Dutch Empire
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GregThe Dutch claimed parts of the modern northeast U.S. as New Netherlands in the 1600s, extending religious freedom to the colonies. In 1667, New Netherlands was formally ceded to England and renamed New York. The Dutch also occupied Portuguese sugar settlements in Brazil in the 1600s and captured slave trading posts to supply forced labor to plantations, allowing the Dutch to expand their trade and territories through violence and attacks from other European powers by mid-century.
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Chapter 3 Creating New Social Orders Colonial Societies, 15
Chapter 3 | Creating New Social Orders: Colonial Societies, 1500–1700
63
CHAPTER 3
Creating New Social Orders:
Colonial Societies, 1500–1700
Figure 3.1 John Smith’s famous map of Virginia (1622) illustrates many geopolitical
features of early colonization. In
the upper left, Powhatan, who governed a powerful local confederation of Algonquian
communities, sits above other
local chiefs, denoting his authority. Another native figure, Susquehannock, who
appears in the upper right, visually
reinforces the message that the English did not control the land beyond a few
outposts along the Chesapeake.
Chapter Outline
3.1 Spanish Exploration and Colonial Society
3.2 Colonial Rivalries: Dutch and French Colonial Ambitions
3.3 English Settlements in America
3.4 The Impact of Colonization
Introduction
By the mid-seventeenth century, the geopolitical map of North America had become a
patchwork of
imperial designs and ambitions as the Spanish, Dutch, French, and English
reinforced their claims to
parts of the land. Uneasiness, punctuated by violent clashes, prevailed in the
border zones between the
Europeans’ territorial claims. Meanwhile, still-powerful native peoples waged war
to drive the invaders
from the continent. In the Chesapeake Bay and New England colonies, conflicts
erupted as the English
pushed against their native neighbors (Figure 3.1).
The rise of colonial societies in the Americas brought Native Americans, Africans,
and Europeans together
for the first time, highlighting the radical social, cultural, and religious
differences that hampered their
ability to understand each other. European settlement affected every aspect of the
land and its people,
bringing goods, ideas, and diseases that transformed the Americas. Reciprocally,
Native American
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tastes.
64
Chapter 3 | Creating New Social Orders: Colonial Societies, 1500–1700
3.1 Spanish Exploration and Colonial Society
By the end of this section, you will be able to:
• Identify the main Spanish American colonial settlements of the 1500s and
1600s
• Discuss economic, political, and demographic similarities and
differences between the
Spanish colonies
During the 1500s, Spain expanded its colonial empire to the Philippines in the Far
East and to areas in
the Americas that later became the United States. The Spanish dreamed of mountains
of gold and silver
and imagined converting thousands of eager Indians to Catholicism. In their vision
of colonial society,
everyone would know his or her place. Patriarchy (the rule of men over family,
society, and government)
shaped t ...
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Japan transitioned to a feudal system during the rise of feudalism. Power shifted to powerful families and military leaders known as shoguns, who held real political power while the emperor became a figurehead. This decentralized system was consolidated by Tokugawa Ieyasu, who established the Tokugawa Shogunate in 1603 that relied on feudal hierarchies and emphasized social order and control. The shogunate gradually closed Japan off from foreign influence by the mid-1600s due to fears of Christianity and foreign domination.
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Overview of the Haitian Revolution used to set the context for the Who Was Toussaint L'Ouverture? History Lab
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The Ottoman Empire
The Ottoman Empire originated as a nomadic Turkish group from Central Asia and rose to become a powerful world empire. Through military conquest, the Ottomans brought large territories under Islamic rule by the 15th century, including the capturing of Constantinople in 1453, marking the fall of the Byzantine Empire and expansion of Ottoman power. Under Suleiman the Magnificent's rule from 1520-1566, the empire established a strict social class system and saw advancements in areas like science, architecture, and literature.
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The document summarizes the rise and growth of the British colonial empire from the 16th century until the late 19th century. It details how England established colonies in North America and exploited the slave trade to develop prosperous plantations. England also came to dominate trade in India, defeating French and Dutch rivals. At its peak, the British Empire spanned the globe and was the largest empire in world history.
