various parts of the human body function for the happiness of the whole. There is a need to understand multifunctional and multilayer dimensions of the cities, for making a sustainable living in the cities.
Re-inventing and Re-defining Urban Planning for Promoting Sustainable Mega Ci...JIT KUMAR GUPTA
Paper make an attempt to understand the planning related issues and options for the mega cities with focus on capital City of Lahorein Pakistan, its growth and development post 1947 and the options which can be leveataged to make the city sustainable and livable. Paper looks at the good practices used in the planning of capital city of Chandigarh and also at the option of decentralising these cities. Look at the size, economic role and its criticality in the development of the state/region, --suggestion has been made to plan and devlop these mega cities in the regional/ national context.so as to enable them to play their designated role. However, these cities need to be made resilient to make them withstand any manmade/natural disasters. These cities despite their criticality and importance remain diffficult to manage and govern.
disampaikan oleh Ikatan Ahli Perencanaan (IAP) pada Seminar nasional Kebijakan dan Strategi Perkotaan Nasional (KSPN). Mewujudkan Kota Masa Depan Indonesia. Jakarta 13 Desember 2012
Making Cities Zero Carbon -- issues and optionJIT KUMAR GUPTA
Cities are known for their dualities and contradictions, positivity and negativities, inclusion and exclusion, poverty and prosperity, luxury housing and slums, planned and unplanned development, innovations and depravity, good and bad, pleasant and ugliness. All these contradictions are the outcome of the way we are planning, designing and managing cities. If cities are bringing prosperity, they are also creating global crisis. Majority of global ills of global warming, rising temperature, natural crisis is the outcome of how we are treating the cities. Cities are being conceived as anti-thesis to nature and accordingly they are creating crisis including crisis of very human existence. Cities need to be treated in a better and rational manner by planning and designing them in logical manner. Cities need to be looked as integral part of nature and not looked as a commodity for sale and making profit. Cities not to be treated as a market place where one hopes to earn money and generate wealth. They have to be looked as places for human living – giving human beings an environment, where they can lead happy and healthy life. Cities need to be planned with nature using natural resources. They need to be made more effective and efficient. Cities need to be made producers rather than consumers of natural and non-renewable resources. They need to be made more livable and supportive to human living and nature. Cities need respect and care. We need to heal its wounds. If cites continue to be treated like they are being treated now, they are going to become major source of impending crisis , making human living most challenging on this planet. Accordingly, we need to relook, review, redefine and revise our options of planning, travel and creating built environment.
Role and Relevance of Architects and architecture in SustainabilityJIT KUMAR GUPTA
This brief text on Role, Relevance and importance of Architects and profession of Architecture in making this world and human settlements more livable, climate responsive and sustainable has been prepared as commitment of the professionals and profession of Architects on this World Environment Day ; June 5th , 2024 , with the hope that profession would be understood, valued ,appreciated and empowered in the right context for enabling it play its designated role in making built environment qualitative, cost-effective, energy-efficient, eco-friendly, safe and sustainable.
Bridging gap between resources and responsibilities at Local level.JIT KUMAR GUPTA
Text refers to need, role, relevance and importance of empowering urban local bodies by bridging gap between resources available and responsibilities bestowed, for enabling ULBs to operate and function as institutions of local governance more effectively and efficiently.
Construction Industry Through Artificial Intelligence -.docxJIT KUMAR GUPTA
Considering the role, relevance and importance of construction sector in promoting economy, generating employment and creating wealth besides providing infrastructures and amenities, there is need to make the sector more effective, efficient, productive and sustainable. Driven manually, construction sector remains in the slow lane of creating quality built environment which are cost-effective, energy efficient, least consumers of resources and generators of waste. Artificial intelligence can help and empower the construction to make it more valuable, productive and qualitative besides supportive of environment and ecology. However, construction sector must be ready to co-operate and collaborate with IT industry to look for options and opportunities to make construction sector more qualitative and productive. Majority of urban ills and climate related issues can be resolved if Artificial intelligence can be embedded as integral part of the construction industry right prom planning, designing, construction, operation and management of the built environment and infrastructures. Communities and nations will save lot of valuable non-renewable resources if the construction sector is transformed from human led to technology led by the induction of Artificial intelligence. However, Construction industry has to search the areas where Artificial intelligence can be used effectively and intelligently.
Making Urban India a Role Model of Planned Urban Growth a.docxJIT KUMAR GUPTA
Known for productivity, promoting economy, employment and innovations cities, when properly planned, rationally developed and professionally managed, have been labelled and recognized as engines of economic growth. Prosperity and urbanisation are known to have positive co-relation with rational urbanisation, leveraging growth and development of any community, city, state and region. In majority of developing countries, where urbanisation remains unregulated, forced largely by rural push and less by urban pull, cities invariably remain in crisis, crisis of population, crisis of poverty, crisis of development and management. Cities need to be cared ,incentivized, empowered and made more productive, effective, efficient and humane.
Redefining Globalization, urbanisation and LocalisationJIT KUMAR GUPTA
If cities are to made more livable, humane and productive, it is time that intent, contents and scope of globalization must be revisited and reviewed, both critically and objectively. Globalisation would need redefinition for promoting universality and inclusiveness among people and nations to have basic amenities and quality of life for all its residents , including poorest of the poor to lead a dignified life. Failure to redefine globalization, rationalise urbanisation, restore localization empowering poor and promoting universalisation and inclusivity; will invariably lead to making SDGs merely a paper exercise. In addition, making the world, cities and communities sustainable, livable, safe and inclusive, would remain merely a dream and a mirage, for future generations and communities, making planet earth as their preferred place of residence.
Knowing, Understanding and Planning Cities- Role and Relevance Physical Plan...JIT KUMAR GUPTA
Cities are known for its complexities and operational inefficiencies. cities remain dynamic ,ever evolving, ever devolving, never static and never finite.
All cities remain different, distinct, unique and universal. No two cities are similar. Each city has its own strength, weaknesses, opportunities and threats. Accordingly, problem faced by any city cannot be viewed, dissected, analyzed and enumerated, while sitting within the four walls of the air-conditioned rooms and by the so called intellectual sitting in the so called offices determining the future of cities and towns. Neither the cities can be made more rational by limited knowledge agencies providing consultancy to cities , states and nations.
For realistically and rationally understanding, analyzing the cities and having simple, cost-effective and quality solutions to the problems and challenges faced , Cities have to be walked through and concerns of the various communities have to be properly understood and appreciated.
Prime reason for inability and lack of capacity on the part of majority of physical planners, engaged in the art and science of planning, designing and developing the cities, to address the issues and challenges faced by cities , realistically and rationally, has genesis in the lack of understanding of the origin, growth and development of cities.
