The document outlines a comprehensive methodology for preparing a master plan, focusing on the significant growth in global and Indian urban populations and the corresponding infrastructural needs. It highlights the challenges faced by urban centers, such as poor governance, resource consumption, and the rise of slums, while emphasizing the importance of land-use planning and stakeholder involvement in urban development. The document also critiques existing master plans for their rigidity and lack of responsiveness to emerging urban dynamics, advocating for more inclusive, flexible, and context-aware planning approaches.

1. Jit Kumar Gupta,
former Director, College
of Architecture, IET
Bhaddal
Jit.kumar1944@gmail.com
Methodology
for Preparation
of Master Plan

2. DEMOGRAPHY-
Global & Indian

3. Population Scenario-World
 World population recorded:World population recorded:
 1 Billion in 18041 Billion in 1804
 2 Billion in 1927 (123 yrs. Later)2 Billion in 1927 (123 yrs. Later)
 3 Billion in 1960 (33 yrs. Later)3 Billion in 1960 (33 yrs. Later)
 4 Billion in 1974 (14 yrs. Later)4 Billion in 1974 (14 yrs. Later)
 5 Billion in 1987 (13 yrs. Later)5 Billion in 1987 (13 yrs. Later)
 6 Billion in 1999 (12 yrs. Later)6 Billion in 1999 (12 yrs. Later)
 7 Billion in 2010 (11 yrs. Later)7 Billion in 2010 (11 yrs. Later)
 UNO population projection ranges from 8.9-10.9UNO population projection ranges from 8.9-10.9
billion for 2050.billion for 2050.
 China and Indian have population over 1 billionChina and Indian have population over 1 billion
 India to become most populated country by 2036.India to become most populated country by 2036.
 Tokyo largest Urban Agglomeration with 34Tokyo largest Urban Agglomeration with 34
million residents (2011).million residents (2011).
 26 Urban Agglomerations with + 10 million26 Urban Agglomerations with + 10 million
population in world out of which 3 are in Indiapopulation in world out of which 3 are in India
(Mumbai, Kolkata & Delhi).(Mumbai, Kolkata & Delhi).

4. Contribution to increase in urban population , 2014 to 2050

5. Population Scenario- India-2011
 Population of India reached
 250 million in 1919
 500 million in 1966 (47 yrs. Later)
 1000 million in 2000 ( 34 yrs. Later)
 1027 million in 2001 (1yr Later)
 1210 million in 2011 (10 yrs. Later)
 Last century recoded 5 fold increase in population
 2050- India to have population 1800 million with 50% living
in Urban India.
 Urban India- 285.39 million in 2001 (5161 towns)
 377 million in 2011- (7935 towns)
 Metropolitan Centres -5 (1951)- -53 (2011)-68(2031)
 10 m plus- nil (1951)- 3 (2011) -7 (2031)-9 (2051)
 Greater Mumbai with 18.37 million - most populous city (2011).
 Urban India first time added more persons(91m) as compared
to Rural India(90m)
 massive shift of population -not simply a shift of demographics
 Shift places cities and towns at centre of India’s development
trajectory.
 Increased population requires
 More housing,
 More educational/ healthcare/ other institutions
 More commercial space
 More transportation– More Resources

6. Population Distribution- India-2011
Urban Pop. Distribution(2011)377 m (31.1 %)- 7935
towns/cities
-Mega Cities with Pop > 10m - 4% of total pop
- Cities with Population 5-10m- 3%
- Cities with Population 1-5m- 6%
- Cities with Population 0.1-1m- 9%
- Cities with Population < 0.1 m- 9%
** Rural Pop Distribution(2011) 833 m ( 68.9%)
-------6,40, 867 villages
---- Very large (>10k), large villages(>5k)-17%
-- Medium villages (2-5 k)— 24%
--- Small villages (1-2000) — 17%
------Hamlets (5 00-1000) — 8%
---- Small Hamlets(<5 00)— 3%
 Every 3rd Indian lives in cities/towns
 Every 5th
Indian lives in cities
 Every 8th
Urbanite lives in Mega city
 4 out of 10 urbanites live in metro cities
 7 out of 10 urbanites are residing in cities.
 Large and medium villages house 60%rural pop.

