Presentation tries to outlines various processes and methodologies which goes into making of a Master Plan for Urban areas

1. Jit Kumar Gupta,
former Director, College
of Architecture, IET
Bhaddal
Jit.kumar1944@gmail.com
Methodology
for Preparation
of Master Plan

2. DEMOGRAPHY-
Global & Indian

3. Population Scenario-World
 World population recorded:World population recorded:
 1 Billion in 18041 Billion in 1804
 2 Billion in 1927 (123 yrs. Later)2 Billion in 1927 (123 yrs. Later)
 3 Billion in 1960 (33 yrs. Later)3 Billion in 1960 (33 yrs. Later)
 4 Billion in 1974 (14 yrs. Later)4 Billion in 1974 (14 yrs. Later)
 5 Billion in 1987 (13 yrs. Later)5 Billion in 1987 (13 yrs. Later)
 6 Billion in 1999 (12 yrs. Later)6 Billion in 1999 (12 yrs. Later)
 7 Billion in 2010 (11 yrs. Later)7 Billion in 2010 (11 yrs. Later)
 UNO population projection ranges from 8.9-10.9UNO population projection ranges from 8.9-10.9
billion for 2050.billion for 2050.
 China and Indian have population over 1 billionChina and Indian have population over 1 billion
 India to become most populated country by 2036.India to become most populated country by 2036.
 Tokyo largest Urban Agglomeration with 34Tokyo largest Urban Agglomeration with 34
million residents (2011).million residents (2011).
 26 Urban Agglomerations with + 10 million26 Urban Agglomerations with + 10 million
population in world out of which 3 are in Indiapopulation in world out of which 3 are in India
(Mumbai, Kolkata & Delhi).(Mumbai, Kolkata & Delhi).

4. Contribution to increase in urban population , 2014 to 2050

5. Population Scenario- India-2011
 Population of India reached
 250 million in 1919
 500 million in 1966 (47 yrs. Later)
 1000 million in 2000 ( 34 yrs. Later)
 1027 million in 2001 (1yr Later)
 1210 million in 2011 (10 yrs. Later)
 Last century recoded 5 fold increase in population
 2050- India to have population 1800 million with 50% living
in Urban India.
 Urban India- 285.39 million in 2001 (5161 towns)
 377 million in 2011- (7935 towns)
 Metropolitan Centres -5 (1951)- -53 (2011)-68(2031)
 10 m plus- nil (1951)- 3 (2011) -7 (2031)-9 (2051)
 Greater Mumbai with 18.37 million - most populous city (2011).
 Urban India first time added more persons(91m) as compared
to Rural India(90m)
 massive shift of population -not simply a shift of demographics
 Shift places cities and towns at centre of India’s development
trajectory.
 Increased population requires
 More housing,
 More educational/ healthcare/ other institutions
 More commercial space
 More transportation– More Resources

6. Population Distribution- India-2011
Urban Pop. Distribution(2011)377 m (31.1 %)- 7935
towns/cities
-Mega Cities with Pop > 10m - 4% of total pop
- Cities with Population 5-10m- 3%
- Cities with Population 1-5m- 6%
- Cities with Population 0.1-1m- 9%
- Cities with Population < 0.1 m- 9%
** Rural Pop Distribution(2011) 833 m ( 68.9%)
-------6,40, 867 villages
---- Very large (>10k), large villages(>5k)-17%
-- Medium villages (2-5 k)— 24%
--- Small villages (1-2000) — 17%
------Hamlets (5 00-1000) — 8%
---- Small Hamlets(<5 00)— 3%
 Every 3rd Indian lives in cities/towns
 Every 5th
Indian lives in cities
 Every 8th
Urbanite lives in Mega city
 4 out of 10 urbanites live in metro cities
 7 out of 10 urbanites are residing in cities.
 Large and medium villages house 60%rural pop.