The british empire
The British Empire rose to power between 1583 and 1783 through colonization efforts and the East India Company. It reached its peak between 1815 and 1914 during the Imperial Century through expansion in Africa and Asia. However, the empire declined after World War 2 as colonies gained independence, and the empire formally ended in 1997 as the last British overseas territories were handed over.
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- However, Haiti's victory came at great cost after years of war. The country was left with a devastated agriculture system, no formal economy or education, and deep instability that allowed dictatorial rule.
- While Haiti achieved the remarkable feat of being the first free black nation in the Americas, independence did not solve the challenges of development under such dire conditions from the revolution.
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Ottoman Empire
The Ottoman Empire lasted from 1280 to 1918 and was once the largest empire in the world. It was led by sultans and was a center of trade between Europe and Asia. The empire grew powerful under leaders like Mehmet II and Suleyman the Magnificent, controlling trade routes and developing advanced military technologies. However, the empire eventually declined as European powers surpassed Ottoman control of trade, wealth, and technology.
The Ottoman Empire
The Ottoman Empire rose to power in the 15th century by conquering Constantinople in 1453 and making it their capital Istanbul. Over the next centuries, the Ottomans expanded their empire to control much of the Middle East, Egypt, the Balkans, and parts of Russia and Europe. Their military success was due to technologies like cannons and skilled soldiers. At its peak in the 16th century under Suleiman the Magnificent, the Ottoman Empire entered a Golden Age and established a government and legal system. However, problems later emerged such as poor leadership and corruption, and the empire declined as European powers industrialized while the Ottomans remained agricultural.
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The document provides an overview of the American Revolution including key events, players, and perspectives. It discusses the French and Indian War, the Intolerable Acts that increased tensions, the Boston Massacre, the Boston Tea Party, major battles like Lexington and Concord, Bunker Hill, and Trenton. It also mentions the Declaration of Independence, perspectives of loyalists and minorities, and concludes with the Treaty of Paris that ended the war.
History of the british empire
The British Empire grew over 400 years from the late 15th century through the late 20th century. Key phases included establishing colonies in Ireland and the Americas in the early modern period, expanding trade and control in India in the 18th-19th centuries, and engaging in the "Scramble for Africa" in the late 19th century. Decolonization accelerated after World War 2, as most colonies gained independence in the 1960s, marking the symbolic end of the British Empire despite some ongoing territorial control. The empire left a significant political, economic, and cultural legacy worldwide.
11.2 the russian empire (2)
The document discusses the emergence of Russian culture from the blending of Slavic and Byzantine traditions and the adoption of Eastern Orthodox Christianity. It then covers the rise of Kievan Rus as a powerful state centered around Kiev before its decline due to internal divisions and external invasions including by the Mongols, who ruled much of Russia for 200 years. Finally, it summarizes how Moscow grew in power under Mongol rule and how Ivan III challenged Mongol domination, leading to Russia gaining independence from the Mongol-led Golden Horde.
Unit 6 Topic 1 Notes - German Empire and Alliances
Bismarck united Germany and isolated France through a system of alliances, creating stability. Kaiser Wilhelm II later dismissed Bismarck and refused to renew the Reinsurance Treaty with Russia, allowing the French and Russians to form an alliance. Growing German naval and industrial power threatened British interests, leading Britain to form the Entente Cordial with France and an alliance with Russia, creating the Triple Entente against the German-led Triple Alliance. Nationalism in the Balkans and competition over colonies destabilized Europe as militarism rose across the continent.
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Unit 6 Topic 1 Notes - German Empire and Alliances
Unit 6 Topic 1 Notes - German Empire and Alliances
Similar to Dutch Empire
Dutch I Middle Colonies
The Middle Colonies were originally claimed by the Dutch, who established the first permanent settlement at Fort Nassau in 1614. The Dutch colony of New Netherlands encompassed parts of present-day New York, Pennsylvania, and New Jersey. In 1667, the Dutch formally ceded New Amsterdam to the English and it was renamed New York City. The Dutch were also very successful traders, at one point employing and shipping more goods than England, France, and Spain combined through colonies established in South Africa and Indonesia.
