Urban land value
Bid rent theory
theoretical city models
Migration
types of migration
impact of migration on urban form
causes and impacts of migration
Urban land value
Bid rent theory
theoretical city models
Migration
types of migration
impact of migration on urban form
causes and impacts of migration
URBAN BASICS
Urbanization and development: Historical Perspective
An Academic Presentation to BdevS, Center for Development Studies
Kathmamndu University
2014
Rajendra P Sharma
rpsharma@mailcity.com
An urban area is characterized by higher population density and vast human features in comparison to areas surrounding it. Urban areas may be cities, towns or conurbations, but the term is not commonly extended to rural settlements such as villages. Any portion of earth’s surface where physical conditions are homogeneous can be considered as a Region in geographic sense, ranging from a single feature region to compage, depending on the
criteria used for delineation. In practice, a prefix is added to highlight the attributes on which the region has been defined, for example, agriculture region, resource region, city region, planning region.
All the daily activities of human beings are carried out on land. Proper organization of these activities i.e. planning will help the human being in leading a richer and fuller life in livable surroundings or environment. "Planning" means the scientific, aesthetic, and orderly disposition of land, resources, facilities and services with a view to securing the physical, economic and social efficiency, health and well-being of urban and rural communities.
In context of India n comparing it with the world. The presentation defines these concepts with apt case studies from various countries and India as well..
Land use and land value theory ppt
William Alonso In location theory William Alonso (Location and Land Use: Toward a General Theory of Land Rent, 1964) built upon the Thünen model to account for intra-urban variations in land use. He attempted to apply accessibility requirements to the city centre for various types of land use (housing, commercial,…
land use and land value theory of william alonso ppt
william alonso
This slide discusses about the core-periphery model given by John Friedmann. This model is basically a model of regional Development. You will able to learn about the core-periphery model very easily by this slide.
To Download This Register in http://frontdesk.co.in/forum/Thread-Socio-Economic-base-for-Planning-Study-notes
Lecture notes for Master of Planning Students
URBAN BASICS
Urbanization and development: Historical Perspective
An Academic Presentation to BdevS, Center for Development Studies
Kathmamndu University
2014
Rajendra P Sharma
rpsharma@mailcity.com
An urban area is characterized by higher population density and vast human features in comparison to areas surrounding it. Urban areas may be cities, towns or conurbations, but the term is not commonly extended to rural settlements such as villages. Any portion of earth’s surface where physical conditions are homogeneous can be considered as a Region in geographic sense, ranging from a single feature region to compage, depending on the
criteria used for delineation. In practice, a prefix is added to highlight the attributes on which the region has been defined, for example, agriculture region, resource region, city region, planning region.
All the daily activities of human beings are carried out on land. Proper organization of these activities i.e. planning will help the human being in leading a richer and fuller life in livable surroundings or environment. "Planning" means the scientific, aesthetic, and orderly disposition of land, resources, facilities and services with a view to securing the physical, economic and social efficiency, health and well-being of urban and rural communities.
In context of India n comparing it with the world. The presentation defines these concepts with apt case studies from various countries and India as well..
Land use and land value theory ppt
William Alonso In location theory William Alonso (Location and Land Use: Toward a General Theory of Land Rent, 1964) built upon the Thünen model to account for intra-urban variations in land use. He attempted to apply accessibility requirements to the city centre for various types of land use (housing, commercial,…
land use and land value theory of william alonso ppt
william alonso
This slide discusses about the core-periphery model given by John Friedmann. This model is basically a model of regional Development. You will able to learn about the core-periphery model very easily by this slide.
To Download This Register in http://frontdesk.co.in/forum/Thread-Socio-Economic-base-for-Planning-Study-notes
Lecture notes for Master of Planning Students
CAMBRIDGE AS GEOGRAPHY REVISION: SETTLEMENTS - 6.3 THE CHANGING STRUCTURE OF ...George Dumitrache
A comprehensive presentation of subchapter 6.3 The Changing Structure of Urban Settlements, from the third chapter of Human Geography, AS Cambridge, Settlements.