Lack of capacity in majority of town planners, has roots in the quality of education imparted and seriousness and commitment on the part of both teachers and taught involved. As it stands today, majority of institutions involved in imparting education in planning are being run on an ad-hoc manner and by proxy. Only few institutions have regular teachers and regular students. Majority of planning institutions are being run on proxy with proxy students and proxy teachers. Education system including curricula used for teaching, needs, review, revision and redefinition to make it more relevant to rational for addressing the issues and challenges faced by the cities and towns.
Land as a Resource for urban finanace- 24-1-23.pptJIT KUMAR GUPTA
PPt tries to brief Land, as a gift of nature, is being grossly misused, abused , manipulated Land is globally used for providing platform for all human driven activities, based on living, working, culture of body/ mind and travel.
Limited availability, coupled with large number of human beings trying to source land, has invariably created large demand for land resource for human consumption. Land, in urban context, is required for meeting the specific needs of urban dwellers for residential, commercial, institutional, recreational, travel& traffic purposes besides providing space for infrastructures , amenities, services, trade and commerce etc. Land in urban context remains under large demand and command high price due to concentration of large population in small physical area, with stakeholders making competing claims.Rapid and uncontrolled growth in population experienced by urban areas has adversely impacted and generated considerable pressure on land resource in cities and towns , leading to large scale conversion, sub-division and illegal occupation of urban land. Unregulated and regulated pressure on land has largely been met by means of both formal/informal sub-division and development of land. Growth of the urban settlements and entire mechanism of urban planning and development remains land based/ land focused. In order to make optimum use of land resource on 24x7x365; making city planning, growth, development and management ,both rational. realistic, orderly and promoter of quality living, it will be critical and essential, that all ULBs are made to focus on eliminating culture and practices promoting un-authorized/ illegal sub-division of land for ushering an environment and era of planned urban development in the cities. Land needs to be effectively leveraged to generate resources for ULBs to make cities vibrant.
COST-EFFETIVE and Energy Efficient BUILDINGS ptxJIT KUMAR GUPTA
Built environment is known for its capacity, capability, role, relevance and importance to change the quality of life of the occupants and communities. Presentation focuses on options which need to be leveraged to make buildings sustainable, cost-effective, energy efficient, resource efficient, qualitative over its entire life-cycle through designing, construction, operation. It calls for making buildings green and sustainable.
Making Buildings cost-effective , Energy Efficient ptxJIT KUMAR GUPTA
Presentation focuses on options which need to be leveraged to make buildings sustainable, cost-effective, energy efficient, resource efficient, qualitative over its entire life-cycle
Ppt briefs about role, relevance, importance of the rating systems applicable in India, criteria used in assessing
greeness, weightage allocated, , brief of how these rating systems are applied, parameters involved; weightage granted, levels of rating granted , incentives given by states for green rated buildings and brief of suggestions, how to make rating system more effective, efficient, objective and transparent.
The phenomenon of global warming remains more pronounced in the urban areas, for the reason cities house large concentration of people and activities in a small/compact urban space.Densely-built downtown areas tend to be warmer than suburban residential areas or rural areas.. UHI not only raises urban temperatures but also increases ozone concentrations because ozone is a greenhouse gas whose formation will accelerate with the temperature. Tokyo, an example of an urban heat island. Normal temperatures of Tokyo go up higher than those of the surrounding area. However, it needs to be understood and appreciated that climate change is not the cause of urban heat islands but it is causing more frequent and more intense heat waves which in turn amplify the urban heat island effect in cities. Major reasons for ever growing global warming and climate change can be attributed to the; Nature and natural; Human-Driven; population; Rapid Urbanisation; Irrational Urban planning; High Density; Inefficient Transportation ;Large generation/consumption of fossil fuel based Energy; Unsustainable Buildings; Polluting Industry & Manufacturing; Unsustainable Agriculture; Irrational Development; Large scale Deforestation; Lack of open spaces and individual life-choices;
Making and Unmaking of Chandigarh - A City of Two Plans2-4-24.pptJIT KUMAR GUPTA
Presentation is a narrative of a
capital city- known for its innovative planning, designing, construction and management of a new capital . It briefs about the principles used in the planning and designing of city -by the first team of planners led by Albert Mayer and Mathew Nowicki-- followed by the second team led by Le- Corbusier, P Jenerette, Jane B Drew , Maxwell Fry. It also details about the various aspects of the city planning, planning of the sector as a neighbourhood, typologies of
various developmental controls used for regulating the construction of buildings. Innovations used for regulating the growth and development of periphery; redensification of city in case city exceeds its planned population of half a million, creating a narrative of city and periphery, innovative landscaping, defining an edict for the city to educate the future citizens of the capital city to safeguard the future growth and development besides lessons learnt from planning and designing the new cities.
Planning and Designing Green buildings-.issues, options and strategiesJIT KUMAR GUPTA
Affordability and sustainable development are considered anti-thesis across the world. Generally there exists conflict between the approach to sustainable built environment and affordable buildings. Sustainable development is considered more expensive. According to Middleton, ‘Sustainability and affordability aren’t mutually exclusive goals. It’s not about adding extra, but thinking more carefully about the design of buildings and incorporating technologies that can offset the rising costs of energy, water and other services. Affordability and sustainability are known to fit together perfectly’.
Through excellent design, buildings can be made more sustainable and affordable. Smaller the footprint of buildings, lower will be the upfront costs and embodied energy and lower shall be the running costs of buildings. Looking at the entire context of health, rising cost of amenities/services; Sustainable/Green designs are now being increasingly adopted, to make built environment more cost-effective and affordable. Considering the enormous amount of built environment to be created, India will have no option but to tread the path of sustainability and sustainable development in the built environment. Sustainable built environment would also help in and go a long way in achieving the majority of the 17 Sustainable Development Goals for the reason, built environment is known to be the largest consumer of energy, avoid wasteful use of resources and minimise generation of waste. Global sustainability will be largely contingent upon how effectively and efficiently we can make our buildings sustainable and qualitative through innovative/green design solutions based on local climate and culture, valuing site planning, embedding orientation, cross ventilation, using renewable/waste materials and involving state of the art building technologies.
