The document provides background information on alliances, conferences, treaties and battles that preceded World War 1. It describes the major alliances that formed in the late 19th century including the Triple Entente between Russia, Britain and France and the Triple Alliance between Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy. It also summarizes several bilateral treaties and agreements between European powers during this time period, including the formation of the Entente Cordiale between Britain and France in 1904 and the Anglo-Russian Entente in 1907. Finally, it outlines some significant events that contributed to the start of WWI, such as the Bosnian Crisis of 1908 and the First and Second Moroccan Crises.
The Cold War lasted from 1947 to 1991 and was characterized by political and economic tensions between capitalist and communist nations without direct military conflict. Key events and ideologies included the establishment of Soviet satellite states in Eastern Europe, the development of nuclear weapons and their use in diplomatic negotiations known as "atomic diplomacy," the construction of the Berlin Wall in 1961 dividing East and West Germany, and the policy of containment used by the US to prevent the spread of Soviet communism.
The document summarizes several key events and ideologies during the period of World War II:
1) The Great Depression began in 1929 with the stock market crash and resulted in mass unemployment globally. Franklin Roosevelt introduced the New Deal in the 1930s to provide relief through programs like the CCC and AAA.
2) Fascism arose in the 1920s-1930s in Italy and Germany, led by Mussolini and Hitler, respectively. It involved government control of private industry and the economy for national interests.
3) Socialism developed under Lenin with the goal of government regulation of production but failed to provide market incentives like capitalism. Stalin later established a command economy in the Soviet Union that focused on industrial and military
Hitler rose to power in Germany after World War 1 and the Treaty of Versailles left the country in economic ruin. He assigned Hjalmar Schacht to oversee economic recovery through public works programs. This helped lower unemployment and Hitler gained popularity. Hitler then began expanding German territory by remilitarizing the Rhineland, annexing Austria and the Sudetenland. When Germany invaded Poland in 1939, Britain and France declared war, starting World War 2. Hitler's expansionism was based on racist Nazi ideology that said Aryans were superior and needed more territory or Lebensraum. The Nazis systematically persecuted and killed Jews and other groups they deemed "undesirable" to create a racially pure society.
2312 16 Ground Interwar Europe, US Entry, European FrontDrew Burks
The Interwar Period in Europe saw many new governments take power after World War 1, including republics in Germany, Czechoslovakia, and Poland as well as constitutional monarchies. Turkey and Italy saw authoritarian nationalist regimes rise to power under Mustafa Kemal Ataturk and Benito Mussolini respectively. The Soviet Union consolidated power under Joseph Stalin following the Russian Civil War. In Germany, the Weimar Republic struggled with instability and radical political movements until Hitler rose to power in 1933. The Spanish Civil War served as a proxy war between fascism and communism. As the 1930s drew to a close, Hitler had expanded German territory and was preparing for further conquest, bringing Europe closer to another major war.
Contemporary Italian History 01 03 2010 Short VersionPeter Cullen
This document provides an overview of Italian history from unification in the late 19th century through World War II. It discusses Italy's entry into WWI in 1915 with the goal of territorial gains, the impact of fascism under Mussolini from 1922-1943, Italy's alliance with Germany and entry into WWII in 1940, the Allied invasion of Sicily in 1943 which led to Mussolini's fall, and the division of Italy until the end of the war in 1945. Key events covered include WWI, the March on Rome, the invasion of Ethiopia, the Pact of Steel with Germany, and the establishment of communist partisans after the armistice.
- In the mid-19th century, European and American traders sought new markets in East Asia and put pressure on China and Japan. Due to military imbalances, the Asian countries had to accept the demands of Western interests.
- Japan began rapidly modernizing after the Meiji Restoration in 1867, adopting Western technology, education systems, and industrializing. This allowed Japan to defeat China and Russia militarily, expanding its sphere of influence.
- However, Western powers sought to contain Japan's rise through policies like immigration restrictions and naval limitations. Rising tensions over competing colonial ambitions in Asia eroded cooperation between Japan and the West in the early 20th century.
The document discusses the reconstruction of Europe following World War I. Key events included the redrawing of borders, with Germany losing territory and new states like Poland and Czechoslovakia being formed. It was a politically unstable time in central Europe, with nationalism on the rise. The League of Nations was formed to promote collective security and prevent future conflicts, but faced challenges like some major powers not participating.
The document summarizes key events surrounding the US bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in August 1945 that ultimately led to Japan's surrender, ending World War II:
1) The US dropped an atomic bomb on Hiroshima on August 6th, destroying much of the city and killing around 80,000 people instantly. 2) Three days later on August 9th, a second atomic bomb was dropped on Nagasaki, killing tens of thousands. 3) In the aftermath of the bombings, Japan agreed to surrender on August 15th, bringing World War II to an end.
The Cold War lasted from 1947 to 1991 and was characterized by political and economic tensions between capitalist and communist nations without direct military conflict. Key events and ideologies included the establishment of Soviet satellite states in Eastern Europe, the development of nuclear weapons and their use in diplomatic negotiations known as "atomic diplomacy," the construction of the Berlin Wall in 1961 dividing East and West Germany, and the policy of containment used by the US to prevent the spread of Soviet communism.
The document summarizes several key events and ideologies during the period of World War II:
1) The Great Depression began in 1929 with the stock market crash and resulted in mass unemployment globally. Franklin Roosevelt introduced the New Deal in the 1930s to provide relief through programs like the CCC and AAA.
2) Fascism arose in the 1920s-1930s in Italy and Germany, led by Mussolini and Hitler, respectively. It involved government control of private industry and the economy for national interests.
3) Socialism developed under Lenin with the goal of government regulation of production but failed to provide market incentives like capitalism. Stalin later established a command economy in the Soviet Union that focused on industrial and military
Hitler rose to power in Germany after World War 1 and the Treaty of Versailles left the country in economic ruin. He assigned Hjalmar Schacht to oversee economic recovery through public works programs. This helped lower unemployment and Hitler gained popularity. Hitler then began expanding German territory by remilitarizing the Rhineland, annexing Austria and the Sudetenland. When Germany invaded Poland in 1939, Britain and France declared war, starting World War 2. Hitler's expansionism was based on racist Nazi ideology that said Aryans were superior and needed more territory or Lebensraum. The Nazis systematically persecuted and killed Jews and other groups they deemed "undesirable" to create a racially pure society.
2312 16 Ground Interwar Europe, US Entry, European FrontDrew Burks
The Interwar Period in Europe saw many new governments take power after World War 1, including republics in Germany, Czechoslovakia, and Poland as well as constitutional monarchies. Turkey and Italy saw authoritarian nationalist regimes rise to power under Mustafa Kemal Ataturk and Benito Mussolini respectively. The Soviet Union consolidated power under Joseph Stalin following the Russian Civil War. In Germany, the Weimar Republic struggled with instability and radical political movements until Hitler rose to power in 1933. The Spanish Civil War served as a proxy war between fascism and communism. As the 1930s drew to a close, Hitler had expanded German territory and was preparing for further conquest, bringing Europe closer to another major war.
Contemporary Italian History 01 03 2010 Short VersionPeter Cullen
This document provides an overview of Italian history from unification in the late 19th century through World War II. It discusses Italy's entry into WWI in 1915 with the goal of territorial gains, the impact of fascism under Mussolini from 1922-1943, Italy's alliance with Germany and entry into WWII in 1940, the Allied invasion of Sicily in 1943 which led to Mussolini's fall, and the division of Italy until the end of the war in 1945. Key events covered include WWI, the March on Rome, the invasion of Ethiopia, the Pact of Steel with Germany, and the establishment of communist partisans after the armistice.
- In the mid-19th century, European and American traders sought new markets in East Asia and put pressure on China and Japan. Due to military imbalances, the Asian countries had to accept the demands of Western interests.
- Japan began rapidly modernizing after the Meiji Restoration in 1867, adopting Western technology, education systems, and industrializing. This allowed Japan to defeat China and Russia militarily, expanding its sphere of influence.
- However, Western powers sought to contain Japan's rise through policies like immigration restrictions and naval limitations. Rising tensions over competing colonial ambitions in Asia eroded cooperation between Japan and the West in the early 20th century.