SOCIAL SCIENCE SS ELECTIVE 6 Cities and SocietiesJollibethGante
PART II: GLOBALIZATION AND ITS IMPACT ON CITIES
Overview of Global Cities – Saskia Sassen
The Urban-Rural Interface and Migration – Alan Gilbert and Josef Gugler
Community, Ethnicity, and Urban Sociology – Jan Lin
The New Urban Reality – Roger Waldinger
The Return of the Sweatshop – Edna Bonacich and Richard P. Appelbaum
The secret way to sell pi coins effortlessly.DOT TECH
Well as we all know pi isn't launched yet. But you can still sell your pi coins effortlessly because some whales in China are interested in holding massive pi coins. And they are willing to pay good money for it. If you are interested in selling I will leave a contact for you. Just telegram this number below. I sold about 3000 pi coins to him and he paid me immediately.
Telegram: @Pi_vendor_247
What price will pi network be listed on exchangesDOT TECH
The rate at which pi will be listed is practically unknown. But due to speculations surrounding it the predicted rate is tends to be from 30$ — 50$.
So if you are interested in selling your pi network coins at a high rate tho. Or you can't wait till the mainnet launch in 2026. You can easily trade your pi coins with a merchant.
A merchant is someone who buys pi coins from miners and resell them to Investors looking forward to hold massive quantities till mainnet launch.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi vendor to trade with.
@Pi_vendor_247
how to sell pi coins effectively (from 50 - 100k pi)DOT TECH
Anywhere in the world, including Africa, America, and Europe, you can sell Pi Network Coins online and receive cash through online payment options.
Pi has not yet been launched on any exchange because we are currently using the confined Mainnet. The planned launch date for Pi is June 28, 2026.
Reselling to investors who want to hold until the mainnet launch in 2026 is currently the sole way to sell.
Consequently, right now. All you need to do is select the right pi network provider.
Who is a pi merchant?
An individual who buys coins from miners on the pi network and resells them to investors hoping to hang onto them until the mainnet is launched is known as a pi merchant.
debuts.
I'll provide you the Telegram username
@Pi_vendor_247
What website can I sell pi coins securely.DOT TECH
Currently there are no website or exchange that allow buying or selling of pi coins..
But you can still easily sell pi coins, by reselling it to exchanges/crypto whales interested in holding thousands of pi coins before the mainnet launch.
Who is a pi merchant?
A pi merchant is someone who buys pi coins from miners and resell to these crypto whales and holders of pi..
This is because pi network is not doing any pre-sale. The only way exchanges can get pi is by buying from miners and pi merchants stands in between the miners and the exchanges.
How can I sell my pi coins?
Selling pi coins is really easy, but first you need to migrate to mainnet wallet before you can do that. I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade with.
Tele-gram.
@Pi_vendor_247
US Economic Outlook - Being Decided - M Capital Group August 2021.pdfpchutichetpong
The U.S. economy is continuing its impressive recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic and not slowing down despite re-occurring bumps. The U.S. savings rate reached its highest ever recorded level at 34% in April 2020 and Americans seem ready to spend. The sectors that had been hurt the most by the pandemic specifically reduced consumer spending, like retail, leisure, hospitality, and travel, are now experiencing massive growth in revenue and job openings.
Could this growth lead to a “Roaring Twenties”? As quickly as the U.S. economy contracted, experiencing a 9.1% drop in economic output relative to the business cycle in Q2 2020, the largest in recorded history, it has rebounded beyond expectations. This surprising growth seems to be fueled by the U.S. government’s aggressive fiscal and monetary policies, and an increase in consumer spending as mobility restrictions are lifted. Unemployment rates between June 2020 and June 2021 decreased by 5.2%, while the demand for labor is increasing, coupled with increasing wages to incentivize Americans to rejoin the labor force. Schools and businesses are expected to fully reopen soon. In parallel, vaccination rates across the country and the world continue to rise, with full vaccination rates of 50% and 14.8% respectively.
However, it is not completely smooth sailing from here. According to M Capital Group, the main risks that threaten the continued growth of the U.S. economy are inflation, unsettled trade relations, and another wave of Covid-19 mutations that could shut down the world again. Have we learned from the past year of COVID-19 and adapted our economy accordingly?
“In order for the U.S. economy to continue growing, whether there is another wave or not, the U.S. needs to focus on diversifying supply chains, supporting business investment, and maintaining consumer spending,” says Grace Feeley, a research analyst at M Capital Group.
While the economic indicators are positive, the risks are coming closer to manifesting and threatening such growth. The new variants spreading throughout the world, Delta, Lambda, and Gamma, are vaccine-resistant and muddy the predictions made about the economy and health of the country. These variants bring back the feeling of uncertainty that has wreaked havoc not only on the stock market but the mindset of people around the world. MCG provides unique insight on how to mitigate these risks to possibly ensure a bright economic future.