7. •State population increased to 3.6 times
•Urban population increased to 11 times, rural only increased to 2.6 times
•Urbanization increased from 12.39% to 37.49%
•Number of Urban Centers increased from 76 to 217
•Urban Growth rate (25.72%) is more than 3 times Rural growth rate (7.52%)
Urbanization – Punjab(1901-2011)

8. Urbanization – India Vs Punjab
India Punjab
*Source: Census of India

9. Urbanization – Metros
India Punjab
*Source: Census of India

10. Urbanization – India Vs. Punjab
*Source: Census of India

11. Urbanization vis-à-vis GDP
Punjab India
*Source: CII & Planning Commission of India

12. ULBs / Improvement Trusts in Punjab
Total ULBs – 141
Improvement Trusts – 28
*Source: Department of Local Government, Punjab

13. URBAN INDIA- 2030-Mckinsey Global Inst-
 India Urban Awakening :Building Inclusive Cities-Report- April, 2010
projects that by 2030:
 590 m to live in Urban India- twice the US population
 70% GDP generated by cities
 80% Revenue generated by cities
 4 fold increase in per capita income
 5 times the number by which GDP would multiply
 270 million net increase in working age group
 70% of new jobs(170 mil) generated in cities
 91 M urban households will be middle class-- up from 22 M
 68 Cities will be Metropolises-Europe has 35 only
 $ 1.2T capital needed to meet projected infrastructure demand
 700-900 million Sqmts of residential/ commercial area needed annually- a new
Chicago to be created
 2.5 b Sqmts roads paved-20times created in last decade
 7400km (350-400 km/year) of metro needed -20times created in last decade
 200 million Rural Indians to benefit-living close to top 70 cities
 75%urban India to live in bottom segment -earning Rs 80 per day

14. Urbanization-issuesDespite distinct advantages , Urban
centers:
 Poorly managed and governed.
 Consume large energy
 Unable to meet challenges of urban dynamism
 Showcase haphazard /Unplanned pattern of development.
 Promoters of enormous growth of slums
 Promoters of Poor quality of life
 Failure to meet basic needs of
1. Shelter
2. Services
3. Land ,Water, Sanitation
• Population , Poverty , Pollution and traffic greatest
threat and challenge to Indian Cities.
• Indian Urbanization is rightly called :
 Urbanization of Population
 Urbanization of Poverty
 Urbanization of Pollution

15. • Cities profoundly :
•alter quality of life
• impact local and global environment
• responsible for 70% of global energy consumption
• green house gas emissions-- majority coming from
buildings / transportation
•Cities fast emerging as GREY CITIES, way they:
Create high energy demand and Consume Energy
 Consume resources
 Consume Land
 Increase travel demand
Create heat islands
Generate waste
Create ecological problems
Destroy natural habitat
Add to water pollution
 impact environment
Lower down quality of life
Urbanization-issuesUrbanization-issues

16. Urban Planning and Legal Framework
• In this era of rapid and massive urbanization:
 urban land development and
 urban development process
emerged critical areas of major concerns to all governments.
• Planning/ Management of urban settlements have major
implications on:
 economic development,
 social change,
 Environmental sustainability,
 operational efficiency of any society and
 Welfare of the community
• At the root of such development / administration are
- human beings and their basic requirements of living, working, cobs
and travel
- land / its allocation / planning and management involving
-- Sub-division and
--- Use of Land
• Land-use planning emerges most powerful element in the process
of urban development.

17.  For promoting, guiding and rationalizing the
future growth and development of urban
centers.
 Promoting planned development
 Endorsing growth in the desired direction,
 --promote economic development,
 -- improving service delivery
 -- providing basic/essential amenities to
people.
 - an appropriate/ scientific tool for
promoting systematic & planned growth of
the city
Master Plan-Need

18. OBJECTIVES
 Promotes systematic & planned growth of city by:
 (i) Identifying existing gaps in physical and social infrastructure & to
bridge those gaps
 (ii) Making assessment of city to suggest strategies for economic
development.
 (iii) Leveraging economy
 (iv) Rationalizing land use and their interrelationships
 (v) Minimizing haphazard and uncontrolled growth of town/cities
 (vi) Achieving planned growth and development to provide healthy
living environment
 (vii) Promoting better urban governance and resource generation.
(viii) Rationalizing orderly movement of traffic and transportation
 (ix) defining area for laying down network of various services.
 (x) Indicating spatial distribution of physical/social infrastructure for
optimum use
 (xi) Ensuring systematic, balanced & integrated development
(xii) Framing mechanism/strategies for resolving core area problems
Master Plan- Objectives