The document discusses the reconstruction of Europe following World War I. Key events included the redrawing of borders, with Germany losing territory and new states like Poland and Czechoslovakia being formed. It was a politically unstable time in central Europe, with nationalism on the rise. The League of Nations was formed to promote collective security and prevent future conflicts, but faced challenges like some major powers not participating.
The document summarizes key events surrounding the US bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in August 1945 that ultimately led to Japan's surrender, ending World War II:
1) The US dropped an atomic bomb on Hiroshima on August 6th, destroying much of the city and killing around 80,000 people instantly. 2) Three days later on August 9th, a second atomic bomb was dropped on Nagasaki, killing tens of thousands. 3) In the aftermath of the bombings, Japan agreed to surrender on August 15th, bringing World War II to an end.
The document summarizes events in Europe between World War I and World War II. It describes the period of prosperity in the 1920s followed by the Great Depression. Totalitarian regimes arose in Germany, Italy, and the Soviet Union as democratic governments struggled with economic problems. Adolf Hitler rose to power in Germany, establishing a Nazi dictatorship and instituting racist anti-Semitic policies like the Nuremberg Laws. Benito Mussolini also established a fascist regime in Italy. Joseph Stalin consolidated power in the Soviet Union through brutal purges and rapid industrialization.
This document provides context on America's status after WWI, including its isolationist stance. It discusses FDR's foreign policy approach and his "Good Neighbor" policy in Latin America. It outlines the rise of dictators like Mussolini in Italy and Hitler in Germany, and factors that contributed to Hitler's rise to power. It discusses European appeasement of Hitler and failures of the League of Nations. It also summarizes events in Asia, including Japan's invasion of Manchuria in the 1930s.
The document provides background information on the status of the United States after World War I, the rise of fascist dictators like Mussolini and Hitler in the 1930s, America's isolationist policies including neutrality acts, and key events leading up to World War II. It discusses America's non-interventionist "Good Neighbor Policy", Japan's invasion of Manchuria, Germany's annexation of territories through appeasement, and the debate in the US over isolationism versus internationalism as war engulfed Europe.
The document discusses the rise of the nation state in Europe from the 17th to 19th centuries and its global dominance prior to World War I. Key points:
1) Powerful European nations established overseas colonies, viewing their cultures as superior and exploiting resources through expansionism.
2) Concepts like the "White Man's Burden" and "Manifest Destiny" justified controlling satellite countries and expanding spheres of influence globally.
3) Competition between European powers and rising nations like Germany, Japan, and the U.S. led to conflicts over resources and territories in Africa, China, and elsewhere, increasing tensions that ultimately contributed to World War I.
The document summarizes major global events and developments in the post-World War 2 period from 1945-1950. It discusses key events like the US dropping atomic bombs on Japan to end WWII, Indonesia declaring independence from the Netherlands after Japan's defeat sparking a 4-year war, and the UN placing an embargo on Spain for aiding Germany. It also summarizes the beginning of conflicts like the First Indochina War in Vietnam and Greek Civil War. The Cold War emerged as the world divided into capitalist and communist blocs led by the US and Soviet Union respectively. Decolonization accelerated as many Asian and African countries gained independence in this period.
After WWII, the world saw the rise of the Cold War between the Western allies led by the US and the Eastern bloc led by the Soviet Union. Germany and Korea were divided, and tensions increased as the USSR exerted control over Eastern Europe. The US implemented the Truman Doctrine and Marshall Plan to promote containment of communism. The early Cold War saw conflicts in Korea and escalating arms races. Meanwhile, former European colonies in Asia and Africa gained independence through both peaceful and violent means in the process of decolonization.
The document summarizes key events in the Second World War in Europe from 1939-1945. It describes Germany's invasion of Poland on September 1, 1939 which marked the beginning of WWII. It then details Germany's swift conquest of Poland and the Soviet Union's invasion from the east. The "Phony War" period and Germany's invasions of Denmark, Norway, France, and low countries are summarized. The document also provides an overview of the Battle of Britain, Germany's failed plans to invade Britain, and the shift of the war to North Africa and the Eastern Front with Germany's invasion of the Soviet Union in 1941.
Outcome 2.2-cold-war-expansion-containmentNick Jordan
The document summarizes the escalation of tensions between the Western allies (US, UK, France) and the Soviet Union following World War 2. It describes how the Soviets set up communist governments across Eastern Europe and divided Germany, leading the Western powers to implement the policies of containment and the Truman Doctrine to provide military and economic assistance to countries resisting Soviet influence. It also discusses the formation of NATO in response to the Berlin Blockade, as the Western powers sought to counter the Soviet military threat through a defensive alliance.
Examines the failure of the League of Nations with background information from the 1920's. Manchuria, Abyssinia, and Hitler's foreign policy are examined in some detail.
The document provides biographical information on key people and terms related to World War 1 and the early 20th century. It describes Pancho Villa and Franz Ferdinand, whose actions helped spark WWI. It defines Allied Powers and Central Powers in WWI. It also outlines the Zimmermann Telegram, War Industries Board, Bernard Baruch, Liberty Bonds, Victory Bonds, and the Committee on Public Information - all institutions involved in the US entry into and mobilization for WWI. Later, it profiles Vladimir Lenin, the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, Woodrow Wilson's Fourteen Points, and the founding of the League of Nations after WWI. It concludes with definitions of the Red Scare
1. The document provides background information on World War 2, including the long term and immediate causes of the war, as well as the major phases and events of the war from 1939-1945.
2. It describes the initial Axis offensive successes from 1939-1941, followed by Allied victories from 1942-1943 as they pushed Axis forces back in both Europe and Africa.
3. The final phase from 1943-1945 saw continued Allied advances as they drove Axis forces back in Europe, invaded Italy and France, and advanced in the Pacific against Japan.
The document provides an overview of World War 2 from 1939-1945. It discusses the key combatant powers and timeline of major events including Germany's invasion of Poland in 1939, the turning point in 1941 when Germany invaded the USSR and Japan attacked Pearl Harbor bringing the US into the war, the Allied victories from 1942-1945 including D-Day and the bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, and the consequences of the war including over 55 million deaths and the Holocaust which killed approximately 6 million European Jews.
After WWII, Europe and Asia were divided between communist and capitalist spheres of influence. Germany, Korea, and Vietnam were divided, and forced population transfers altered ethnic distributions. The USSR imposed communist rule in Eastern Europe against the will of many citizens. The US responded with containment policies like the Truman Doctrine and Marshall Plan to counter Soviet expansion. This began the Cold War period characterized by proxy conflicts and an arms race between the US and USSR with nuclear threat.
Roosevelt worked to improve foreign relations and adopt an isolationist stance in the 1930s as countries like Germany and Japan rose in power and aggression. As World War II began in Europe in 1939, Roosevelt provided some aid to Britain and France while maintaining official neutrality, though he recognized the threat posed by the Axis powers. By 1940, with Germany occupying much of Europe and threatening Britain, Roosevelt began abandoning the neutrality stance and provided more direct aid, seeing America's involvement as necessary to defend democracy.
The Cold War began after WWII as the US and USSR emerged as rival superpowers. Stalin installed communist governments in Eastern Europe and blocked access to West Berlin, leading to the Berlin Airlift. NATO and the Warsaw Pact were formed as military alliances. China became communist under Mao Zedong and the US investigated suspected communist influence through committees like HUAC and McCarthyism. Tensions escalated as both sides developed nuclear weapons and started the Space Race.
The document discusses the rise of dictators in Europe following World War 1 and the economic and political conditions that led to World War 2. It describes how Germany was blamed for WWI and suffered severe economic consequences under the Treaty of Versailles. This led to hyperinflation in Germany and the rise of Adolf Hitler. It also discusses the communist regime of Joseph Stalin in the Soviet Union, and the fascist regime of Benito Mussolini in Italy. Both Stalin and Mussolini consolidated their power and severely oppressed their citizens. The conditions were ripe in Europe for the start of World War 2.