_Neighborhood Planning in Capital City of Chandigarh- An Appraisal (2) - Copy...JIT KUMAR GUPTA
Neighborhood as an idea, concept, option and strategy has been extensively used locally and globally by the Urban Planners to plan and decentralize cities, create cities within cities, promote self-contained communities and to make cities more humane, safe and socially vibrant. Neighborhood has also been used recently to define the city in terms of travel time - making 10/15 minutes city
Accordingly, large typologies of NH ,in terms of planning and designing , with varying shapes, sizes and contents have emerged in the urban context. Americans have used superblock and French using Sector for defining the neighborhood. Despite distinct advantages, holding high degree of relevance in urban and local area planning , NH planning has not been able to deliver the envisioned objectives of safety and social vibrancy. Cities in the process have been socially, economically and physically fragmented, leading to clear division of cities into different communities with little economical and social connectivity. Variance of planning and designing norms followed at NH and sub-neighborhood levels have promoted more dichotomy and contradictions with varying quality of life inducted at local level. Differential population and infrastructures have divided the city into the categories of high/low end NH units. Fabric and morphology of cities, in large cases, has been distorted with urban settlement emerging as a distinct social map of communities graded economically and socially,on the basis of area/location . In the process, the way NH planning concept has been used, neighborhood planning has emerged as an instrument of social and economic segregation/division. In fact in number of cases, concept has been used, misused, abused in intent and content to divide the cities into distinct social and economic layers. Instead of unifying , concept has led to division of cities.
Genesis of modern application of NH can be found in the planning and designing of Chandigarh where entire city fabric of capital city was woven around Sector as the basic unit of planning, concptulasied as self-contained and self-sustaining unit at the local level. However, the way sectors have been planned, it has led to dividing the cities into different and distinct communities. Individual status in Chandigarh can be judged from his/her residence. Concept of Sector has done more damage than good to the fabric of the city. Chandigarh is likely to face considerable problem in making city socially and economically cohesive/vibrant,. Sectors in Chandigarh remain anti-thesis to the basic concept of NH planning of safety, involving walkability, vehicular movement, putting commercial space in the centre. Considering role, relevance, importance and usability , NH needs to be planned, designed with care and caution, in order to make cities socially and economically vibrant, inclusive. NH planning deserves a new definition and approach to make it relevant and rational.
Reviewing, Revising and Redefining Master Plans and Development Plans to Ma...JIT KUMAR GUPTA
Looking at its efficacy and efficiency, it can be seen and observed that Master Plans/ Development Plans have done more damage than good for the planned growth and development of the cities to which they have been made applicable. These plans have been violated with impunity both by the people, communities, cities and parastatal agencies; for the betterment/welfare of which these plans were prepared. These plans have been visualized as controller of development rather than promoters of development. Instead of planned development , these plans have been usherers of the unplanned development. These plans are known to be responsible for promoting large number of slums besides making quality of life poor for majority of the urban inhabitants. Cities under Master Plans are also known to promote exclusion rather than inclusion. Master Plans/Development Plans are known to promote prosperity for few and marginalize the large proportions of the local community by making them poor. Instead of catering to urban dynamism, Master Plans/Development Plans try to freeze the city, for next two decades, to which it is made to serve. Accordingly, these plans need to be reviewed , rationalised, revised and redefined to make them better Master Plans/Development Plans
Rationalizing the Planned Growth of Urban India- paper.docxJIT KUMAR GUPTA
Rapid and uncontrolled growth in population experienced by urban areas has adversely impacted and generated considerable pressure on land resource in cities and towns , leading to large scale conversion, sub-division and illegal occupation of urban land. Unregulated and regulated pressure on land has largely been met by means of both formal/informal sub-division and development of land. Growth of the urban settlements and entire mechanism of urban planning and development remains land based/ land focused, based on a strategy of sub-division of the land, dictated by the economic forces prevailing in the market. Irrational and ineffective public policies of urban planning and land sub-division, devoid of prevailing ground realities, have turned out to be incompatible with the demands of urban expansion, leading to large scale un-authorized and illegal sub-division of land. In the process, valuable land resources, gift of nature, has been misused, abused and mutilated in this race of uncontrolled and irrational urbanisation. In order to make optimum use of land resource; making city planning, growth, development and management ,both rational. realistic, orderly and promoter of quality living, it will be critical and essential, that all urban centres are made to focus on eliminating the culture and practices promoting un-authorized/illegal sub-division of land for ushering an environment and era of planned urban development in the country.
Suggestion and Options for integrating villages. within the framework of the...JIT KUMAR GUPTA
Preparing Master Plans/Development Plans for any urban settlements, basically and essentially, involves declaring a planning area for which the said long term plans are prepared. Planning area invariably includes and involves, number of rural settlements, which comprise of the planning area besides the urban settlement. It has been observed that in majority of cases, while detailed studies and analysis are carried out of the urban settlements but villages in the study and analysis remain marginalized, diluted and muted. Despite the fact, villages have critical role in the rational development of the urban settlement, but in preparing Master Plans their role and relevance is not made part of the said plan. Accordingly, this text tries to bring out the typologies of villages falling in the planning area and the suggested framework to develop these villages in making Master Plans, better Master Plan. In order to improve Master Plan qualitatively, quantitively, both in intent, contents and scope, It will be appropriate that all the villages falling in the planning area must be studied , analyzed and made integral part of the final outcome of the proposals of Master Plan. In-fact one Chapter must be exclusively dedicated to detail out the issues faced by the Villages and options which can be leveraged to promote the rational growth of villages ,as an integral part of the long term development of the urban settlement , for which the Master Plan is being prepared. This will help not only in integrating the urban- rural settlements falling in the planning area, but would also go a long way in promoting and ensuring rational growth and development of the urban settlement, for which the Master Plan is being prepared.
Making cities Climate Responsive and SustainableJIT KUMAR GUPTA
“Decarbonization” of cities ,as an issue ,as an option and as a strategy , has been gaining currency in the parlance of; making planet earth livable and sustainable. “Decarbonization has been globally valued for keeping the global temperature below 1.5C, and achieving the agenda and goals defined in the 17 Sustainable Development Goals, defined by UN for achieving universal sustainability. Despite distinct role and relevance, criticality and importance of decarbonization of cities has neither been properly understood and appreciated nor made integral part of the architectural practice and art and science of designing and construction of buildings. Consuming one -third of global energy (33%) and generating 39% of greenhouse gas emissions buildings have been considered as the major player in the domain of climate change and global warming. Since Architects and Architecture are
actively involved in the making and unmaking of buildings, accordingly it becomes important that planners and architects must play a significant role in making
cities and buildings least consumers of energy and generators of the minimum greenhouse gas emissions. This objective can be achieved if decarbonizing cities/buildings is made a distinct reality . Issue of decarbonizing the cities/buildings assumes importance for the reason, that world’s building floorspace is likely to be become double by the year 2060, with the addition of large number of newcities/ buildings due to rapid urbanization, population growth and economic development ; required for catering to
to the needs of additional population opting for urban living.
