Urbanization refers to the population shift from rural to urban areas. Rapid urban growth has both positive and negative impacts on town planning. Positively, it can increase economic production and provide better opportunities and services. However, it can also lead to issues like urban sprawl, traffic, and pollution as megacities struggle to provide infrastructure for large populations. Effective town planning requires statutory development plans that provide strategies and proposals to manage growth, as well as regional plans that focus on balanced development across connected urban and rural areas.

1. TOWN PLANNING
ASSIGNMENT-1
SUBMITTED BY- NIKHAR MEHRA
B.ARCH SEM-7
A51204015049
SUBMITTED TO –
AR. ARUN BHANDARI

2. 1 ) What is Urbanisation. Discuss the impact of UrbanGrowth in Town Planning
Ans1
Urbanization refers to the population shift from rural to urban residency, the gradual increase in the proportion of people living in urban
areas, and the ways in which each society adapts to this change.
It is predominantly the process by which towns and cities are formed and become larger as more people begin living and working in
central areas.
urbanization is "the proportion of the total national population living in areas classed as urban," while urban growth refers to "the
absolute number of people living in areas classed as urban"
It can also be termed as the progressive increase of the number of people living in towns and cities.
It is highly influenced by the notion that cities and towns have achieved better economic, political, and social mileages compared to the
rural areas.
Accordingly, urbanization is very common in developing and developed worlds as more and more people have the tendency of moving
closer to towns and cities to acquire “privileged” social and economic services as well as benefits. These include social and economic
advantages such as better education, health care, sanitation, housing, business opportunities, and transportation
Urbanization first occurred in high-income countries (HICs) during the industrial revolution. People were attracted to urban areas (pulled)
from rural areas to work in factories. They were also pushed as developments in technology led to mechanization on farms.
Nowadays, the rate of urbanization in low-income countries (LICs) is greater than in HICs.
As LICs are developing more people are migrating to urban areas. The choropleth maps below clearly show how many LICs are becoming
more urbanized.
Majority of people move to cities and towns because they view rural areas as places with hardship and backward/primitive lifestyle.
Therefore, as populations move to more developed areas (towns and cities) the immediate outcome is urbanization.
This normally contributes to the development of land for use in commercial properties, social and economic support institutions,
transportation, and residential buildings. Eventually, these activities raise several urbanization issues.
Positive implications of urban growth include
 higher economic production,
 opportunities for the underemployed and unemployed,
 better life because of better opportunities and better services, and better lifestyles.
 Urban growth can extend better basic services (such as transportation, sewer, and water) as well as other specialist services
(such as better educational facilities, health care facilities) to more peoples.
 In the developed countries, during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, urbanisation resulted from and contributed to
industrialisation.
 New job opportunities in the cities motivated the mass movement of surplus population away from the villages. At the same time,
migrants provided cheap, plentiful labour for the emerging factories.
 Currently, due to movements such as globalisation, the circumstances are similar in developing countries.
 The concentration of investments in cities attracts large number of migrants looking for employment, thereby creating a large
surplus labour force, which keeps wages low. This situation is attractive to foreign investment companies from developed
countries who can produce goods for far less than if the goods were produced where wages are higher. Thus, one might wonder if
urban poverty serves a distinct function for the benefit of global capital.
Negative impact of Urban growth :
 In many megacities of developing world, urban sprawl is a common problem and a substantial amount of city dwellers live in
slums within the city or in urban periphery in poverty and degraded environment.
 These high-density settlements are often highly polluted owing to the lack of urban services, including running water, sewer,
trash pickup, electricity or paved roads.
 One of the major effects of rapid urban growth is sprawl that increases traffic, saps local resources, and destroys open space.
 Urban sprawl is responsible for changes in the physical environment, and in the form and spatial structure of cities.
3) What is the Development Plan and Regional Plan.