The document summarizes major events in Europe, Asia, and Germany between the World Wars from the 1920s to late 1930s. Key events include Stalin consolidating power in the Soviet Union through industrialization and political purges. In China, the Nationalists and Communists fought for control after Sun Yat-Sen's death. Japan invaded Manchuria in 1931 and expanded into China in 1937. Germany under the Nazis saw the rise of Hitler, totalitarian control of society, and secret rearmament in violation of Treaty of Versailles. Italy also expanded its power through invading Ethiopia. Britain and France pursued appeasement policies in response to German and Italian aggression.
Geschiedenis the cold war division of germanyJurgen Marechal
1) After WWII, Germany was divided into four occupied zones governed by the UK, US, France and Soviet Union. This led to the eventual formation of West and East Germany.
2) Tensions grew between the Western allies and Soviet Union over policies around reunification, economic recovery and demilitarization of Germany.
3) In 1949, the Federal Republic of Germany and German Democratic Republic were formally established in the Western and Eastern zones respectively, solidifying Germany's division during the Cold War.
The document summarizes the establishment of a dictatorship of the proletariat in Russia following the Russian Revolution of 1917. Key events include Czar Nicholas II abdicating the throne in March 1917 amid widespread unrest. The Bolsheviks then seized power in November 1917, led by Lenin, establishing Soviet rule and single-party control under the Communist Party. Stalin later consolidated power as dictator, instituting policies of rapid industrialization and collectivization that transformed the Soviet Union economically but cost millions of lives.
The document provides background information on postwar Japan and various Asian countries from 1945 onwards. It discusses Japan being stripped of its empire by the US occupation forces led by General MacArthur. It then covers the division of India and Pakistan, the ongoing conflict over Kashmir, the division of Korea and war between North and South, as well as the beginnings of US involvement in Vietnam against the communist North. It focuses on the nationalist and independence movements in Asia in the aftermath of World War 2 and the increasing tensions and conflicts between Western and communist Eastern blocs in the region.
1) The Berlin Congress of 1878 reorganized the Balkan states after the Russian-Turkish war, with Serbia, Montenegro and Greece expanding, Romania and Bulgaria gaining independence from the Ottomans, and Bosnia and Herzegovina coming under Austria's sphere of influence.
2) By the late 19th century, nationalism and imperialism had caused intense competition between European powers over territory, resources, and influence, establishing systems of opposing alliances.
3) The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand by a Serbian nationalist in 1914 provided the spark that led Austria-Hungary to declare war on Serbia, drawing the rest of Europe into World War I through the web of alliances.
A detailed analysis on World War I & IIJunaet Zaman
World War 1 began in 1914 after the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary by Serbian nationalists. This sparked a series of military and political events that drew in countries from Europe and around the world into two opposing alliances - the Allies and Central Powers. Over the next four years, over 15 million soldiers and civilians would lose their lives in the war before an armistice was declared on November 11, 1918. The economic and political consequences of the war were immense and long lasting.
The document summarizes events in Europe between World War I and World War II. It describes the period of prosperity in the 1920s followed by the Great Depression. Totalitarian regimes arose in Germany, Italy, and the Soviet Union as democratic governments struggled with economic problems. Adolf Hitler rose to power in Germany, establishing a Nazi dictatorship and instituting racist anti-Semitic policies like the Nuremberg Laws. Benito Mussolini also established a fascist regime in Italy. Joseph Stalin consolidated power in the Soviet Union through brutal purges and rapid industrialization.
This document provides context on America's status after WWI, including its isolationist stance. It discusses FDR's foreign policy approach and his "Good Neighbor" policy in Latin America. It outlines the rise of dictators like Mussolini in Italy and Hitler in Germany, and factors that contributed to Hitler's rise to power. It discusses European appeasement of Hitler and failures of the League of Nations. It also summarizes events in Asia, including Japan's invasion of Manchuria in the 1930s.
The document provides background information on the status of the United States after World War I, the rise of fascist dictators like Mussolini and Hitler in the 1930s, America's isolationist policies including neutrality acts, and key events leading up to World War II. It discusses America's non-interventionist "Good Neighbor Policy", Japan's invasion of Manchuria, Germany's annexation of territories through appeasement, and the debate in the US over isolationism versus internationalism as war engulfed Europe.
The document discusses the rise of the nation state in Europe from the 17th to 19th centuries and its global dominance prior to World War I. Key points:
1) Powerful European nations established overseas colonies, viewing their cultures as superior and exploiting resources through expansionism.
2) Concepts like the "White Man's Burden" and "Manifest Destiny" justified controlling satellite countries and expanding spheres of influence globally.
3) Competition between European powers and rising nations like Germany, Japan, and the U.S. led to conflicts over resources and territories in Africa, China, and elsewhere, increasing tensions that ultimately contributed to World War I.
The document summarizes major global events and developments in the post-World War 2 period from 1945-1950. It discusses key events like the US dropping atomic bombs on Japan to end WWII, Indonesia declaring independence from the Netherlands after Japan's defeat sparking a 4-year war, and the UN placing an embargo on Spain for aiding Germany. It also summarizes the beginning of conflicts like the First Indochina War in Vietnam and Greek Civil War. The Cold War emerged as the world divided into capitalist and communist blocs led by the US and Soviet Union respectively. Decolonization accelerated as many Asian and African countries gained independence in this period.
After WWII, the world saw the rise of the Cold War between the Western allies led by the US and the Eastern bloc led by the Soviet Union. Germany and Korea were divided, and tensions increased as the USSR exerted control over Eastern Europe. The US implemented the Truman Doctrine and Marshall Plan to promote containment of communism. The early Cold War saw conflicts in Korea and escalating arms races. Meanwhile, former European colonies in Asia and Africa gained independence through both peaceful and violent means in the process of decolonization.
The document summarizes key events in the Second World War in Europe from 1939-1945. It describes Germany's invasion of Poland on September 1, 1939 which marked the beginning of WWII. It then details Germany's swift conquest of Poland and the Soviet Union's invasion from the east. The "Phony War" period and Germany's invasions of Denmark, Norway, France, and low countries are summarized. The document also provides an overview of the Battle of Britain, Germany's failed plans to invade Britain, and the shift of the war to North Africa and the Eastern Front with Germany's invasion of the Soviet Union in 1941.
Outcome 2.2-cold-war-expansion-containmentNick Jordan
The document summarizes the escalation of tensions between the Western allies (US, UK, France) and the Soviet Union following World War 2. It describes how the Soviets set up communist governments across Eastern Europe and divided Germany, leading the Western powers to implement the policies of containment and the Truman Doctrine to provide military and economic assistance to countries resisting Soviet influence. It also discusses the formation of NATO in response to the Berlin Blockade, as the Western powers sought to counter the Soviet military threat through a defensive alliance.
Examines the failure of the League of Nations with background information from the 1920's. Manchuria, Abyssinia, and Hitler's foreign policy are examined in some detail.
The document provides biographical information on key people and terms related to World War 1 and the early 20th century. It describes Pancho Villa and Franz Ferdinand, whose actions helped spark WWI. It defines Allied Powers and Central Powers in WWI. It also outlines the Zimmermann Telegram, War Industries Board, Bernard Baruch, Liberty Bonds, Victory Bonds, and the Committee on Public Information - all institutions involved in the US entry into and mobilization for WWI. Later, it profiles Vladimir Lenin, the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, Woodrow Wilson's Fourteen Points, and the founding of the League of Nations after WWI. It concludes with definitions of the Red Scare
1. The document provides background information on World War 2, including the long term and immediate causes of the war, as well as the major phases and events of the war from 1939-1945.
2. It describes the initial Axis offensive successes from 1939-1941, followed by Allied victories from 1942-1943 as they pushed Axis forces back in both Europe and Africa.
3. The final phase from 1943-1945 saw continued Allied advances as they drove Axis forces back in Europe, invaded Italy and France, and advanced in the Pacific against Japan.
The document provides an overview of World War 2 from 1939-1945. It discusses the key combatant powers and timeline of major events including Germany's invasion of Poland in 1939, the turning point in 1941 when Germany invaded the USSR and Japan attacked Pearl Harbor bringing the US into the war, the Allied victories from 1942-1945 including D-Day and the bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, and the consequences of the war including over 55 million deaths and the Holocaust which killed approximately 6 million European Jews.