19. Preparing Master Plan- Scope
 Preparing Master Plan covers the following aspects:
 • Collection and review of available data, documents, reports, etc.
 site visits. •
 Studying demand, supply and identifying gaps in service delivery. ,
 identifying strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats,
 preparing Existing Land use Plan, thematic maps,
 • Reviewing ongoing / proposed development projects and other Govt schemes
 • Formulating of vision and working out strategy
 • Preparing of detailed Development Plan including approximate location and extent of
land uses such as residential, industrial, commercial, etc.
 Preparing Proposed Land use Plan and Zonal Development Plan etc.
 Defining Development Control Regulations.
 Evolving framework for implementation of the Master Plan/ Development Control
Regulations •
 Prioritizing projects and formulation of Investment Plan
 • Formulating Investment Plan with appropriate financing strategies.
 • Focusing on reforms to be carried out at the State/ District level in consonance to
promote planned interventions

20. APPROACH TO THE MASTER PLAN
Approach to the preparation of Master Plan would involve :
--outlining the critical issues of city development,
-- undertaking a demand-supply gap survey and analysis
 Making Projections for the next two decades
-- formulating management framework including
/strategies for future growth and development to include :
--Defining options for promoting rational development
--through the introduction of a regulatory mechanism
realistic planning and
 management interventions
within the overall regulatory and institutional framework.

21. PREPARING MASTER PLAN

22. MASTER PLANS- PUNJABPrepared under Punjab Regional Town Planning and
Development Act,1995
Declaration of Planning Areas (U/S 56) and Planning
Agencies (U/S 57)-in Chapter VIII
Planning Agencies- PUDA/SAPDA/NTPDA/Lcal
Authority/T&C Planning Wing of HUDD
Regional Plans- prepared under Chapter- IX
Master Plans - prepared under Chapter- X (U/S 70-78)
Approval of Master Plan– US/74
Coming into operation of Master Plan– U/S-75
 Review/amendment M Pl after every 10 years-U/S-76
Master Plan of Site of New Town—U/S 78
Amended in 2006- Outline-70 / draft Comprehensive-71/

23. METHODOLGY FOR MASTER PLAN
The various stages of preparation of Master Plan
include:
1.Identification ,defining and notification of
Local Planning Area
2.Identification and notification of Planning
Agency
3.. Preparation of Existing Land Use Plan- ----
--Satellite Imageries,
--Survey of India maps
--Physical Ground Surveys
--Revenue maps
-- other available documents

24. METHODOLGY FOR MASTER PLAN
· 4. Study, assessment and analysis of Local Planning
Area/urban areas in terms of--
· Regional Setting
· Historical Evolution
· Demographic Studies
· Socio-Economic Studies
• Housing
•Slums & Poverty
•Trade and commerce
•Industries
· Traffic & Transportation
· Physical Infrastructure (Water Supply, Sewerage, Solid Waste
Management,
· Social Infrastructure (Educational, Medical, Recreational, Miscellaneous)
•Environment , Heritage and Tourism
· Growth Pattern
· Land use
· Available studies and report

25. METHODOLGY FOR MASTER PLAN
5. Involving Stakeholders through:
FGD’s and personal interviews
· Meeting with experts
· Think Tank meetings
· NGOs/ Private agencies/ Public Agencies/state
Departments
· Public Representatives,
6. Identifying Gaps , Issues and Problems through:
-- Comparison with available norms and standards
-- Spatial Distribution
-- Quantitative and Qualitative analysis

26. METHODOLGY FOR MASTER PLAN

7. Carrying out S.W.O.T analysis based
upon--
 • Studies made and analysis carried out of
• City Assessment
• Stakeholders’ Perception
• Identified problems and gaps
• Identified major socio-economic drivers

27. METHODOLGY FOR MASTER PLAN
8 Working out City requirements- for next 20 Years
based on:
--Population Projections ,
--Norms and Standard
-- Broad Land use Requirements.
9. Defining Conceptual Framework through:
-- Defining Vision for future growth and development
-- Identifying broad objectives
-- Laying down mission statements for critical areas
10. Preparation of alternatives--Concept Plans