3. Answer
Development plan is a statutory plan prepared (under relevant Act) within the framework of an approved perspective plan.
The objective of a development plan is to provide further necessary details and intended actions in the
form of strategies and physical proposals for various policies given in the perspective plan and regional plan depending upon the
economic and social needs and aspiration of the people, available resources and priorities.
Proposals of a development plan should be definite, supported by an implementation strategy and evaluation criteria.
It makes known publicly the intention of the local authority regarding physical, social and economic development, the facilities and
the services that are proposed to be provided in the near future.
The approved development plan allows the local authority to implement development of the land area specified under the plan with
the help of local area plans and projects.
The time frame of the existing Development Plans is for a period of 20 years by most of the Urban Development Authorities/ULBs.
For greenfield cities, a longer planning period can be considered, aligned with the infrastructure life of 30 years. These plans should be
in phases of 5 years, to make it convenient for periodic reviews and revision.
This 5year cycle could also be usefully coincided with the State Five Year plans and State Finance Commissions’ recommendation
s, though such an alignment need not be made mandatory.
The targets set for each phase can be assessed as the midterm review against the achievements at
the end of each phase. For Greenfield area, phasing could include a ‘Zero’ period for approvals, institutional set‐
up, initial land polling and revisiting any strategy.
Regional Plan
For planned and sustainable development of the human settlements, the regional planning approach needs to be promoted. The planning
regions could be classified under three heads:
A Master Plan for a city would exclude the lands covered under the Industrial Development Act, even though the lands would be adjacent
and the movement of the people and of the economic activities may be seamless.
This leads to suboptimal planning for land use as well as for infrastructure. It is, therefore, suggested that the
principles for spatial planning recommended by these guidelines are extended to all areas, whether administered by the regular
administrative system of the State Government or by special laws such as for the ports, cantonments, railways, industrial zones etc.
Furthermore, the concepts of regional planning enunciated in these guidelines should be extended to all contiguous areas that are
socially, economically or functionally inter‐
dependent. At times, even certain infrastructure could be planned and developed in a regional set up.
Typically, a town in the vicinity of a industrial zone (SEZ etc.) should become the node for notification of a Regional Planning
Authority (RPA), wherein the region would be defined to include the town, the nearby SEZ and the adjoining villages.
The plan is based on understanding of the characteristics of the region such as flow of people, goods, knowledge and money
Regional plan focuses on balanced development and plan for hierarchy of settlements, both urban and rural
(in terms of its geographical area coverage), hierarchy of connectivity network, road, rail, sea and airports and intermodal transport hubs,
focuses on land utilisation, resource mobilisation, environmental protection and disaster risk management.
4) What is URDPFI? Explain briefly about its use in present Town Planning in India.
Ans-4
UDPFI Guidelines, 1996 provided a framework for plan preparation and implementation process. Since 1996, many developments have
taken place in the field of urban planning, especially in view of emerging needs and requirements of urban settlements due to rapid
population growth, globalization of economy and phenomenal advances in information and communication technologies.
The towns and cities have become more dynamic in nature and are subject to unprecedented changes in terms of requirements of
infrastructure and other basic services/ amenities.
Besides, new emerging aspects like regional development, inclusive planning, sustainable habitat, land use and transport integration at
planning stage, Service Level Benchmarks, disaster management concepts, and governance reforms have given a new dimension to the
planning process.
To address these emerging aspects, it was felt that the revision of the UDPFI Guidelines should be taken up. The ‘Urban and Regional
Development Plans Formulation and Implementation
Guidelines (URDPFI)’ were conceptualized as the outcome of widespread consultations with the planning peers in the various Ministries,

4. Experts, Professional and Academic Institutions and other stakeholders. The URDPFI Guidelines, 2014 have been framed to incorporate the
provisions of the legal and policy guidelines of the line Ministries, best practices of the States and the planning systems in vogue. A
participatory consultative approach has been followed in order to revise the guidelines to holistically understand and proactively involve
the Government of India Ministries/Agencies and State Governments for guiding Urbanization.
5) Write a note on Indus Valley Civilisation?
Ans-5
Town planning is the unique feature of Indus valley civilization. Their town planning proves that they lived a highly civilized and developed life.
Indus people were the first to build planned cities with scientific drainage system. The Indus cities were built on an uniform plan. Town
planning was amazing in nature. A few cities have citadels to the West built on higher platform and to the east of which is the hub of residential
area. Both of them are surrounded by a massive brick wall. The cities without citadel are found on high mounds.
TOWN PLANNING OF INDUSVALLEY CIVILIZATION
STREETS
The streets were straight and cut each other at right angles. They were 13 to 34 feet wide and were well lined. The streets and roads divided the
city into rectangular blocks. Archaeologists have discovered the lamp posts at intervals. This suggests the existence of street lights. Dustbins
were also provided on the streets. These prove the presence of good municipal administration.
DRAINAGE SYSTEM
One of the most remarkable features of the Indus valley civilization is that the city was provided with an excellent closed drainage system.
Each house had its own drainage and soak pit which was connected to the public drainage. Brick laid channels flowed through every street.
They were covered and had manholes at intervals for cleaning and clearing purposes. Large brick culverts with corbelled roofs were
constructed on the outskirts of the city to carry excess water. Thus Indus people had a perfect underground drainage system. No other
contemporary civilization gave so much attention to cleanliness.
THE GREAT BATH
The most striking feature in Mohenjodaro is the Great Bath. It consists of a large quadrangle. In the centre, there is a huge swimming pool
(approximately 39 ft long, 23 ft wide and 8ft deep) with the remains of galleries and rooms on all four sides. It has a flight of steps at either end
and is fed by a well, situated in one of the adjoining rooms. The water was discharged by a huge drain with corbelled roof more than 6 ft in
depth. The Great bath had 8 ft thick outer walls. This solid construction has successfully withstood the natural ravages for 5000 years. There
were arrangements for hot water bath in some rooms.
GRANARIES
The largest building in Mohenjodaro is granary which is 45.71 mtrs long and 15.23 mtrs wide. In Harappa there are a series of brick platforms
which formed the base for two rows of 6 granaries each. In the Southern part of Kalibangan brick platforms have also been found. These
granaries safely stored the grains, which were probably collected as revenue or store houses to be used in emergencies.
BUILDINGS
People of Indus valley civilization built houses and other buildings by the side of roads. They built terraced houses of burnt bricks. Every house
had two or more rooms. There were also more than one storied houses. The houses were designed around an inner courtyard and contained
pillared halls, bath rooms, paved floors, kitchen, well etc. Besides residential quarters, elaborate structures have also been found. One of
these buildings has got the biggest hall measuring 80 ft long and 80 ft wide. It might have been a palace, or temple or hall for holding meetings.
The workmen quarters are also found. There was an excellent system of water supply. There were public wells by the side of streets. Every big
house had its own well. They also built a dockyard at Lothal.