Managing Planning and Development of Citie- 26-2-24.docxJIT KUMAR GUPTA
Cities in India are known to be in perpetual crisis; facing numerous crises in terms of; crisis of rational growth, crisis of orderly and planned development; crisis of effective and efficient urban management; crisis of making provision of basic infrastructure and services; crisis of climate change; crisis of global warming; crisis of poverty, pollution and population and crisis of making human living and prevailing environment qualitative. These urban crises have genesis in the fact that cities in India, lack ownership, command, authority and lack of willingness to run and manage cities professionally and objectively. In majority of cases, cities in India are run by proxy. In terms of physical growth and development; large cities are marked by multiplicity of agencies claiming right/ownership of development over the urban areas, whereas smaller cities face absence of such ownership and are made to run, operate and function like orphans
Agenda, Approach and Options for Rationalising and Redefining Future Indian ...JIT KUMAR GUPTA
Government of India/state policies, programs, mission and agenda must move providing basic essentials to all its citizens through an efficient, objective and transparent system of governance. For making cities livable and empowering people; right to basics/essential of human living including; Right to shelter, food, clothing universal access to healthcare, education, employment , infrastructures, amenities and mobility; should be made integral part of Indian Constitution by embedding it as Fundamental Rights/Directive Principles of state policy besides making them integral part of planning, development and management/governance process of all human settlements.
Willie Nelson Net Worth: A Journey Through Music, Movies, and Business Venturesgreendigital
Willie Nelson is a name that resonates within the world of music and entertainment. Known for his unique voice, and masterful guitar skills. and an extraordinary career spanning several decades. Nelson has become a legend in the country music scene. But, his influence extends far beyond the realm of music. with ventures in acting, writing, activism, and business. This comprehensive article delves into Willie Nelson net worth. exploring the various facets of his career that have contributed to his large fortune.
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Introduction
Willie Nelson net worth is a testament to his enduring influence and success in many fields. Born on April 29, 1933, in Abbott, Texas. Nelson's journey from a humble beginning to becoming one of the most iconic figures in American music is nothing short of inspirational. His net worth, which estimated to be around $25 million as of 2024. reflects a career that is as diverse as it is prolific.
Early Life and Musical Beginnings
Humble Origins
Willie Hugh Nelson was born during the Great Depression. a time of significant economic hardship in the United States. Raised by his grandparents. Nelson found solace and inspiration in music from an early age. His grandmother taught him to play the guitar. setting the stage for what would become an illustrious career.
First Steps in Music
Nelson's initial foray into the music industry was fraught with challenges. He moved to Nashville, Tennessee, to pursue his dreams, but success did not come . Working as a songwriter, Nelson penned hits for other artists. which helped him gain a foothold in the competitive music scene. His songwriting skills contributed to his early earnings. laying the foundation for his net worth.
Rise to Stardom
Breakthrough Albums
The 1970s marked a turning point in Willie Nelson's career. His albums "Shotgun Willie" (1973), "Red Headed Stranger" (1975). and "Stardust" (1978) received critical acclaim and commercial success. These albums not only solidified his position in the country music genre. but also introduced his music to a broader audience. The success of these albums played a crucial role in boosting Willie Nelson net worth.
Iconic Songs
Willie Nelson net worth is also attributed to his extensive catalog of hit songs. Tracks like "Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain," "On the Road Again," and "Always on My Mind" have become timeless classics. These songs have not only earned Nelson large royalties but have also ensured his continued relevance in the music industry.
Acting and Film Career
Hollywood Ventures
In addition to his music career, Willie Nelson has also made a mark in Hollywood. His distinctive personality and on-screen presence have landed him roles in several films and television shows. Notable appearances include roles in "The Electric Horseman" (1979), "Honeysuckle Rose" (1980), and "Barbarosa" (1982). These acting gigs have added a significant amount to Willie Nelson net worth.
Television Appearances
Nelson's char
UNDERSTANDING WHAT GREEN WASHING IS!.pdfJulietMogola
Many companies today use green washing to lure the public into thinking they are conserving the environment but in real sense they are doing more harm. There have been such several cases from very big companies here in Kenya and also globally. This ranges from various sectors from manufacturing and goes to consumer products. Educating people on greenwashing will enable people to make better choices based on their analysis and not on what they see on marketing sites.
WRI’s brand new “Food Service Playbook for Promoting Sustainable Food Choices” gives food service operators the very latest strategies for creating dining environments that empower consumers to choose sustainable, plant-rich dishes. This research builds off our first guide for food service, now with industry experience and insights from nearly 350 academic trials.
Characterization and the Kinetics of drying at the drying oven and with micro...Open Access Research Paper
The objective of this work is to contribute to valorization de Nephelium lappaceum by the characterization of kinetics of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum. The seeds were dehydrated until a constant mass respectively in a drying oven and a microwawe oven. The temperatures and the powers of drying are respectively: 50, 60 and 70°C and 140, 280 and 420 W. The results show that the curves of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum do not present a phase of constant kinetics. The coefficients of diffusion vary between 2.09.10-8 to 2.98. 10-8m-2/s in the interval of 50°C at 70°C and between 4.83×10-07 at 9.04×10-07 m-8/s for the powers going of 140 W with 420 W the relation between Arrhenius and a value of energy of activation of 16.49 kJ. mol-1 expressed the effect of the temperature on effective diffusivity.
"Understanding the Carbon Cycle: Processes, Human Impacts, and Strategies for...MMariSelvam4
The carbon cycle is a critical component of Earth's environmental system, governing the movement and transformation of carbon through various reservoirs, including the atmosphere, oceans, soil, and living organisms. This complex cycle involves several key processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, and carbon sequestration, each contributing to the regulation of carbon levels on the planet.
Human activities, particularly fossil fuel combustion and deforestation, have significantly altered the natural carbon cycle, leading to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and driving climate change. Understanding the intricacies of the carbon cycle is essential for assessing the impacts of these changes and developing effective mitigation strategies.
By studying the carbon cycle, scientists can identify carbon sources and sinks, measure carbon fluxes, and predict future trends. This knowledge is crucial for crafting policies aimed at reducing carbon emissions, enhancing carbon storage, and promoting sustainable practices. The carbon cycle's interplay with climate systems, ecosystems, and human activities underscores its importance in maintaining a stable and healthy planet.
In-depth exploration of the carbon cycle reveals the delicate balance required to sustain life and the urgent need to address anthropogenic influences. Through research, education, and policy, we can work towards restoring equilibrium in the carbon cycle and ensuring a sustainable future for generations to come.
Summary of the Climate and Energy Policy of Australia
Strategies for Promoting Urban Sustainability
1. Strategies for Promoting Urban Sustainability
*Jit Kumar Gupta*
Abstract; Cities have been definers of history, art, culture, power, authority, economy,
growth and development of mankind. Cities have existed in the past and shall continue to
define the march of human civilization in future. Cities are known for their role and
importance in promoting economy, generating employment, providing state of art amenities
and services besides attracting investment and creating wealth for communities and nations.