Chapter 3 Creating New Social Orders Colonial Societies, 15
Chapter 3 | Creating New Social Orders: Colonial Societies, 1500–1700
63
CHAPTER 3
Creating New Social Orders:
Colonial Societies, 1500–1700
Figure 3.1 John Smith’s famous map of Virginia (1622) illustrates many geopolitical
features of early colonization. In
the upper left, Powhatan, who governed a powerful local confederation of Algonquian
communities, sits above other
local chiefs, denoting his authority. Another native figure, Susquehannock, who
appears in the upper right, visually
reinforces the message that the English did not control the land beyond a few
outposts along the Chesapeake.
Chapter Outline
3.1 Spanish Exploration and Colonial Society
3.2 Colonial Rivalries: Dutch and French Colonial Ambitions
3.3 English Settlements in America
3.4 The Impact of Colonization
Introduction
By the mid-seventeenth century, the geopolitical map of North America had become a
patchwork of
imperial designs and ambitions as the Spanish, Dutch, French, and English
reinforced their claims to
parts of the land. Uneasiness, punctuated by violent clashes, prevailed in the
border zones between the
Europeans’ territorial claims. Meanwhile, still-powerful native peoples waged war
to drive the invaders
from the continent. In the Chesapeake Bay and New England colonies, conflicts
erupted as the English
pushed against their native neighbors (Figure 3.1).
The rise of colonial societies in the Americas brought Native Americans, Africans,
and Europeans together
for the first time, highlighting the radical social, cultural, and religious
differences that hampered their
ability to understand each other. European settlement affected every aspect of the
land and its people,
bringing goods, ideas, and diseases that transformed the Americas. Reciprocally,
Native American
practices, such as the use of tobacco, profoundly altered European habits and
tastes.
64
Chapter 3 | Creating New Social Orders: Colonial Societies, 1500–1700
3.1 Spanish Exploration and Colonial Society
By the end of this section, you will be able to:
• Identify the main Spanish American colonial settlements of the 1500s and
1600s
• Discuss economic, political, and demographic similarities and
differences between the
Spanish colonies
During the 1500s, Spain expanded its colonial empire to the Philippines in the Far
East and to areas in
the Americas that later became the United States. The Spanish dreamed of mountains
of gold and silver
and imagined converting thousands of eager Indians to Catholicism. In their vision
of colonial society,
everyone would know his or her place. Patriarchy (the rule of men over family,
society, and government)
shaped t ...
Age of exploration
Between 1500-1800:
- European powers expanded globally through exploration and colonization motivated by trade, wealth, and religion. Portugal led expansion in Africa and Asia while Spain dominated in the Americas.
- The slave trade dramatically increased to supply labor for American plantations, devastating parts of Africa and changing its political/social structures.
- Europeans established overseas colonies and trading posts in Asia, Africa and the Americas, transforming global economics and introducing mercantilism. Their presence impacted politics, culture and religion in conquered regions.
THE HISTORICAL ATLAS OF NEW YORK
The Dutch were the first to settle Manhattan in the 16th century, naming it New Netherland. The native Lenape people called it Mannahatta, meaning hilly island. When the British took control in 1664, they renamed New York City after the Duke of York. New York City grew through immigration from places like France, Ireland, and Britain due to religious persecution, as well as the slave trade from Africa. The boroughs that make up New York City today received their names from the Dutch, British, and people they were named after.
Album of the American Colonies
The document provides information on various topics related to European colonization of North America, including the international slave trade to Brazil, the Dutch and Portuguese empires, English and French colonies, and Native Americans. Specifically, it discusses how between 3.6-5 million slaves were transported to Brazil over centuries, how the Dutch supplanted the Portuguese in Asian trade routes, the founding and growth of English colonies in North America, the slow colonization of New France compared to English colonies, and that Native Americans lived in independent nations across North America when Europeans first arrived.