After WWII, Europe and Asia were divided between communist and capitalist spheres of influence. Germany, Korea, and Vietnam were divided, and forced population transfers altered ethnic distributions. The USSR imposed communist rule in Eastern Europe against the will of many citizens. The US responded with containment policies like the Truman Doctrine and Marshall Plan to counter Soviet expansion. This began the Cold War period characterized by proxy conflicts and an arms race between the US and USSR with nuclear threat.
Roosevelt worked to improve foreign relations and adopt an isolationist stance in the 1930s as countries like Germany and Japan rose in power and aggression. As World War II began in Europe in 1939, Roosevelt provided some aid to Britain and France while maintaining official neutrality, though he recognized the threat posed by the Axis powers. By 1940, with Germany occupying much of Europe and threatening Britain, Roosevelt began abandoning the neutrality stance and provided more direct aid, seeing America's involvement as necessary to defend democracy.
The Cold War began after WWII as the US and USSR emerged as rival superpowers. Stalin installed communist governments in Eastern Europe and blocked access to West Berlin, leading to the Berlin Airlift. NATO and the Warsaw Pact were formed as military alliances. China became communist under Mao Zedong and the US investigated suspected communist influence through committees like HUAC and McCarthyism. Tensions escalated as both sides developed nuclear weapons and started the Space Race.
The document discusses the rise of dictators in Europe following World War 1 and the economic and political conditions that led to World War 2. It describes how Germany was blamed for WWI and suffered severe economic consequences under the Treaty of Versailles. This led to hyperinflation in Germany and the rise of Adolf Hitler. It also discusses the communist regime of Joseph Stalin in the Soviet Union, and the fascist regime of Benito Mussolini in Italy. Both Stalin and Mussolini consolidated their power and severely oppressed their citizens. The conditions were ripe in Europe for the start of World War 2.
The document summarizes major events in Europe, Asia, and Germany between the World Wars from the 1920s to late 1930s. Key events include Stalin consolidating power in the Soviet Union through industrialization and political purges. In China, the Nationalists and Communists fought for control after Sun Yat-Sen's death. Japan invaded Manchuria in 1931 and expanded into China in 1937. Germany under the Nazis saw the rise of Hitler, totalitarian control of society, and secret rearmament in violation of Treaty of Versailles. Italy also expanded its power through invading Ethiopia. Britain and France pursued appeasement policies in response to German and Italian aggression.
Geschiedenis the cold war division of germanyJurgen Marechal
1) After WWII, Germany was divided into four occupied zones governed by the UK, US, France and Soviet Union. This led to the eventual formation of West and East Germany.
2) Tensions grew between the Western allies and Soviet Union over policies around reunification, economic recovery and demilitarization of Germany.
3) In 1949, the Federal Republic of Germany and German Democratic Republic were formally established in the Western and Eastern zones respectively, solidifying Germany's division during the Cold War.
The document summarizes the establishment of a dictatorship of the proletariat in Russia following the Russian Revolution of 1917. Key events include Czar Nicholas II abdicating the throne in March 1917 amid widespread unrest. The Bolsheviks then seized power in November 1917, led by Lenin, establishing Soviet rule and single-party control under the Communist Party. Stalin later consolidated power as dictator, instituting policies of rapid industrialization and collectivization that transformed the Soviet Union economically but cost millions of lives.
The document provides background information on postwar Japan and various Asian countries from 1945 onwards. It discusses Japan being stripped of its empire by the US occupation forces led by General MacArthur. It then covers the division of India and Pakistan, the ongoing conflict over Kashmir, the division of Korea and war between North and South, as well as the beginnings of US involvement in Vietnam against the communist North. It focuses on the nationalist and independence movements in Asia in the aftermath of World War 2 and the increasing tensions and conflicts between Western and communist Eastern blocs in the region.
1) The Berlin Congress of 1878 reorganized the Balkan states after the Russian-Turkish war, with Serbia, Montenegro and Greece expanding, Romania and Bulgaria gaining independence from the Ottomans, and Bosnia and Herzegovina coming under Austria's sphere of influence.
2) By the late 19th century, nationalism and imperialism had caused intense competition between European powers over territory, resources, and influence, establishing systems of opposing alliances.
3) The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand by a Serbian nationalist in 1914 provided the spark that led Austria-Hungary to declare war on Serbia, drawing the rest of Europe into World War I through the web of alliances.
A detailed analysis on World War I & IIJunaet Zaman
World War 1 began in 1914 after the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary by Serbian nationalists. This sparked a series of military and political events that drew in countries from Europe and around the world into two opposing alliances - the Allies and Central Powers. Over the next four years, over 15 million soldiers and civilians would lose their lives in the war before an armistice was declared on November 11, 1918. The economic and political consequences of the war were immense and long lasting.
World War I began when Germany invaded Belgium on August 5, 1914, marking the start of the first major engagement. By 1914, Europe was divided into two alliance systems - the Triple Alliance of Germany, Italy, and Austria-Hungary, and the Triple Entente of Britain, France, and Russia. Tensions had been rising for years due to military and imperial rivalries, nationalist tensions in the Balkans, and a system of alliances that made a major war more likely to spread. The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary by Serbian nationalists in June 1914 triggered a series of events that led Austria-Hungary to declare war on Serbia, setting off a chain reaction of military mobil
World War I began on July 28, 1914 and lasted until November 11, 1918. It involved many of the world's major powers divided into two opposing alliances: the Allies including Britain, France, and Russia, and the Central Powers including Germany and Austria-Hungary. The war was sparked by the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria by Serbian nationalists, which caused Austria-Hungary to declare war on Serbia and aligned countries to join the fighting. Over 10 million soldiers and civilians lost their lives in the war before an armistice was signed and the Treaty of Versailles ended the war.
The document summarizes the system of alliances in Europe leading up to World War 1. Key events include:
- Bismarck created a system of alliances to isolate France after the Franco-Prussian war, including the Three Emperors' League and Dual Alliance with Austria.
- The Triple Alliance was formed in 1882 between Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy in response to the Franco-Russian Alliance of 1893.
- Britain remained isolated until forming the Entente Cordiale with France in 1904 to counter growing German influence, completing the two opposing alliance systems in Europe on the eve of World War 1.
The document summarizes the various long term and underlying causes that contributed to the start of World War 1 in 1914. Key causes discussed include alliances between European powers that pulled them into war once it began, imperialism and competition for colonies that increased tensions, growing militarism as nations strengthened their armed forces, rising nationalism in various countries, and international crises prior to the war such as those related to Bosnia and Morocco that increased political instability in the decades leading up to the war.
World War 1 was caused by rising nationalism in European nations and imperial competition that increased tensions and led to a system of opposing alliances. By 1914 the tensions had reached a breaking point. When Archduke Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary was assassinated by a Serbian nationalist, Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia with support from Germany. This pulled the allied countries of Russia, France and Britain into the war against the Central Powers of Germany and Austria-Hungary, starting World War 1.
Bismarck pursued an alliance system to isolate France and ensure German security. This included the League of Three Emperors with Russia and Austria-Hungary, the Dual Alliance with Austria-Hungary, and the Triple Alliance with Austria-Hungary and Italy. Wilhelm II dismissed Bismarck in 1890 and pursued confrontational policies that antagonized Britain and Russia. This led to the formation of the Triple Entente between Britain, France, and Russia, reshaping European alliances and setting the stage for World War I.
The document summarizes some of the key causes of World War 1 in Europe. It discusses how Europe was divided into several imperialist states in 1914 that were competing for new territories. Militarism was glorified as nations built up their armed forces. Countries formed alliances that pledged military support for each other. Balkan nationalism increased tensions as Serbia and Bosnia sought independence from the Austro-Hungarian Empire. The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary by Serbian rebels led Austria-Hungary to declare war on Serbia, drawing in the allied countries on both sides. The main powers involved were the Central Powers of Germany, Austria-Hungary and later the Ottoman Empire against the Allied powers of the
The immediate cause of WWI was the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary by a Serbian nationalist. However, several underlying long-term factors contributed to the outbreak of war, including a web of alliances that drew more countries into the conflict, imperialism and competition for colonies, the arms race and militarism of European powers, and rising nationalism within and among countries that increased tensions.