Despite numerous advantages cities offer, they are also known for their dualities and
contradictions; where poverty and prosperity compete; sky-scrappers and slums rub
shoulders and where unplanned and haphazard development have emerged as the order of
the day. If cities are creators of wealth they are also areas of concentration of population,
poverty and exclusion. Cities, as conglomerate of people, population, buildings and activities,
are known to be consumers of large amount of energy, resources and generators of enormous
waste. In the process, they are known to be prime generators of conditions adversely
impacting both local and global ecology and climate besides polluting environment. . Global
warming and climate change can be largely attributed to the way cities grow, operate,
function and consume energy. Cities are known to be responsible for consuming more than
75% of global energy and generating 70% of carbon footprints. Cities, as consumers of
energy and resources, have its genesis in the manner they are planned ; way majority of
building are designed and the manner in which people are made to travel for meeting their
basic needs and discharge their daily obligations. City planning has also been found to be
heavily biased towards physical planning with little focus and priority for protecting,
preserving and promoting environment. Such an approach has made cities highly polluted
and environmentally unsustainable. In order to make cities more livable, humane, sustainable
and promoters of quality environment and ecology, paper looks at the options of redefining
the planning process to make cities compact with focus on environment; leveraging nature to
promote energy efficient/ green buildings; creating options for green mobility and promoting
ruralisation to make urban areas as promoters, sustainers and usherers of a new era of clean
environment and urban sustainability.
Key words: Compact cities, environment, Green buildings, Green Mobility, Ruralisation
INTRODUCTION
As determinants of economy, polity, industrialisation, infrastructure, innovations and quality
of life, cities are known globally for their capacity and capability to usher an era of growth
and development. Operating as an ever-evolving and ever-devolving dynamic physical,
economic and social systems in space, cities are also known to house large concentration of
population, consumer markets, highly trained workforce and large number of activities in a
limited area. Operating as principle centres of economy and places with significant, social
and economic achievements, urban centres are fast emerging as preferred destination for
human living. By providing economy of scale and proximity that allows industry and
commerce to flourish, cities also offer optimum location for services and facilities, which
require large population threshold and markets for its sustenance and operational efficiency.
2. Housing large population at higher densities, cities are known to offer opportunities and
quality of life better than its rural counterparts.
Despite distinct advantages, cities are also known for their dualities and contradictions where
rich and poor, skyscrapers and slums rub shoulders. With majority of urban residents living in
slums with inadequate basic infrastructure services essential for good human living, cities are
also known to be storehouse of large number of physical, social and environmental
problems. Development and management patterns, prevailing globally in developing world,
are marked by poor urban governance, haphazard, unplanned and sub-standard development,
which are observed to be the promoters of social ills, breeding grounds for poverty, exclusion
of majority of people and areas of environmental degradation. As major consumers of energy
and resources, cities are also known to have large carbon footprints, closely associated with
the climate change leading to increase in average global temperature. Global warming is
assuming alarming proportions due to rapid urbanization with NASA recording all but one of
the 16 hottest years since 2000, during its 134-year recorded history. Under the impact of
global warming Antarctica has been losing about 134 billion metric tons of ice per year since
2002. Looking at the entire context of prevailing growth and development, cities can be
considered to be major determinants of poverty, pollution, exclusion and global warming.
Accordingly, planning, development and management of urban areas needs to be rationalised
and redefined for ushering an era of global and local sustainability.
INDIAN URBANISATION
Indian urbanization is globally known for its uniqueness, peculiarities and complexities,
characterized primarily by its massiveness, population, poverty besides dualities and
contradictions. With 378 million persons (2011 census) residing in 53 metros and 7935 urban
centres, India has emerged as the second largest urban system in the world despite level of
urbanization merely standing at 31.11%. Census 2011 will be known as the landmark year in
the Indian demographic history for two distinct milestones. For the first time, Urban India
added more population (91 million) as compared to Rural India (90 million) during the
decade 2001-11, putting India on the fast trajectory of urbanization. In addition, Urban India
created history by recording largest increase of 52% in the count of urban centres, with
numbers going up from 5161 to 7933. Count of metropolitan centres went up from 35 to 53,
holding more than 40% of urban population, indicating polarisation of urban population in
large urban centres. Last eleven decades (1901-2011), have witnessed enormous change in
the contours of Indian urbanism with urban population increasing 15 fold from 25.8 to
377.1 million; urbanization level going up merely by three fold- from 10.84 to 31.15%;
whereas number of urban centres multiplying by a factor of 4 from 1917 to 7933.
Considering the massive differential between urban and rural growth rate (2.1% against
0.7%), number of urban dwellers are projected to share parity with rural population by 2050.
Next four decades are likely to witness enormous growth in terms of numbers of urban
centres, their size and population. It is estimated that by 2050, number of Metro Cities will go
beyond 100 and 10 million plus cities will be 8 with Kolkata, Mumbai and Delhi occupying
distinct place among largest urban centres at the global level.As per UNO estimates, Urban
India ,which housed 11% global urban population in 2015, will be home to 13% population
in 2030 besides making sizeable contribution to the national economy which was placed at
3. 60% in 2011, going up to 75% in the year 2031. Accordingly, urban India will emerge as the
definer of Indian story of growth, development and prosperity.
URBAN SUSTAINABILITY
As promoters of economies, knowledge, and innovations; urbanization is considered globally
a panacea and essential condition for leveraging growth and poverty reduction . However, if
planned and rational urbanisation is bliss; rapid and unplanned urbanisation has caused
numerous challenges and problems for the communities and parastatal agencies. While the
urban centres act as the generators of economic growth; rapid and uncontrolled pace of
urbanization creates burden on the existing natural resources. Accelerated urbanization
creates demands for mass transportation; increment in commercial and industrial activities;
pressure to use the vacant urban land; destroying natural landscape; eliminating water bodies;
increased energy consumption and causing severe damages to the quality of air, water and
other natural resources, making human settlements vulnerable to natural disasters. Since,
urbanization is known to be closely associated with global warming, accordingly new pattern
of urban planning and development has to be evolved, defined and put in operation to make
cities sustainable. Promoting rational urbanisation should include making cities compact;
reducing urban sprawl; designing greener buildings; making public transport green; reducing
city’s carbon footprint and providing better quality of life for its citizens besides creating
options of promoting ruralisation through planned and rational development to usher an new
era of global and local sustainability besides making urban settlements and urbanisations
more sustainable and rational.