The European Unemployment Puzzle: implications from population agingGRAPE
We study the link between the evolving age structure of the working population and unemployment. We build a large new Keynesian OLG model with a realistic age structure, labor market frictions, sticky prices, and aggregate shocks. Once calibrated to the European economy, we quantify the extent to which demographic changes over the last three decades have contributed to the decline of the unemployment rate. Our findings yield important implications for the future evolution of unemployment given the anticipated further aging of the working population in Europe. We also quantify the implications for optimal monetary policy: lowering inflation volatility becomes less costly in terms of GDP and unemployment volatility, which hints that optimal monetary policy may be more hawkish in an aging society. Finally, our results also propose a partial reversal of the European-US unemployment puzzle due to the fact that the share of young workers is expected to remain robust in the US.
how can I sell pi coins after successfully completing KYCDOT TECH
Pi coins is not launched yet in any exchange 💱 this means it's not swappable, the current pi displaying on coin market cap is the iou version of pi. And you can learn all about that on my previous post.
RIGHT NOW THE ONLY WAY you can sell pi coins is through verified pi merchants. A pi merchant is someone who buys pi coins and resell them to exchanges and crypto whales. Looking forward to hold massive quantities of pi coins before the mainnet launch.
This is because pi network is not doing any pre-sale or ico offerings, the only way to get my coins is from buying from miners. So a merchant facilitates the transactions between the miners and these exchanges holding pi.
I and my friends has sold more than 6000 pi coins successfully with this method. I will be happy to share the contact of my personal pi merchant. The one i trade with, if you have your own merchant you can trade with them. For those who are new.
Message: @Pi_vendor_247 on telegram.
I wouldn't advise you selling all percentage of the pi coins. Leave at least a before so its a win win during open mainnet. Have a nice day pioneers ♥️
#kyc #mainnet #picoins #pi #sellpi #piwallet
#pinetwork
when will pi network coin be available on crypto exchange.DOT TECH
There is no set date for when Pi coins will enter the market.
However, the developers are working hard to get them released as soon as possible.
Once they are available, users will be able to exchange other cryptocurrencies for Pi coins on designated exchanges.
But for now the only way to sell your pi coins is through verified pi vendor.
Here is the telegram contact of my personal pi vendor
@Pi_vendor_247
USDA Loans in California: A Comprehensive Overview.pptxmarketing367770
USDA Loans in California: A Comprehensive Overview
If you're dreaming of owning a home in California's rural or suburban areas, a USDA loan might be the perfect solution. The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) offers these loans to help low-to-moderate-income individuals and families achieve homeownership.
Key Features of USDA Loans:
Zero Down Payment: USDA loans require no down payment, making homeownership more accessible.
Competitive Interest Rates: These loans often come with lower interest rates compared to conventional loans.
Flexible Credit Requirements: USDA loans have more lenient credit score requirements, helping those with less-than-perfect credit.
Guaranteed Loan Program: The USDA guarantees a portion of the loan, reducing risk for lenders and expanding borrowing options.
Eligibility Criteria:
Location: The property must be located in a USDA-designated rural or suburban area. Many areas in California qualify.
Income Limits: Applicants must meet income guidelines, which vary by region and household size.
Primary Residence: The home must be used as the borrower's primary residence.
Application Process:
Find a USDA-Approved Lender: Not all lenders offer USDA loans, so it's essential to choose one approved by the USDA.
Pre-Qualification: Determine your eligibility and the amount you can borrow.
Property Search: Look for properties in eligible rural or suburban areas.
Loan Application: Submit your application, including financial and personal information.
Processing and Approval: The lender and USDA will review your application. If approved, you can proceed to closing.
USDA loans are an excellent option for those looking to buy a home in California's rural and suburban areas. With no down payment and flexible requirements, these loans make homeownership more attainable for many families. Explore your eligibility today and take the first step toward owning your dream home.
2. Introduction
Urban Economics- Urban Economics is the study of the
location choices of firms and households and the
consequences of these choices
It includes a wide variety of topics: how and why cities
are formed, how land is used within cities, the location of
one city relative to another, and the relative size of cities.
3. Introduction
Urban Area
An area with a higher population density in comparison
to that in a rural area
Some Necessary Conditions for the existence of the
towns/cities:
•Agricultural surplus
•Economies of scale in production
•Uneven distribution of resources
•The needs of government
4. The Development of the City
Cities are a key product of the industrial revolution and
the development of the capitalist economies.
