Bismarck united Germany and isolated France through a system of alliances, creating stability. Kaiser Wilhelm II later dismissed Bismarck and refused to renew the Reinsurance Treaty with Russia, allowing the French and Russians to form an alliance. Growing German naval and industrial power threatened British interests, leading Britain to form the Entente Cordial with France and an alliance with Russia, creating the Triple Entente against the German-led Triple Alliance. Nationalism in the Balkans and competition over colonies destabilized Europe as militarism rose across the continent.

1. Empire and Alliances Chapter 25 Pages 838-843

2. Topics Imperialism German Empire and Alliance System Forging the Triple Entente Nationalism Militarism

3. I. Imperialism European nations had been gaining colonies throughout the 19th century. France and Britain had gained most of the colonies around the world and had become major powers. Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy needed colonies to be great powers. All colonies were claimed by 1913.

5. II. German Empire and Alliance System The Role of Bismarck War in Balkans Congress of Berlin Alliance with Russia and Austria The Triple Alliance

6. A. The Role of Bismarck P.M. Bismarck wanted to unite all 39 German states Prussia would lead Austria would be out 7 weeks war-Prussia defeats Austria Franco-Prussian War Gains Alsace Lorraine. Humiliates France

7. B. War in the Balkans Bismarck wants to isolate France and protect the “New” Germany 1873 formed Three Emperors League Germany, Austria and Russia cooperation Conflict in Balkans weakens league Ottoman Empire in decline Austria and Russia want the Balkans Treaty of San Stefano 1878- Russia makes strong gains Alarms other powers

8. C. Congress of Berlin: 1878 Bismarck Presides as “honest broker” Bismarck wants to prevent war between Allies Bulgaria reduced in size Russia loses some gains Austria-Hungary gets Bosnia-Herzegovina Britain gets Cyprus Russia unhappy Slavs are unhappy (Serbia) Three Emperors League Dead

9. D. Alliance with Russia and Austria 1879 Germany and Austria sign Dual Alliance France was still a threat Concern over Russia Treaty was secret and renewed until 1918 Bismarck saw treaty as defensive Not concerned with Balkan Peninsula Did not want war with Russia

10. E. The Triple Alliance Italy joins alliance in 1882 Angered at France in Tunisia Saw alliance as defensive 1887-Reinsurance Treaty with Russia Pledged neutrality Further isolated France Bismarck successfully isolates France by 1888

11. III. Forging the Triple Entente Kaiser William II German and British competition The Entente Cordial Britain and Russia Final Alliances

12. A. Kaiser William II Kaiser William II dismisses Bismarck 1890 Refuses to continue Reinsurance Treaty with Russia France sees an opportunity Russia desperate for capital France desperate for an ally

13. B. German and British competition German economy rivaled Britain Kaiser saw Britain as a rival Challenged British interests in Africa Germany challenged British navy By 1900 Germany planned to build 38 battleships Britain was horrified

14. C. The Entente Cordial:1904 Resolved colonial differences with France Opened possibility of Anglo-Franco cooperation Britain also cooperated with Japan against Russia in Pacific. Did not actively support Japan

15. D. Britain and Russia Britain fears growing German naval power Growing German power threatens both Russia and Britain Russia and Britain settles disputes over Central Asia by 1907

16. E. Final Alliances form. England, France and Russia are the Triple Entente Germany and Austria Hungary form the Central powers , with Italy they are known as the Triple Alliance .

19. IV. Nationalism German Ambitions Italian Unification The Balkan Peninsula

20. A. German Ambitions Nationalism is the belief that one’s greatest loyalty is to your nation each ethnic group will have their own nation. composed of similar people (Language, Ethnicity and Culture) England and France had developed as Nations and formed empires Germany was a new nation formed in 1871 Saw itself as a new empire Deserved respect Deserved power Deserved colonies

21. B. Italian Unification Italy was divided and largely under foreign control. Sardinia, the only Italian controlled province, and France fought Austria. Sardinia gets Northern Italy. France gets Nice and Savoy. Southern Italy was united with Northern Italy in 1861.

22. C. The Balkan Peninsula Ottoman empire was receding Russia wanted to lead a Slavic empire Austria-Hungary had interests Bosnia-Herzegovina Serbia wanted its own greater nation All of these national interests will clash

23. Ottoman Empire

24. V. Militarism It was the belief that military force was a viable option to attain political goals. Otto Von Bismarck used his military to unite Germany. Many nations romanticized the use of military forces.

25. Terms Imperialism Nationalism Militarism Dual Alliance Triple Alliance Entente Cordial Triple Entente Balkan Peninsula Serbia Bosnia-Herzegovina Ottoman Empire

26. What do we know? What were the sources of instability in Europe? How did Bismarck secure stability for Germany? How did William II destroy this stability? Describe British and French responses to Germany power. The importance of nationalism and the Balkan Peninsula.