7. •State population increased to 3.6 times
•Urban population increased to 11 times, rural only increased to 2.6 times
•Urbanization increased from 12.39% to 37.49%
•Number of Urban Centers increased from 76 to 217
•Urban Growth rate (25.72%) is more than 3 times Rural growth rate (7.52%)
Urbanization – Punjab(1901-2011)

8. Urbanization – India Vs Punjab
India Punjab
*Source: Census of India

9. Urbanization – Metros
India Punjab
*Source: Census of India

10. Urbanization – India Vs. Punjab
*Source: Census of India

11. Urbanization vis-à-vis GDP
Punjab India
*Source: CII & Planning Commission of India

12. ULBs / Improvement Trusts in Punjab
Total ULBs – 141
Improvement Trusts – 28
*Source: Department of Local Government, Punjab

13. URBAN INDIA- 2030-Mckinsey Global Inst-
 India Urban Awakening :Building Inclusive Cities-Report- April, 2010
projects that by 2030:
 590 m to live in Urban India- twice the US population
 70% GDP generated by cities
 80% Revenue generated by cities
 4 fold increase in per capita income
 5 times the number by which GDP would multiply
 270 million net increase in working age group
 70% of new jobs(170 mil) generated in cities
 91 M urban households will be middle class-- up from 22 M
 68 Cities will be Metropolises-Europe has 35 only
 $ 1.2T capital needed to meet projected infrastructure demand
 700-900 million Sqmts of residential/ commercial area needed annually- a new
Chicago to be created
 2.5 b Sqmts roads paved-20times created in last decade
 7400km (350-400 km/year) of metro needed -20times created in last decade
 200 million Rural Indians to benefit-living close to top 70 cities
 75%urban India to live in bottom segment -earning Rs 80 per day

14. Urbanization-issuesDespite distinct advantages , Urban
centers:
 Poorly managed and governed.
 Consume large energy
 Unable to meet challenges of urban dynamism
 Showcase haphazard /Unplanned pattern of development.
 Promoters of enormous growth of slums
 Promoters of Poor quality of life
 Failure to meet basic needs of
1. Shelter
2. Services
3. Land ,Water, Sanitation
• Population , Poverty , Pollution and traffic greatest
threat and challenge to Indian Cities.
• Indian Urbanization is rightly called :
 Urbanization of Population
 Urbanization of Poverty
 Urbanization of Pollution

15. • Cities profoundly :
•alter quality of life
• impact local and global environment
• responsible for 70% of global energy consumption
• green house gas emissions-- majority coming from
buildings / transportation
•Cities fast emerging as GREY CITIES, way they:
Create high energy demand and Consume Energy
 Consume resources
 Consume Land
 Increase travel demand
Create heat islands
Generate waste
Create ecological problems
Destroy natural habitat
Add to water pollution
 impact environment
Lower down quality of life
Urbanization-issuesUrbanization-issues

16. Urban Planning and Legal Framework
• In this era of rapid and massive urbanization:
 urban land development and
 urban development process
emerged critical areas of major concerns to all governments.
• Planning/ Management of urban settlements have major
implications on:
 economic development,
 social change,
 Environmental sustainability,
 operational efficiency of any society and
 Welfare of the community
• At the root of such development / administration are
- human beings and their basic requirements of living, working, cobs
and travel
- land / its allocation / planning and management involving
-- Sub-division and
--- Use of Land
• Land-use planning emerges most powerful element in the process
of urban development.

17.  For promoting, guiding and rationalizing the
future growth and development of urban
centers.
 Promoting planned development
 Endorsing growth in the desired direction,
 --promote economic development,
 -- improving service delivery
 -- providing basic/essential amenities to
people.
 - an appropriate/ scientific tool for
promoting systematic & planned growth of
the city
Master Plan-Need

18. OBJECTIVES
 Promotes systematic & planned growth of city by:
 (i) Identifying existing gaps in physical and social infrastructure & to
bridge those gaps
 (ii) Making assessment of city to suggest strategies for economic
development.
 (iii) Leveraging economy
 (iv) Rationalizing land use and their interrelationships
 (v) Minimizing haphazard and uncontrolled growth of town/cities
 (vi) Achieving planned growth and development to provide healthy
living environment
 (vii) Promoting better urban governance and resource generation.
(viii) Rationalizing orderly movement of traffic and transportation
 (ix) defining area for laying down network of various services.
 (x) Indicating spatial distribution of physical/social infrastructure for
optimum use
 (xi) Ensuring systematic, balanced & integrated development
(xii) Framing mechanism/strategies for resolving core area problems
Master Plan- Objectives