The industrial revolution brought innovations in
manufacturing and transportation sectors. Manual
production was replaced by mechanised one.
5. The Development of the City
Trade between the city region is the basis of the global
economy
People work in cities in spaces that are unequal, and
have rewards that are unequal
Cities dominate the planet’s economy and are of critical
importance in processes of social and economic
development
6. Why are cities interesting to Economists
Cities are distinguished by the kind of economic activity
that they host.
Most of them are home to industry and services.
In the high-income countries, services are the
overwhelming activity.
Retail and wholesale trade, IT services, education,
finance, law, medicine, entertainment, public
administration and other service activities, dominate the
city economies.
.
7. Why are cities interesting to Economists
Cities are trading centers. They facilitate trade,
exchange, and contracting, all greatly supported by
proximity of buyers and sellers.
Major cities are generally coastal, to take advantage of
the lower costs of sea-based shipping of goods. (This
recalls the observation of Adam Smith in 1776 that
development normally starts at the coast and moves
gradually to the interior).
Great cities are often at the estuaries of great rivers.
8. Why are cities interesting to Economists
Cities are often places of glaring inequality.
Cities enjoy enormous advantages of economies of
scope and scale, Their productivity is enhanced by the
large markets that they offer, making possible an
enormous range of activities ,depth of specialization and
enormous scale of production.
Cities face major challenges of “urban externalities,”
resulting from the high density of population and
economic activities.
9. The Significance of Space in urban economics
Urban economics examines the question of where of
economic activity. Each activity in space means that
during the time it is occupied in one way, it cannot
be occupied by any other.
Households choose where to live
Households choose where to work
Firms choose where to locate its factory/office/stores
.
10. The Significance of Space in urban economics
Space is a scarce commodity . Its use has economic
implications.
The ways in which people use space sometimes result in
certain built spaces being permanently devoted to
particular uses, whereas certain other may experience a
variety of uses at different times.
11. The Significance of Space in urban economics
City is an economic and social entity
Demand for residential space determines the demand for
space in a city by a large extent.
Research in the field of Urban economics began (late
1950s) as the theoretical analysis of the pattern of
residential location in a large city.
12. Theories of Residential Location
The Filter Down Theory/Urban Ecology
Earliest version- E. W. Burgess(1920s)- Residential
pattern of Chicago
The higher the income of any household, the further it
lived from the centre of the city.
13. Theories of Residential Location
Emphasis is on the supply side
Highest-income households live in the newest housing
furthest from the centre and the poorest households live
in the oldest housing near the centre.
The pattern of residential location is justified in terms of
the age and quality of housing.
14. Theories of Residential Location
Burgess - Concentric Zone Theory
The process of urban growth occurs through a series of
concentric circles expanding radially from the central
business district .
There are five broad zones
The theory is also known as Historical theory of
residential location (Alonso).
Economic forces are supposed to cause the pattern.
Pattern of location depends solely on the pattern of
housing replacement.
16. Theories of Residential Location
The tendencies of any town/city to expand radially from
its CBD – a series of concentric zones.
The growth of the population of the city results in an
expansion of its area- tendency for each inner zone to
extend its area by the invasion of the next outer zone.
Thus a particular site served a succession of users.
17. Theories of Residential Location
The Wedge/ Radial sector theory Hoyt (1930)
It is a modification of the Historical Theory of Residential
Location.
Focuses primarily on the location pattern of the
households -- includes the socio-economic factors in
residential location choice.
It suggests that as the city grows, diverse socio-
economic groups tend to segregate.
18. Theories of Residential Location
Over time, high quality housing tends to expand
outwards from the centre along the fastest travel route,
whereas low income households are located on the
opposite side of the CBD near the industrial land use.
Instead of concentric zone, there are sectors.
Household sectors radiate outwards from the city centre
separating the manufacturing into other sectors.
20. Theories of Residential Location
The household land use pattern in the city depends not
only on transport cost but also on similar income, taste
pattern and culture.
People can pay a higher rent for high income housing in
sector 5 to live with residents of similar outlook and in a
good environment.
21. Theories of Residential Location
The filter down theory could be correct even if a pattern
of concentric zones did not exist.
The theory is primarily a theory of housing occupancy.
It is a positive theory.
It describes and explains but does not show whether the
process ought to happen.