For achieving the global sustainability, UNO in its,‘The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable
Development’, has also given a prominent role to urbanization and cities with the inclusion
of a stand-alone goal 11, for cities and human settlements. This comes as recognition that
cities are a string that connects all other goals together, their density and economies of
agglomeration link economy, energy, environment, science, technology and social and
economic outputs.
.
REDEFINING URBAN PLANNING
Creating sustainable cities with lower carbon footprints would require new order of urban
planning, considering the contours and complexity of such a city. New order of planning
would involve making planning people centric, transparent, community oriented,
resource/energy efficient, sustainable and flexible. Its focus shall be to minimize prevailing
urban dualities and contradictions and to promote development based on equity, inclusiveness
and providing opportunities to all. Master Plans, which have been used by planners as the
panacea to overcome all the urban ills, will have to be redrawn /redefined with appropriate
innovations/ changes made in the intent, contents and scope of such plans. New order of
Master Plans will not be merely land-use plans, defining/freezing the city future once for all
for next two decades, indicating the use of every parcel of land in the city. It will take a
‘whole city’ approach to planning and will focus on the urban form, shape and typology of
the city. Since cities are dynamic entities, ever changing, ever shaping, ever evolving and
ever devolving, they will require plans which would provide inbuilt flexibility to cater to ever
4. changing urban dynamism. The master plans would accordingly be dynamic in nature,
growing and evolving with the growth of towns. New breed of Master Plans would be based
on state of art technologies and a distinct vision, evolved after detailed study, analysis and
understanding of the city fabric and its growth potential, duly supported by detailed planning
and development guidelines. The vision shall be achieved through well defined missions for
different facets of city involving planning and development. Each development project in the
city shall be evaluated in the context of defined vision and guidelines, by a multi-disciplinary
team of experts by involving stakeholders before accepting. The city planning shall not be
dictated exclusively by planners but will involve larger set of experts representing different
shades of city planning, growth and management to rationalize decision making. Architects,
urban designers, landscape experts, service providers, environmentalists, transport experts,
conservationists, art and culture historians and sociologists etc. will have major role in
conceptualising and planning the sustainable cities.
New order of planning will be geared to make the city compact to reduce travel and extent of
service network to bring economy and operational efficiency in the city. In this context, the
focus of the city shall be people. Planning shall also promote better relationship between
living and working by adopting the mechanism of transit oriented development and mixed
land use. In this pattern, the focus shall be to provide housing, offices, work areas,
commercial and institutions along the mass transport network, within walking distance.
Green spaces on the defined norms shall form integral part of urban living and working for
promoting highest order of environment and ecology. Cities will be planned with minimum
carbon footprints on the basis of inclusiveness, self-reliance and self-sustainability, having
minimum impact on local and global environment and ecology. Considering the major
implications of urban areas, being largest consumers of energy and resources, generators of
waste and emitters of green house gasses , largely due to transportation and built
environment, the new regime of planning will focus on, minimising travel and create
buildings which are least consumers of energy and resources; focus on creating cities which
would be highly energy efficient made possible by adopting shape and size of the city which
involve minimum travel and services.
MAKING CITIES COMPACT
The prevailing pattern of massive urbanization, emerging out of urban planning strategies,
planning frameworks, and uncontrolled population growth, is bringing numerous dualities ,
contradictions and challenges in majority of cities, in terms of spatial distribution of people
and resources; use and consumption of land in the shape of less dense and more inefficient
land use patterns; car-centred urban models with pure land use zoning dividing urban spaces
into residential, commercial, and industrial areas. In the process cities are melting in all
directions, creating large conurbations and urban sprawl. With increase in population , cities
are being subjected to large negative externalities in the shape of congestion, infrastructure,
pollution, and social disaggregation, making these horizontally spreading cities large
consumers of energy and resources making them operationally inefficient and non-
sustainable.
5. No horizontal and outward looking city can be efficient and productive. Horizontally spread
cities are known to be cost intensive, energy and land inefficient because of low densities,
larger spread of services and road network. Horizontal spread and low density cities
promote larger travel demand and make trips longer, calling for the provision of large and
complex mechanized transportation, making city large consumer of resources and energy
leading to increased carbon footprints, generating green house gasses, promoting global
warming, creating more pollution, adversely impacting the health, hygiene and quality of life
of the residents. Horizontal cities invariably lead to numerous operational and management
problems besides making the city environmentally unsustainable and socially disintegrated,
operationally and resource inefficient.
For facilitating social, economic, and environmental progress, cities must become more
compact, absorbing population growth by increasing their density. Cities have to be compact
with smaller land footprints in order to be efficient. Compact cities offer distinct advantages
in countering the global warming by saving precious land resource; promoting economy in
development; accommodating growing population with a smaller ecological footprint;
providing agglomeration advantages with least dependence on personalized vehicles.
Compact cities are known to make city life supportive of social living and overcoming the
two worst gifts of urbanization ie travel and traffic. Promoting non-mechanized travel has
distinct advantages in improving the health of residents besides making cities more humane
and liveable due to large personal contacts, lower costs of providing infrastructure and
services, strengthening social interactions and reducing mobility demand, ensuring energy
efficiency, promoting
pedestrianisation, cycling and
mass transportation. Only
through agglomeration will
cities have the power to
innovate, generate wealth,
enhance quality of life, and
accommodate more people in
a sustainable manner, with
smaller environmental
footprints through lower per
capita resource use and lower per capita emissions. Compact cities also make business sense
because of lower cost involved in making provision of basic services and their effective
maintenance
.
Planning compact cities would however, require new state of art approach to planning.
Present approach to city planning would have to be re-defined with new order of
development controls put in place. It would also require new planning norms and standards
for land use and supportive amenities and basic services. Planning compact cities would
ensure that basic principles of city planning are not sacrificed and city would be planned and
designed to promote highest order of quality of life, provide high order of productivity and
ensure availability of basic services/ amenities to lead an optimum life.