19. Preparing Master Plan- Scope
 Preparing Master Plan covers the following aspects:
 • Collection and review of available data, documents, reports, etc.
 site visits. •
 Studying demand, supply and identifying gaps in service delivery. ,
 identifying strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats,
 preparing Existing Land use Plan, thematic maps,
 • Reviewing ongoing / proposed development projects and other Govt schemes
 • Formulating of vision and working out strategy
 • Preparing of detailed Development Plan including approximate location and extent of
land uses such as residential, industrial, commercial, etc.
 Preparing Proposed Land use Plan and Zonal Development Plan etc.
 Defining Development Control Regulations.
 Evolving framework for implementation of the Master Plan/ Development Control
Regulations •
 Prioritizing projects and formulation of Investment Plan
 • Formulating Investment Plan with appropriate financing strategies.
 • Focusing on reforms to be carried out at the State/ District level in consonance to
promote planned interventions

20. APPROACH TO THE MASTER PLAN
Approach to the preparation of Master Plan would involve :
--outlining the critical issues of city development,
-- undertaking a demand-supply gap survey and analysis
 Making Projections for the next two decades
-- formulating management framework including
/strategies for future growth and development to include :
--Defining options for promoting rational development
--through the introduction of a regulatory mechanism
realistic planning and
 management interventions
within the overall regulatory and institutional framework.

21. PREPARING MASTER PLAN

22. MASTER PLANS- PUNJABPrepared under Punjab Regional Town Planning and
Development Act,1995
Declaration of Planning Areas (U/S 56) and Planning
Agencies (U/S 57)-in Chapter VIII
Planning Agencies- PUDA/SAPDA/NTPDA/Lcal
Authority/T&C Planning Wing of HUDD
Regional Plans- prepared under Chapter- IX
Master Plans - prepared under Chapter- X (U/S 70-78)
Approval of Master Plan– US/74
Coming into operation of Master Plan– U/S-75
 Review/amendment M Pl after every 10 years-U/S-76
Master Plan of Site of New Town—U/S 78
Amended in 2006- Outline-70 / draft Comprehensive-71/

23. METHODOLGY FOR MASTER PLAN
The various stages of preparation of Master Plan
include:
1.Identification ,defining and notification of
Local Planning Area
2.Identification and notification of Planning
Agency
3.. Preparation of Existing Land Use Plan- ----
--Satellite Imageries,
--Survey of India maps
--Physical Ground Surveys
--Revenue maps
-- other available documents

24. METHODOLGY FOR MASTER PLAN
· 4. Study, assessment and analysis of Local Planning
Area/urban areas in terms of--
· Regional Setting
· Historical Evolution
· Demographic Studies
· Socio-Economic Studies
• Housing
•Slums & Poverty
•Trade and commerce
•Industries
· Traffic & Transportation
· Physical Infrastructure (Water Supply, Sewerage, Solid Waste
Management,
· Social Infrastructure (Educational, Medical, Recreational, Miscellaneous)
•Environment , Heritage and Tourism
· Growth Pattern
· Land use
· Available studies and report

25. METHODOLGY FOR MASTER PLAN
5. Involving Stakeholders through:
FGD’s and personal interviews
· Meeting with experts
· Think Tank meetings
· NGOs/ Private agencies/ Public Agencies/state
Departments
· Public Representatives,
6. Identifying Gaps , Issues and Problems through:
-- Comparison with available norms and standards
-- Spatial Distribution
-- Quantitative and Qualitative analysis

26. METHODOLGY FOR MASTER PLAN

7. Carrying out S.W.O.T analysis based
upon--
 • Studies made and analysis carried out of
• City Assessment
• Stakeholders’ Perception
• Identified problems and gaps
• Identified major socio-economic drivers

27. METHODOLGY FOR MASTER PLAN
8 Working out City requirements- for next 20 Years
based on:
--Population Projections ,
--Norms and Standard
-- Broad Land use Requirements.
9. Defining Conceptual Framework through:
-- Defining Vision for future growth and development
-- Identifying broad objectives
-- Laying down mission statements for critical areas
10. Preparation of alternatives--Concept Plans