28. METHODOLGY FOR MASTER PLAN
 11. Evolving Draft Master Plan – Involving Proposed Land Use Plan
/Traffic & Transportation Plan along with Development Control
Regulations (D.C.R)
· Based on existing land use plan , critical areas, growth drivers
 areas to be preserved, conserved and promoted, heritage areas
 land use analysis, land suitability analysis etc
· Studies and assessment made --- Gaps and problems identified
· Stakeholders’ perception ---Objectives/ vision/ Mission framed
· Future population growth---- Future infrastructure requirements/ Available
land for development
 12. Notifying Draft Master Plan for Inviting Public Objections/
Suggestions—
13 Considering Public Objections/Suggestions
14 Finalising Master Plan- Issuing Public notice including Phasing and
Investment Plan
15. Evolving Zonal Plans based on Proposed Land Use

29. AMRITSAR- EXISTING LAND USE

30. PROPOSED LAND USE - Amritsar

31. AMRITSAR MASTER PLAN ELU SHOWING MUNICIPAL
BOUNDARY AND PERIURBAN AREAS

32. Master Plans prepared in Punjab
MASTER PLANS/ REGIONAL PLANS
Greater Mohali Area Development Authority—10/1
Greater Ludhiana Area Development Authority --
6/1
Bathinda Development Authority- 4/1
Amritsar Development Authority- 7/1
Jalandhar Development Authority -- 5/-
Patiala Development Authority— 2/-
Total MASTER PLANS/REGIONAL PLANS--- 34/1


36. VACANT POCKETS AND AGRICULTURAL AREA

37. PERSPECTIVE PLAN CHANDIGARH

38. CHANDIGARH MASTER PLAN -2031

39. MASTER PLANS - Limitations
Lengthy, cumbersome time consuming process--Requires lot of
time
Requires large financial allocation
Rigid- lacks flexibility
Based on only defining land use mechanism
Stresses only physical aspects- ignores large social, economic,
environmental issues- emphasizes plan preparation
Lack of availability of city centric accurate data
Prepared mostly using secondary data; Only few surveys are done
Absence of stakeholders participation
Lack of transparency
Lack of trained manpower/ technology
Inaccurate base plan/ existing land use plan
Mismatch between plan proposals and ground realities

40. MASTER PLANS - Limitations
Large number of disputes in plan interpretation
Lack of involvement of specialized agencies/expertise
Plan preparation and plan implementation divorced
Freezes city/ Land use for 20 long years
Unable to meet emerging urban challenges
Unable to address urban dynamism
Emerged as the major road block in planned development
Leads to emergence of Slums/ haphazard development
Does not address the needs of the informal sector- document of
exclusion--Emerged as elitist in nature
Major source of corruption/ manipulation

41. CHANGING CONTEXT OF MASTER PLANS
Need to make Master Plan a better Master Plan
by:
-- changing its intent, content, approach and
philosophy
-- making it people/city centric
-- involving participatory approach
-- bringing flexibility
-- preparing it in a short time,
--structure defined through
 road network,
 infrastructure network and

42. CHANGING CONTEXT OF MASTER PLANS
Master Plan to be promoter of Planned development rather than
controller of development
Master plan to make city compact
 Master plans prepared with energy efficiency as the focus
To reduce carbon footprints of city
Promoting mixed landuse rather than pure land use planning
Promoting Green Transportation-- pedestrianisation, cycling,
public transport as the-- preferred mode of transportation
Promoting transit oriented development (TOD) to minimise
travel
Minimising use of Agricultural land
 minimum land under urbanization
Promote 24x7 use of land

43. CHANGING CONTEXT OF MASTER PLANS
Promote self-sufficiency in day to day needs
Promote Decentralization
Provide open spaces on defined norms
Plan city on well defined norms and planning
parameters
Promote water sufficiency
Promote reduce, recycle and reuse in city
Make informal sector integral part of planning process
Promoting Green Energy in city- Solar, Wind, Bio-mass,
Geo-thermal enrgy
Preparing Master Plan using nature as the basis- SUN,
SPACE, VERDURE

44. THANKS
FOR YOUR
PATIENCE
AND TIME