The main causes of World War 1 included rising nationalism which caused tensions between European countries over territories, an intensifying arms race and buildup of powerful militaries, and a complex network of alliances that drew more countries into the war. When the heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne was assassinated by Serbian nationalists, Austria-Hungary issued demands to Serbia and declared war after its terms were rejected. This activated the alliance system and dragged other European powers into war within a month, even though most countries did not want a major conflict.
The two world wars had a profound impact on international relations in the 20th century. World War I began in 1914 due to rising tensions between European powers and led to the collapse of old empires like Germany and Russia. World War II started in 1939 with Germany's invasion of Poland and was a result of the instability in the aftermath of WWI and the rise of aggressive regimes in Germany and Japan seeking to expand their territory. The two wars established the United States and Soviet Union as global superpowers and led to the creation of the United Nations to help prevent future conflicts.
The document discusses the tensions between European powers in the decades leading up to World War 1. It describes how nationalism was growing and how countries like Germany and Italy sought to establish themselves on the global stage. It also discusses the system of alliances that tied countries together, such as the Triple Alliance between Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy, and the Triple Entente between Britain, France and Russia. While tensions were mounting, countries did not expect the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand to lead to a major continental war.
The document provides background information on the political tensions in Europe leading up to World War 1. It discusses the formation of two opposing alliances and the nationalist tensions between various European powers, particularly in the Balkans. The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand provided the trigger for the outbreak of war. This led the countries of Europe to take sides in the war as part of either the Allied Powers or Central Powers alliances over the next four years.
1. In the early 20th century, rising nationalism and imperial ambitions increased tensions between European powers as they rapidly expanded their armed forces and formed complex alliances. 2. Germany felt surrounded by the Franco-Russian alliance and threatened by Britain's naval dominance, fueling German militarism. 3. Long-simmering ethnic and nationalist tensions in the Balkans, combined with the authoritarian and unstable governments prevalent in Europe, created a volatile environment that increased the likelihood of war.
The document discusses the rise of the nation state in Europe from the 17th century onward and some of the conflicts that arose from competition between powerful nation states leading up to World War I. It describes how European powers established colonies overseas in pursuit of resources to fuel their industrial growth in the late 19th century. Rising tensions between nation states like Germany, Britain, and Russia contributed to conflicts such as the Franco-Prussian War, Boer Wars, and Russo-Japanese War. Ethnocentric views of cultural and racial superiority also justified colonial expansion. These global rivalries and displays of nationalism set the stage for World War I.
The Great War (World War I) was a global conflict from 1914-1918 that involved 27 countries and resulted in over 20 million deaths. It was caused by militarism, imperialism, nationalism, and a system of alliances that drew more countries into the war. Trench warfare and new technologies such as machine guns, tanks, planes, and poison gas led to unprecedented carnage and devastation. The war ended with an armistice signed on November 11, 1918.
The document summarizes the unification of Germany from the rise of Prussia in the 1600s to the establishment of the North German Confederation in 1867. Key events included Prussia gaining power under Frederick the Great and seizing Silesia from Austria, conflicts with France that weakened the Holy Roman Empire, the formation of the German Confederation after Napoleon's defeat, and Bismarck engineering conflicts to exclude Austria and unite the German states under Prussian leadership, culminating in the North German Confederation. France opposed further unification under Prussia, fearing the threat to its own power.
This document announces the winners of the 2024 Youth Poster Contest organized by MATFORCE. It lists the grand prize and age category winners for grades K-6, 7-12, and individual age groups from 5 years old to 18 years old.
❼❷⓿❺❻❷❽❷❼❽ Dpboss Matka ! Fix Satta Matka ! Matka Result ! Matka Guessing ! Final Matka ! Matka Result ! Dpboss Matka ! Matka Guessing ! Satta Matta Matka 143 ! Kalyan Matka ! Satta Matka Fast Result ! Kalyan Matka Guessing ! Dpboss Matka Guessing ! Satta 143 ! Kalyan Chart ! Kalyan final ! Satta guessing ! Matka tips ! Matka 143 ! India Matka ! Matka 420 ! matka Mumbai ! Satta chart ! Indian Satta ! Satta King ! Satta 143 ! Satta batta ! Satta मटका ! Satta chart ! Matka 143 ! Matka Satta ! India Matka ! Indian Satta Matka ! Final ank
This tutorial offers a step-by-step guide on how to effectively use Pinterest. It covers the basics such as account creation and navigation, as well as advanced techniques including creating eye-catching pins and optimizing your profile. The tutorial also explores collaboration and networking on the platform. With visual illustrations and clear instructions, this tutorial will equip you with the skills to navigate Pinterest confidently and achieve your goals.
KALYAN MATKA | MATKA RESULT | KALYAN MATKA TIPS | SATTA MATKA | MATKA.COM | MATKA PANA JODI TODAY | BATTA SATKA | MATKA PATTI JODI NUMBER | MATKA RESULTS | MATKA CHART | MATKA JODI | SATTA COM | FULL RATE GAME | MATKA GAME | MATKA WAPKA | ALL MATKA RESULT LIVE ONLINE | MATKA RESULT | KALYAN MATKA RESULT | DPBOSS MATKA 143 | MAIN MATKA
1. Alliances, Conferences, Treaties and Battles of
WWI
Alliances preceding the war: The Triple Entente (Russia, Britain, France), and the Triple
Alliance (Italy, Germany, and Austria-Hungary). Balkans: Bulgaria and Serbia.
Italy and Germany formed an alliance in 1882.
Austria-Hungary and Italy formed an alliance in 1882.
• Austria-Hungary was considered an enemy of Italy’s, having been in three wars within the 34
years before a treaty between the two nations were signed.
• Italy joined with Austria-Hungary due to animosity against France for taking Tunisia in 1881
and wanting an ally.
• Italy did not partake in fighting, having joined alliances with Germany and Austria-Hungary
with the intention of being on defense.
• Italy later joined the Entente, declaring war on Austria-Hungary in May 1915 and Germany in
August 1916.
Germany and Austria-Hungary formed an alliance in 1879
• The Dual Alliance was created on October 7, 1879 by Otto von Bismarck (nicknamed the “Iron
Chancellor” due to his dominating rule, he reunified Germany into a German Empire and
effectively became it’s first chancellor, while also leading Prussia) in an attempt to evade or
restrict war with Russia.
• This alliance was surprising because Germany and Austria-Hungary, despite having a
shared language and similar culture, did not get along, as evidenced by the Austro-
Prussian War (or Seven Week’s War).
• The Austro-Prussian War, occurring in 1866, pitted the German confederation (consisting
of 39 German states created by Congress of Vienna in 1815), the Austrian Empire, and
German allies against the Kingdom of Prussia and Italy. The aftermath of this war brought
the German states under Prussian rule, with Austrian power over German states giving
way to Prussia, along with the end of the German Confederation (replaced by a North
German Confederation), and Venetia being annexed by Italy from Austria.
The Ottoman Empire and Germany formed an alliance in 1914.
2. Bulgaria gave (mutual) aid to the Ottoman Empire and Austria-Hungary.
Serbia gave aid to Russia.
Russia and France made an alliance in 1892 (lasting until 1917).
• The Franco-Russian Alliance (or the Dual Alliance) was first finalized on January 4, 1894
between the French Republic and Russia, after the German Empire (led by Wilhem II, who
later tried and failed to have the Franco-Russian Alliance renounced when Tsar Nicholas II
received the crown) dissolved the Reinsurance Treaty with Russia in 1890 despite Russia
seeking renewal.
• This secret alliance meant that if someone from the Triple Alliance attacked French or Russia,
then the other country must attack the opposition, also if one of the Triple Alliance mobilized
an army, then France and Russia will mobilize.
• The Franco-Russian Alliance was sparked by France being alienated after it’s defeat in the
Franco-Prussian War (1871), and therefore sought partnership with a country (Russia) that
was vulnerable to the Triple Alliance (Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy).