28. METHODOLGY FOR MASTER PLAN
 11. Evolving Draft Master Plan – Involving Proposed Land Use Plan
/Traffic & Transportation Plan along with Development Control
Regulations (D.C.R)
· Based on existing land use plan , critical areas, growth drivers
 areas to be preserved, conserved and promoted, heritage areas
 land use analysis, land suitability analysis etc
· Studies and assessment made --- Gaps and problems identified
· Stakeholders’ perception ---Objectives/ vision/ Mission framed
· Future population growth---- Future infrastructure requirements/ Available
land for development
 12. Notifying Draft Master Plan for Inviting Public Objections/
Suggestions—
13 Considering Public Objections/Suggestions
14 Finalising Master Plan- Issuing Public notice including Phasing and
Investment Plan
15. Evolving Zonal Plans based on Proposed Land Use

29. AMRITSAR- EXISTING LAND USE

30. PROPOSED LAND USE - Amritsar

31. AMRITSAR MASTER PLAN ELU SHOWING MUNICIPAL
BOUNDARY AND PERIURBAN AREAS

32. Master Plans prepared in Punjab
MASTER PLANS/ REGIONAL PLANS
Greater Mohali Area Development Authority—10/1
Greater Ludhiana Area Development Authority --
6/1
Bathinda Development Authority- 4/1
Amritsar Development Authority- 7/1
Jalandhar Development Authority -- 5/-
Patiala Development Authority— 2/-
Total MASTER PLANS/REGIONAL PLANS--- 34/1


36. VACANT POCKETS AND AGRICULTURAL AREA

37. PERSPECTIVE PLAN CHANDIGARH

38. CHANDIGARH MASTER PLAN -2031

39. MASTER PLANS - Limitations
Lengthy, cumbersome time consuming process--Requires lot of
time
Requires large financial allocation
Rigid- lacks flexibility
Based on only defining land use mechanism
Stresses only physical aspects- ignores large social, economic,
environmental issues- emphasizes plan preparation
Lack of availability of city centric accurate data
Prepared mostly using secondary data; Only few surveys are done
Absence of stakeholders participation
Lack of transparency
Lack of trained manpower/ technology
Inaccurate base plan/ existing land use plan
Mismatch between plan proposals and ground realities

40. MASTER PLANS - Limitations
Large number of disputes in plan interpretation
Lack of involvement of specialized agencies/expertise
Plan preparation and plan implementation divorced
Freezes city/ Land use for 20 long years
Unable to meet emerging urban challenges
Unable to address urban dynamism
Emerged as the major road block in planned development
Leads to emergence of Slums/ haphazard development
Does not address the needs of the informal sector- document of
exclusion--Emerged as elitist in nature
Major source of corruption/ manipulation

41. CHANGING CONTEXT OF MASTER PLANS
Need to make Master Plan a better Master Plan
by:
-- changing its intent, content, approach and
philosophy
-- making it people/city centric
-- involving participatory approach
-- bringing flexibility
-- preparing it in a short time,
--structure defined through
 road network,
 infrastructure network and

42. CHANGING CONTEXT OF MASTER PLANS
Master Plan to be promoter of Planned development rather than
controller of development
Master plan to make city compact
 Master plans prepared with energy efficiency as the focus
To reduce carbon footprints of city
Promoting mixed landuse rather than pure land use planning
Promoting Green Transportation-- pedestrianisation, cycling,
public transport as the-- preferred mode of transportation
Promoting transit oriented development (TOD) to minimise
travel
Minimising use of Agricultural land
 minimum land under urbanization
Promote 24x7 use of land

43. CHANGING CONTEXT OF MASTER PLANS
Promote self-sufficiency in day to day needs
Promote Decentralization
Provide open spaces on defined norms
Plan city on well defined norms and planning
parameters
Promote water sufficiency
Promote reduce, recycle and reuse in city
Make informal sector integral part of planning process
Promoting Green Energy in city- Solar, Wind, Bio-mass,
Geo-thermal enrgy
Preparing Master Plan using nature as the basis- SUN,
SPACE, VERDURE

44. THANKS
FOR YOUR
PATIENCE
AND TIME