6. For making a city compact, it has to be planned, designed and developed as a vertical and
inward looking city. Planning compact city essentially involves promoting high density
development for providing large built up area using minimum land; making provision of
enough land and spatial structures to support urban development which minimizes travel;
reduces service network and delivery costs, optimizes the use of land, supports the protects
the environment and rationalises urban open spaces. Planning strategies for compact cities
should include suburban densification, area redevelopment, layout of new areas with higher
densities, brown field development – the rehabilitation of land previously used for industrial
purposes – building conversions, and transit-oriented developments. Planning of compact
cities must invariably incorporate densification strategies, allowing mixed land use and taller
building structures and providing adequate public spaces such as parks, green areas, and
streets. A well-designed public space not only contributes to improving the overall visual
character, invigorates economic activities but also enhances the functionality of the city. High
density neighbourhoods with adequate public space, infrastructure and public transport
facilities encourage walking, cycling, and other forms of eco-friendly non-motorized
mobility, reduces reliance on fossil fuels, thereby reducing carbon emissions and global
warming. Furthermore, the provision of pedestrian friendly streetscapes and public structures
where residents can gather for sports, recreational, or cultural activities , promotes social
connectivity and diversity, thus making neighbourhoods more cohesive, lively, and ultimately
more attractive to residents and investors alike. Compact cities are known to e offer more
safety to human life and liberty as compared to largely spread cities. They require less
manpower to manage and run the city making them more economical and efficient. From an
environmental point of view, city planning should focus on minimising dependence on fossil
fuels, incorporating low emission strategies so as to make city development resilience to
climate change. Being compact and largely dependent upon non-mechanised vehicles,
compact cities will have low car ownership and accordingly would require much less area
under traffic and transportation and parking of vehicles. The area saved from traffic and
transportation can be utilised in providing better amenities and facilities to improve the
quality of life for the urban residents.
Cities of Singapore and New York have clearly demonstrated the distinct advantages of
vertical development in promoting quality of life and higher order of operational efficiency.
In search of optimum solutions to make the city development inward and vertical, Singapore
adopted the mechanism of using digital survey of the city, identified low rise buildings,
evolved a policy and provided incentives to owners to put high rise buildings , to overcome
the problem of high cost of living besides providing more housing space in the city. City of
New York permitted the sub-division of land and construction of studio apartments on the
terraces of the existing buildings to create more housing space in the city. Though the system
of re-densification of the existing cities may be slow and cumbersome but new and green
field cities offer enormous opportunities to be planned and developed as vertical cities for
making them smart. Planning compact and vertical cities an using land on 24x7 basis would
be most desirable and essential in the Indian context, because India has only 2.4% of global
land with 16.7% of global population to hold/support, which would require land resource to
7. be preserved, conserved, protected and used in a most optimum manner for ensuring
sustainability and survival of the nation as a whole.
PLANNING SUSTAINABLE MOBILITY
Cities, are known to contribute 70% of global green house gas emissions, with majority of
contribution coming from transportation and buildings. With traditional fuels, transportation
sector alone contributes 45% of total carbon emissions. Challenges posed by transportation
sector accordingly remain daunting and formidable in creating sustainable cities. To
overcome these challenges one of the best option would be to promote sustainable urban
transport in order to make cities cleaner and greener. Such cities would have different order
of priority for transportation led by pedestrianisation, cycling and public transport with least
priority going to personal transport. Planning of sustainable cities should revolve around
promoting sustainable transport based on the principle of planning for people and not for
vehicles and promoting accessibility
rather than mobility. Sustainable
transport would essentially call for
minimizing use of personalized
vehicles; promoting non- mechanized/
non-fuel based options for travel;
using public transport with large
capacity, run essentials on non-
polluting fuels /electricity; using state
of art technologies, making vehicles
zero-emission; making cities more
compact to limit the need of
mechanized travel; using mixed land
use planning to rationalize the travel
pattern etc. It would also involve use of information technologies as one of the mechanisms
to reduce travel by using homes as offices, schools, libraries etc. Increased use of
environment-friendly public transport systems and halting of urban sprawl in cities can
substantially reduce emissions at city level to make cities sustainable. However, creating
sustainable urban transport would require a multi- pronged strategy based on leveraging the
advantages of all modes of travel, involving communities and stakeholders besides
professionals engaged in urban/transport planning, development and management Our
capacity to create sustainable urban transport, through state of art cleaner and greener
technologies with innovative city planning, development and management, would hold the
key to leverage the productivity, economy, quality of life, sustainability and operational
efficiency of human settlements besides minimising carbon footprints of the cities..
8. Study recently made by Central Road
Research Institute (CRRI), has clearly
demonstrated the efficacy, efficiency,
role and importance of rail based mass
transportation in promoting urban
sustainability and quality of life in Delhi.
The study concludes that, Delhi Metro,
having daily ridership of 27 lakhs, has
helped in replacing 3.9 lakh vehicles off
the Delhi roads in 2014 besides saving
Rs 10,364 crores in terms of fuel,
pollution and passenger’s time. Besides annual reduction of 2.76 lakh tonnes in fuel
consumption, metro also brought down the travel time of commuters by 32 minutes. In
addition to promoting operational efficiency and making Delhi cleaner and green, study
furthers states that metro has made the city safer by reducing the number of fatal accidents.
DESIGNING GREEN BUILDINGS
Researches and studies have concluded that buildings have critical role in defining the
environment and urban sustainability. No city can be made sustainable unless it is supported
by built environment, which is energy and resource efficient. Buildings are known to
consume over 40% world’s total energy, 30% raw materials, 25% timber harvested, 16%
fresh water withdrawal and are responsible for 35% of world’s CO2 emission, 40% municipal
solid waste, 50% ozone depleting CFC besides making 30% residents sick. With number of
people rushing, towards urban centres, energy requirements of cities due to buildings, is
going to rise sharply in future. As per McKinsey Global Institute Report , India would be
required to create on annual basis, buildings to the tune of 700– 900 million sq m (equal to
the built up volume of Chicago City
in USA) to meet the built area needs
of urban India. Despite huge projected
requirements, little focus is being
given to mitigate the adverse impact
caused by rapid and uncontrolled
growth of building industry. Thus
building, as a sector, would require
focus, close scrutiny and monitoring,
for effecting overall economy in the
levels of energy consumption and
making cities sustainable.
Experience and studies have shown that adopting an integrated approach to design can reduce
energy implications of buildings. Integrated approach to building design would essentially
revolve round, rational site planning, shape and size of the buildings, built form, surface to
volume ratio; promoting building efficiency ,rationalising ratio between length and depth of
the building, using simple techniques of building structure, efficient structural design;
adopting principles of solar passive techniques , using energy efficient equipment,
9. controlling lighting, heating, ventilation ; using solar energy/air movement, reduced use of
transportation energy, low energy components; minimising waste, using local materials,
optimising landscaping etc. Orientation remains the most critical factor which needs to be
effectively leveraged in all building designs in order to achieve energy efficient building
design by making use of solar and wind energy. However, requirements of building design
would vary from region to region, state to state and within regions and states. Accordingly,
buildings with regard to sun and wind will have to be oriented differently in different regions.
In order to ensure that buildings make best use of solar and wind energy, it would be essential
that majority of buildings would have the site advantage of having best orientation where
such buildings are to be constructed. Accordingly, town planners have important role cast for
themselves for ensuring that while preparing the layout plan of the area, maximum number of
plots have the advantage of best orientation. Once this is ensured at the planning level, it
would be much easier for the Architects to evolve a design which would be energy efficient.