• The Franco-Prussian War occurred between July 19 1870 - May 10 1871 between the
Second French Empire (Napolean III) and the German states o the North German
Confederation, under the leadership of the Kingdom of Prussia (Otto von Bismarck). The war
was caused by the desire of German unification with the southern German states, with events
leading to it being the Prussian prince’s candidacy to Spain being withdrawn by France
(France didn’t want an alliance between Prussia and Spain) and Bismarck later altering a
telegram to provoke France.German’s victory led to it being established as a great military
power, although Great Britain still ranked above all else.
France and Britain signed a treaty with one another in 1904.
• Called the Entente Cordiale, Great Britain and France signed the treaty on April 8, 1904.
3. • Led to France recognizing British control over Egypt, and Britain recognizing France’s control
over Morocco
• France received Yarbutenda (near Senegal and The Gambia) and Illes de Los (part of Guinea)
and Nigeria, and Britain acknowledged French influence in Madagascar
• British sphere of influences recognized in Siam (Thailand) in the territory west of the Menam
basin and French sphere of influence east of the River Menam’s basin.
• This alliance is also influenced by the potential outbreak of the Russo-Japanese War (fought
in February 8 1904 - September 5 1905, provoked by wanting to gain Manchuria and Korea)—
seeking to avoid war (due to France being allied with Russia, and Britain signing the Anglo-
Japanese Alliance in 1902, which will later be renewed in 905 and 1911 until it officially
dissolved in 1923).
• The Russo-Japanese War was first initiated by the Japanese Navy attacking the
Russian Eastern Fleet at Port Arthur (located on the Liaodong Peninsula, south of
Manchuria and was a naval base for the Russian Imperial Army), after receiving Russian
threat on Japan’s imperialist goals by not recognizing Korea as part of Japan’s influence,
when Japan recognized Russian’s ownership of Manchuria—Russia wanted the area
north of the 39th parallel in Korea to be a neutral zone between Russia and Japan.
• Japan defeated Russia, winning the second war they participated in, and became the
first Asian power to triumph a European one. The first war was the Sino-Japanese War
of 1894-1895—this war was based on getting control over Korea between China and
Japan. Although Japan started the war, it was preempted by a failure of diplomacy—
Japan attempted to negotiate with Russia, until they realized that Russia had no
intention on settling the territorial disputes, but instead to build their military. This was
further exasperated by delays and lack of responses on negotiations, with diplomatic
relations ending in February 6, 1904. A declaration of war soon followed on February 8;
Russia declared war eight days later.
• Due to the Anglo-Japanese alliance, both nations shared intelligence gathered on
Russia with one another, with Britain using their Indian Army to intercept Russian
messages.
• The fighting in Manchuria by the Russian army included Chinese villages being looted
and women being raped. Here, one can see the affects of “Yellow Peril”.
• Aftermath: Treaty of Portsmouth signed on September 5, 1905 to end the war, and was
mediated by President. Theodore Roosevelt. Russia finally saw Korea as part of
Japanese influence, and had to evacuate Manchuria—Japan then annexed Korea in
1910, after the Japan-Korea Treaty of 1910. Russia had to abandon it’s rights to Port
Arthur, and the southern half of Sakhalin Island (later reclaimed by Russia after the
second World War) to Japan.
4. (Map, provided by omniatlas, displaying the British and Russian sphere of influence, along with
other colonial territories).
Russia and Britain signed a treaty with on another in 1907
• Called the Anglo-Russian Entente, the Anglo-Russian Convention of 1907 was signed on
August 31, 1907 in St. Petersburg, Russia.
• The competition between Russian and Britain, referred to as “The Great Game”, involved
getting political and territorial control over Central Asia—during this time, Britain had control of
India, and Russia wanted to establish boundaries for control in Persia, Afghanistan, and Tibet.
• Count Alexander Izvolsky, Foreign Minister of the Russian Empire, and Sir Arthur Nicolson, the
British-Russian Convention of 1907, signed the Anglo-Russian Entente with the following
stipulations:
• “
1. That Persia would be split into three zones: A Russian zone in the north, a British zone in
the southeast, and a neutral “buffer” zone in the remaining land.
2. That Britain may not seek concessions “beyond a line starting from Qasr-e Shirin, passing
through Isfahan, Yezd (Yazd), Kakhk, and ending at a point on the Persian frontier at the
intersection of the Russian and Afghan frontiers.”
3. That Russia must follow the reverse of guideline number two.
4. That Russia to cease any communication with the Emir of Afghanistan.”
• This convention eventually led to the creation of the Triple Entente, which will later rival the
Central Powers.
The Great Powers: Italy, France, Germany, Britain, Austria-Hungary and Russia.
(information provided by Wikipedia—cited resources used later on)
5. Significant Movements During/Preceding World
War I
New Imperialism
• Another wave of imperialism: imperialism refers to the desire of political/economical control
over a territory (Kohn).
• New Imperialism involved the United States, Empire of Japan, and other European powers.
• The first wave of European imperialism ended after the American Revolution (1775-83) and
the end of the Spanish Empire in Latin America around 1820.
• The Berlin Conference of 1884-1885 (key nations attending this conference were France,
Germany, Great Britain and Portugal) maintained the rush of imperialism (or the “Scramble
for Africa” occurring between 1881-1914) by re-stating the recognition of a territory based on
“principle of effective occupation” which consisted of having treaties with leaders of the land, a
flag stations, and police or military force administering the area (Gilbert). This resulted in Africa
being colonized by European powers.
Gilbert, Jeremie. "Means of Acquisition." Indigenous Peoples' Land Rights under International
Law from Victims to Actors. Ardsley, NY: Transnational, 2006. 32. Print.
Kohn, Margaret. "Colonialism." Stanford University. Stanford University, 9 May 2006. Web. 27
Dec. 2015.
Irredentism
• Irredentism is the movement to reclaim/reoccupy a territory, justified primarily by a historical or
ethnical basis (Romano). Italy coined this term, in reference to the territories Trentino, Trieste,
Gorizia, Istria, Rijeka, and Dalmatia (which are land to native Italians ruled by Austria-
Hungary) throughout the 19th and early 20th centuries (Romano).
• An example of irredentism during WWI will be the assassination of the Austrian Archduke
Franz Ferdinand by Serbian irredentists in Bosnia; under the “Young Bosnia” movement,
Serbians wanted to have Bosnia unified along with other South Slav territories, and to create a
Yugoslavia and to be free of Austria rule.
Romano, Carlin. "Revanchism and Its Costs." History News Network. Web. 27 Dec. 2015.
Yellow Peril
• First coined in the 1890s by Kaiser Wilhelm II of Germany after the Japanese victory in the
first Sino-Japanese war, to describe those of Asian descent, according to John Dower, as “the
core imagery of apes, lesser men, primitives, children, madmen, and beings who possessed
special powers”, high-lighting the fear of an Asian invasion (Yang).
Yang, Tim. "The Malleable Yet Undying Nature of the Yellow Peril." Darthmouth Asian American
Studies. Web. 27 Dec. 2015.
Revanchism
• In the 1870s, directly referred to France’s feelings of “revenge” (or French revanchism) or
hostilities against Germany due to losing territories after the Franco-Prussian War, and desire
6. to reclaim Alsace-Lorraine (land belonging to the French since the 17th century) (Romano).
Outside of a French, WWI context, it can also refer to other nations wanting to regain their lost
territory, i.e German revanchists (Romano).
Romano, Carlin. "Revanchism and Its Costs." The Chronicle of Higher Education. 21 July 2014.
Web. 27 Dec. 2015.
Social Darwinism
• Social Darwinism, a theory by Charles Darwin that advocated for the survival of the fittest with
the strongest states surviving, largely influenced imperialist and expansionist aspirations in the
19th century (Russia was not driven by social darwinism, however) (“Imperialism”).
"Imperialism." International Encyclopedia of the First World War. Web. 27 Dec. 2015.
Globalization
• Refers to the relationship between different countries in economics, politics, and culture.
("Read Up on the Positives and Negatives of Globalization.”)
"Read Up on the Positives and Negatives of Globalization." About.com Education. Web. 27 Dec.
2015.
Self-Determination
• Self-determination, in the context of nation-states, is the ability of a community to determine
it’s own political future without outside authoritarian rule, and freedom to pursue it’s ideas on
justice. liberty, and freedom (“Self-Determination”). Self-determination, as proposed by Wilson,
is a nation finding it’s own identity outside of an empire and it’s own sovereignty (“Self-
Determination”).
"Self-Determination." Encyclopedia Princetoniensis. Web. 27 Dec. 2015.
Progressivism
• A movement concentrating on reformations driven by a moral sense of duty and responsibility,
responsible for the passage of the 18th and 19th Amendment (prohibition and women’s
suffrage), led in the context of the US participation in WWI, the desire to spread democracy
("The Progressive Movement (1900-1918)”)
"The Progressive Movement (1900-1918)." PBS. PBS. Web. 27 Dec. 2015.
Nationalism
• As a heightened form of patriotism, is the belief in the supremacy of one’s own country over
others, including the interests over one country dominating another territory or nation
("Nationalism as a Cause of World War I.”). Nationalism can be seen as a driving force for
imperialism, colonialism, and especially social Darwinism and irredentism. Indeed, it played a
large role in WWI, with Serbian nationalists being the ones that sparked the chain of events
leading to WWI, and even the war being pursued to create distinct, national identities and
fought individually by nations to uphold their “security and values” (Mann)
Mann, Michael. "The Role of Nationalism in the Two World Wars" UCLA Department of
Sociology. Web. 27 Dec. 2015.
7. "Nationalism as a Cause of World War I." Alphahistory. 22 June 2012. Web. 27 Dec. 2015. .
Concert of Europe
• Known also as the Age of Metternich (named after the Austrian Chancellor Clemens von
Metternich), the European Restoration, Vienna System (in Russia), and Pentarchie (in
Germany) was orchestrated by Austria, Prussia, the Russian Empire and United Kingdom (all
also members of the Quadruple Alliance) to handle international relations following the
Napoleonic Wars (1815) and the eruption of WWI (1914) (Davies).
• The nations, which later included France, held conferences in order to maintain the balance of
power (Davies)
Davies, Dr Huw. "The Concert of Europe: The Rise and Fall of the First United Nations."
DefenceInDepth. 24 Oct. 2014. Web. 27 Dec. 2015.
• Balance of Power is a theory postulating that the superiority of one state in military/economic/
etc power and ability to dominate other states can threaten national security, making
spreading military capabilities and influence necessary (“Balance of Power”). Balance of
power relied on alliances in order to keep other states in check.
"Balance of Power" 27 February 2008. HowStuffWorks.com. 27 December 2015.
Events Leading to World War 1
First Moroccan Crisis
• Transpired between March 1905 - May 1906, conflict between Germany and France on the
control or ownership of Morocco (an independent, African state, first claimed by France in
1899 who later mandated it) (Boddy-Evans). This event increased the tensions among
European powers.
Boddy-Evans, Alistair. "First Moroccan Crisis (31 March 1905 to 7 April 1906) Aka Tangier
Crisis." About.com Education. Web. 27 Dec. 2015.
Bosnian Crisis
• Occurring in 1908, Austria-Hungary annexed Bosnia and Herzegovina (areas in the Balkans).
This annexation was met with uproar by Serbia and pan-Slavic nationalists ("The Bosnian
Crisis of 1908-1909”).
"The Bosnian Crisis of 1908-1909." Mount Holyoke. Web. 27 Dec. 2015.
Second Moroccan Crisis
• Also called the Agadir Crisis, occurred in April 1911 in reaction to French troops being
deployed in Morocco, with Germany later sending a gunboat to Agadir (a Moroccan port)
(Boddy-Evans). During this crisis, Britain supported France, separating them from German
relations (Boddy-Evans).
Boddy-Evans, Alistair. "Second Moroccan Crisis: The Agadir Incident." About.com Education.
Web. 27 Dec. 2015.
8. Italo-Turkish War
• From September 29, 1011 to October 18, 1912, the Ottoman Empire and Kingdom of Italy
fought, with Italy gaining the Ottoman Tripolitania Vilye (included: Fezzan, Cyrenaica, and
Tripolia), forming an Italian Libya ("Italo-Turkish War Explained”). Results of this war showed
how Ottoman Empire was unsupported by other allies, and their (Balkan and African)
territories being fought for later in the Balkan Wars ("Italo-Turkish War Explained”)
"Italo-Turkish War Explained." Explained.Today. Web. 27 Dec. 2015.
Balkan Wars
• Taking place between 1912-1913, the Balkan Wars involved two conflicts (“Balkan Wars”). The
first conflict was when four Balkan states won a war over the Ottoman Empire, with Bulgaria
being defeated (by Serbia, Greece, and later Turkey and Romania) in the second war (“Balkan
Wars”). Tension mounted between Austria-Hungary (which lost much power as Serbia pushed
for South Slavic irredentism) and the Russian Empire (“Balkan Wars”).
"Balkan Wars" 27 February 2008. HowStuffWorks.com. Web. 27 December 2015.
Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand
• Six assassins organized by the Bosinian Serb and Black Hand member Danilo Ilic
assassinated the duke on June 28, 1914 along with his wife (Greenspan). This action led to
the July Crisis, or a series of events that eventually led to WWI, with Austria later giving an
ultimatum to Serbia, and declaring war upon Serbia’s rejection of the ultimatum (Greenspan).
• Austria’s declaration of war was unconditionally supported by Germany (referred to as the
“Blank Cheque”) while Russia and France, at this point, backed Serbia (“The July Crisis”).
• Russia first mobilized, and after refusing to end the mobilization, led to Germany also
mobilizing and declaring war on Russia (“The July Crisis”).
Greenspan, Jesse. "The Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand, 100 Years Ago."
History.com. A&E Television Networks, 26 June 2014. Web. 27 Dec. 2015.
"The July Crisis." Alphahistory. 17 June 2012. Web. 27 Dec. 2015.
Aftermath of WWI
• Fall of four empires: Ottoman Empire, German Empire, Austro-Hungarian, and
• US becoming a major economic power.
• The division between territories, and newly drawn geographical boundaries resulting in WWI
increased tensions between nations, later leading to WWI
• Europe’s boundaries became redrawn after the Treaty of Versailles, Treaties of Saint-
Germain, and Trianon and the Treaties of Neuilly and Sevres, as drafted by the Paris Peace
Conference of 1919-1920 (Stevenson).
• The Paris Peace Conference: attended by the “Big Four” (United Kingdom, France, the
United States, and Italy) amongst other thirty nations, participated in the conference on
January 1919 at Versailles to manage the outcomes of WWI. By the time this conference was
held, the European Allies already accepted most of Woodrow Wilson’s (president of the United
States) Fourteen Points.
9. • Fourteen Points: Wilson’s Fourteen Points emphasized “ self-determination of peoples,
free trade, and open diplomacy”, and led to the creation of the League of Nations, or a forum
for nations to discuss international relations and prevent war (Hickman). The points from one
to five endeavored to end causes of war: “imperialism, trade restrictions, arms races, secret
treaties, and disregard of nationalist tendencies” (Jones). Points six to 13 reflected desired
for territory restoration, and “national self-determination”, the last point was on creating the
League of Nations (Jones). However, the League proved to be unsuccessful—the US ended
up not joining the League at all (however, Roosevelt later created the United Nations
instead). The points also were not successful, instead the Treaty of Versailles was used
instead. However, it’s important to note that the points also embodied ideas behind
globalization, or the ability for nations to “trade, communicate” and participate in cultural
exchanges without any boundaries or restrictions (Jones).
Jones, Steve. "Why Woodrow Wilson's Fourteen Points Plan for Peace Failed." About.com
News & Issues. Web. 27 Dec. 2015.
Stevenson, David. "Aftermath of the First World War." Aftermath of World War One. The British
Library. Web. 27 Dec. 2015.
• The Fourteen Points:
• “I. Open covenants of peace, openly arrived at, after which there shall be no private
international understandings of any kind but diplomacy shall proceed always frankly and in
the public view.