Further, planners should ensure that ratio of plot width and depth is fixed in such a manner
that the entire depth of built up area permitted on a plot should have access to natural light
during the day, minimizing the requirement of artificial lighting. This would be particularly
important in case of row housing where plots have the option to draw light from front and the
rear only.Green buildings offer best option to make cities sustainable, because such buildings
have genesis in using practices and processes that are environmentally responsible and
resource efficient throughout the building’s life-cycle. These buildings are known for their
capacity to minimise negative impacts on climate and environment besides conserving
natural environment . Designing with nature and using panch mahabhutas; making best use
of site climate, existing natural elements/sources and vegetation, offers the best option of
creating green buildings. In order to ensure that buildings are designed as energy efficient,
they must be designed to conform to the defined norms and
standards defined. In addition, promoting retrofitting of
existing buildings would go a long way to make cities
energy efficient. Singapore has already drawn a master plan
to make all the existing buildings green through a
collaborative policy framework involving residents, property
owners and the government. Retrofitting of Empire State
Building of New York has led to achieving reduction of
electricity load for the building to the tune of 3.5 MW and
reduction of green house gas emissions by 1,00,000 tonnes
over a 15 years period. The payback/recovery period for the
$13.1 million spent on retrofitting of building, was placed at
merely 3.5 years due to saving of energy.
PROMOTING RURALISATION
If India, as a nation, has the distinction of being second largest global urban system, it also
holds the same rank among nations in rural settlements after China ( One million ) . Rural
settlements remain critical for the rational growth and development of India with 6,40,867
villages holding 69.9% of 1.21 billion population( 2011 Census), providing basic essentials
for human survival ; making fair contribution to national economy, providing large
10. employment; holding large reservoir of manpower and providing raw material for industries.
Villages are likely to dominate Indian scenario in terms of population, food and promoting
industry. Despite distinct advantages, rural areas are fast losing to urban counterpart,
primarily due to improved agricultural technologies, ever changing industrial technologies
and desire to improve the economic status, which are leading to exodus of rural population to
urban areas.Looking at the urban context, it can be seen that most of the urban problems in
India have their genesis in the neglect of the rural settlements. Rural-Urban migration
contributed one fifth (21%) of urban population growth (Census2011). Growth of slums in
Urban India, has its genesis in rural poverty migrating to urban areas. In India, cities can
never become sustainable, rational, and orderly or slum free, unless planning and
development of villages is taken on priority and put on a fast track. Outlining the role and
importance of villages in the national development, Mahatma Gandhi, father of nation, had
stated ‘India lives in villages, if village grow India will grow, If villages perish, India will
perish too’.
Rural settlements are also known to have enormous capacity to reduce the carbon and
ecological footprints besides promoting sustainable urban development because of their small
size; small population; compact development and low transportation needs besides lower
energy and resource consumption. Villages live with nature, using natural resources causing
minimum damage to air, water, environment and ecology. The distinct advantages offered by
villages must be leveraged to minimize the climate change and reducing ill effects of
urbanization. This would require a new approach and policy framework, providing dedicated
support to development of villages by creating synergies between urban and rural settlements
and physically/ spatially connecting all villages with adjoining urban settlements besides
creating access to urban infrastructures by eliminating existing disconnect between cities and
villages. Where not feasible, large villages should be identified as growth centres where
urban amenities could be provided for the benefit of adjoining smaller villages by adopting a
cluster approach. 4681 villages with more than 10,000 population and 14,799 villages with
population of 5000(2001) and above, can be taken up for development and provision of
infrastructure on the pattern of urban areas .Considering large number of existing villages,
India also needs to prioritize the rural, with preference going to states having low
urbanization; large number of villages; high poverty rate; large unemployment with
maximum share in national rural-urban migration. States of Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Madhya
Pradesh, Rajasthan and Orissa, with more than half of total villages and large share of out-
migration, needs to be taken in the first stage to reduce migration and make urban growth
more rational and sustainable. India has already launched , NATIONAL RURBAN
MISSION( NRuM) by the name, Shyama Prasad Mukherji Rurban Mission (SPMRM), for
development of villages based on the Cluster Approach in September 2015. Mission aims at
strengthening rural areas by provisioning of economic, social and physical infrastructure
facilities. 300 rural growth clusters across the country are scheduled to be taken up for
development.
In addition to adopting state centric and cluster approach, villages at individual level have to
be planned and developed to make them self-sufficient , sustainable and independent
economic entities in terms of employment, basic infrastructure, services and day-to-day
11. needs. Every village should be provided with infrastructure to take care of their basic needs,
healthcare and education . Rural industries should be promoted to make value addition to
agricultural produce besides connecting villages with the formal marketing system to receive
optimum returns of the agricultural produce by eliminating middle men. All village activities
need to be managed through a co-operative system with employment, income and resources
provided to all. Technical institutions should be actively involved to create skilled manpower
for capacity building in rural areas.
CONCLUSION
UN Habitat Report states, ‘The effects of urbanization and climate change are converging in
dangerous ways. Cities are major contributors to climate change: although they cover less
than 2 per cent of the earth’s surface, cities consume 78 per cent of the world’s energy and
produce more than 60% of all carbon dioxide and significant amounts of other greenhouse
gas emissions. Considering vital role of urban areas in promoting global sustainability, it
becomes important that the entire gamut of urban planning, development and management in
the Indian context is, critically and objectively, looked at and new agenda for development
put in place on priority to promote urban sustainability. Indian strategy to promote urban
sustainability should essentially revolve around, adopting state of art urban planning; making
cities compact; creating green buildings and retrofitting existing buildings; redefining order
of mobility with focus on planning for people not for vehicles and promoting ruralisation by
creating synergies between rural and urban settlements. For making urban sustainability a
distinct reality, India has to put in place appropriate policy, legal and institutional framework,
duly supported by dedicated manpower and resources involving all the stakeholders
Biblography
McKinsey Global Institute: India’s Urban Awakening: Building Inclusive Cities,
Sustaining Economic Growth, Report April, 2010.
United Nations, New York : World Urbanization Prospects- The 2014 Revision, 2014
Government of India, Census Report. 2011 :
United Nations : Urbanisation and climate change;unhabitat.org/urban-
themes/climate-change/2012
Government of India, MHUPA: Report of the Working Group on Migration, January
,2017
Government of India, MRD:, Shyama Prasad Mukherji Rurban Mission, 2015
Gupta Jit Kumar; Indian Options for Managing Global Warming Through
Ruralisation and Rationalising Urbanisation; unpublished paper
Author;
*Jit Kumar Gupta
Former Director, College of Architecture, IET Bhaddal
#344, Sector 40-A, Chandigarh-160036
Email -- jit.kumar1944@gmail.com