• II. Absolute freedom of navigation upon the seas, outside territorial waters, alike in peace
and in war, except as the seas may be closed in whole or in part by international action for
the enforcement of international covenants.
• III. The removal, so far as possible, of all economic barriers and the establishment of an
equality of trade conditions among all the nations consenting to the peace and associating
themselves for its maintenance.
• IV. Adequate guarantees given and taken that national armaments will be reduced to the
lowest point consistent with domestic safety.
• V. A free, open-minded, and absolutely impartial adjustment of all colonial claims, based
upon a strict observance of the principle that in determining all such questions of
sovereignty the interests of the populations concerned must have equal weight with the
equitable claims of the government whose title is to be determined.
• VI. The evacuation of all Russian territory and such a settlement of all questions affecting
Russia as will secure the best and freest cooperation of the other nations of the world in
obtaining for her an unhampered and unembarrassed opportunity for the independent
determination of her own political development and national policy and assure her of a
sincere welcome into the society of free nations under institutions of her own choosing; and,
more than a welcome, assistance also of every kind that she may need and may herself
desire. The treatment accorded Russia by her sister nations in the months to come will be
the acid test of their good will, of their comprehension of her needs as distinguished from
their own interests, and of their intelligent and unselfish sympathy.
• VII. Belgium, the whole world will agree, must be evacuated and restored, without any
attempt to limit the sovereignty which she enjoys in common with all other free nations. No
other single act will serve as this will serve to restore confidence among the nations in the
laws which they have themselves set and determined for the government of their relations
10. with one another. Without this healing act the whole structure and validity of international law
is forever impaired.
• VIII. All French territory should be freed and the invaded portions restored, and the wrong
done to France by Prussia in 1871 in the matter of Alsace-Lorraine, which has unsettled the
peace of the world for nearly fifty years, should be righted, in order that peace may once
more be made secure in the interest of all.
• IX. A readjustment of the frontiers of Italy should be effected along clearly recognizable lines
of nationality.
• X. The peoples of Austria-Hungary, whose place among the nations we wish to see
safeguarded and assured, should be accorded the freest opportunity of autonomous
development.
• XI. Rumania, Serbia, and Montenegro should be evacuated; occupied territories restored;
Serbia accorded free and secure access to the sea; and the relations of the several Balkan
states to one another determined by friendly counsel along historically established lines of
allegiance and nationality; and international guarantees of the political and economic
independence and territorial integrity of the several Balkan states should be entered into.
• XII. The Turkish portions of the present Ottoman Empire should be assured a secure
sovereignty, but the other nationalities which are now under Turkish rule should be assured
an undoubted security of life and an absolutely unmolested opportunity of an autonomous
development, and the Dardanelles should be permanently opened as a free passage to the
ships and commerce of all nations under international guarantees.
• XIII. An independent Polish state should be erected which should include the territories
inhabited by indisputably Polish populations, which should be assured a free and secure
access to the sea, and whose political and economic independence and territorial integrity
should be guaranteed by international covenant.
• XIV. A general association of nations must be formed under specific covenants for the
purpose of affording mutual guarantees of political independence and territorial integrity to
great and small states alike.”
• This conference brought the creation of the Treaty of Versailles.
• Treaty of Versailles: In this treaty, Germany and Austria-Hungary were excluded from
attendance, with Britain (represented by Prime Minister Lloyd George), France (represented
by Prime Minister Frances Clemenceau) and US (represented by President Woodrow Wilson)
(Wilde). All three nations had difference objectives, with Wilson wanting his Fourteen Points
to be accepted, with all nations also reducing their armed forces, and the establishment of a
League of Nations (Wilde). France wanted Germany to be punished—desired reparations to
be paid by Germany, along with Germany’s armed forces, land, and industry taken away
(Wilde). Britain, or Prime Minister Lloyd George, actually agreed with Wilson, but due to public
opinion in Britain, sided with Clemenceau (Wilde). The Treaty of Versailles included: Germany
returning Alsace-Lorraine to France, with the Saar coalfield being given to France for 15
years, Poland receiving independence, along with Finland, Lithuania, Latvia, and
Czechoslovakia (Wilde). Germany lost much of it’s territory, including Danzig (major port)
being under international control, and Germany/Turkish colonies placed under Allied control
(Wilde). Austria-Hungary was also divided, leading to the creation of Yugoslavia (Wilde).
• In the arms, Germany had to decrease it’s army of 100k men, and the Germany Navy had
to lose it’s submarines, and 36 ships, with a union between Germany and Austria banned,
wartime weapons scrapped, and Allied forces occupying the left bank of the Rhine and the
right bank of Rhine being demilitarized (Wilde).
• Germany had to get total blame for the war, and pay £6,600 million (Wilde).
11. • League of Nations created, but was weak due to not having US support and someone to
carry out decisions.
Wilde, Robert. "World War I's Treaty of Versailles Explained." About.com Education. Web. 27
Dec. 2015.
• Treaties of Saint-Germain: Treaty signed between Austria and Allied Nations in Saint
german-en-Laye, ensuring Austria accepted the split of Austria-Hungary, and the creation of
Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia (however, “Yugoslavia” wasn’t the geographical term for the
region of land being united until 1929—was formerly called the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and
Slovenes) made from Dalmatia, Slovenia, and Bosnia-Hercegovina ("Treaty of St Germain -
Oxford Reference”). Austria became landlocked, consisting of only German-speaking Areas as
Galicia was given back to Poland, Bukovina given to Romania, and Trentino and South Tirol
given to Italy—Austria also had an army restriction of 30,000 men, and after the signage of the
treaty, exasperated it’s stability (“Treaty of St Germain - Oxford Reference”).
•
"Treaty of St Germain - Oxford Reference." Treaty of St Germain - Oxford Reference. Web. 27
Dec. 2015.
• Treaty of Trianon
• The Treaty of Trianon signed on June 4, 1920 between Hungary and the Allies to establish
Hungarian borders—Hungary lost more than two-thirds of it’s territory (including it’s
inhabitants)("Treaty of Trianon”). Hungary lost Transylvania and Eastern Hungary (territories
became Romania), Carpathian Ruthenia (became part of Czechoslovakia), majority of
Burgenland (became part of Austria), and Medimurje and Prekmurje, along with northern Arva
and Szepes to Poland, losing 72 percent of it’s land ("Treaty of Trianon”). However, Hungary
received cities formerly under Yugoslavian rule: Pecs, Mohacs, Baja, and Szitgetvar ("Treaty
of Trianon”). This treaty intended to uphold the idea of self-determination and creation of
nation-states over empires ("Treaty of Trianon”).
• "Treaty of Trianon." - New World Encyclopedia. Web. 29 Dec. 2015.
• Treaty of Neuilly
• Signed in November 27, 1919 between Bulgaria and WWI victors ("Treaty of Neuilly”).
Bulgaria had to give Thracian to Greece, and Macedonian territory to Yugoslavia, along with
paying reparations, limiting army size, and surrender war material ("Treaty of Neuilly”).
• "Treaty of Neuilly." HowStuffWorks. 26 Feb. 2008. Web. 29 Dec. 2015.
• Treaty of Sevres
• Signed on August 10, 1920 with the Ottoman Empire and Allies, in which the Ottoman empire
ceded its Arab provinces, provisional independence based on a mandate system was given to
Syria (to be controlled by France, and including Alexandretta, Aleppo, Damascus, and Beirut)
and Iraq (to be controlled by Britain, and included Mosul, Baghdad, and Basra) (Reguer).
Britain will also mandate Palestine and both side of the Jordan river, along with oil-hipline
transit rights through Syria (Reguer). France later received Germany’s shares of the Turkish
petroleum Company as well—however, both Britain and France did not mandate until 1923
(Reguer). However, since the treaty wasn’t ratified it became obsolete, with the demands of
this treaty being re-evaluated in the Treaty of Lausanne (signed in 1923)(Reguer).
12. Reguer, Sara, "Sèvres, Treaty Of." The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th Ed.. 2015, and "Sèvres,
Treaty Of." World Encyclopedia. 2005. "Sèvres, Treaty of (1920)." Encyclopedia.com. HighBeam
Research, 2004. Web. 27 Dec. 2015.