Album
1) The document summarizes information about the Portuguese, Dutch, and English involvement in the international slave trade to Brazil between the 16th and 19th centuries. It discusses the large numbers of slaves transported by sailing ships to Brazil and laws passed in the 1820s making the slave trade illegal.
2) It also discusses the Dutch supplanting the Portuguese in the spice and silk trade from Asia to Europe in the 17th century. The Dutch captured the principal Portuguese fortified trading post in West Africa in 1637.
3) Sources used in the document include academic journals and textbooks on American colonial history and the slave trade.
4.2.exploration causation and events a3
The Spanish founded colonies across the Caribbean and in Mexico and South America in the 1500s. They established St. Augustine, Florida in 1565, the oldest permanent European settlement in the continental United States. Meanwhile, the crew of Ferdinand Magellan completed the first circumnavigation of the globe, opening the Pacific Ocean to European trade and exploration. By 1600, Spain had established a vast colonial empire in the Americas and Asia, acquiring great wealth in silver and other exports. Other European powers like the Dutch, French, and English then started exploring and colonizing parts of North and South America in search of trade routes, natural resources, and territory.
Spanish empire
The House of Habsburg was a powerful royal dynasty in Europe from the 11th-18th centuries. Through strategic marriages, they accumulated territories including Spain, Austria, Burgundy, Bohemia, and Hungary. While the Austrian branch continued, the Spanish Habsburgs died out in 1700 after King Charles II's death. Inbreeding over many generations weakened the Spanish branch and contributed to their extinction, as Spain declined in the late 17th century during economic troubles and wars.
European exploration map
European powers explored and colonized much of the world between the 15th-17th centuries seeking to spread Christianity, gain territory, and profit economically. Portugal led exploration down the coast of Africa. Spain established vast American and Asian empires through conquistadors like Pizarro. The British, French, and Dutch later established global trading empires through colonization of North America, the Caribbean, Africa, Asia, and the Pacific. European exploration and colonization transformed global politics and economics and led to the rise of powerful Western empires.
The Catholic King and Queen
The document provides biographical information about Queen Isabel I of Castile and King Ferdinand II of Aragon, who married and united the kingdoms of Castile and Aragon in 1469. It discusses their conquest of Granada in 1492 and breaking of promises to Muslims, leading to their forced conversion or exile. It also mentions the establishment of the Spanish Inquisition to enforce Catholic orthodoxy and expulsion of Jews from Spain.
CHAPTER 3Creating New Social OrdersColonial Societies, .docx
CHAPTER 3
Creating New Social Orders:
Colonial Societies, 1500–1700
Figure 3.1 John Smith’s famous map of Virginia (1622) illustrates many geopolitical features of early colonization. In
the upper left, Powhatan, who governed a powerful local confederation of Algonquian communities, sits above other
local chiefs, denoting his authority. Another native figure, Susquehannock, who appears in the upper right, visually
reinforces the message that the English did not control the land beyond a few outposts along the Chesapeake.
Chapter Outline
3.1 Spanish Exploration and Colonial Society
3.2 Colonial Rivalries: Dutch and French Colonial Ambitions
3.3 English Settlements in America
3.4 The Impact of Colonization
Introduction
By the mid-seventeenth century, the geopolitical map of North America had become a patchwork of
imperial designs and ambitions as the Spanish, Dutch, French, and English reinforced their claims to
parts of the land. Uneasiness, punctuated by violent clashes, prevailed in the border zones between the
Europeans’ territorial claims. Meanwhile, still-powerful native peoples waged war to drive the invaders
from the continent. In the Chesapeake Bay and New England colonies, conflicts erupted as the English
pushed against their native neighbors (Figure 3.1).
The rise of colonial societies in the Americas brought Native Americans, Africans, and Europeans together
for the first time, highlighting the radical social, cultural, and religious differences that hampered their
ability to understand each other. European settlement affected every aspect of the land and its people,
bringing goods, ideas, and diseases that transformed the Americas. Reciprocally, Native American
practices, such as the use of tobacco, profoundly altered European habits and tastes.
Chapter 3 Creating New Social Orders: Colonial Societies, 1500–1700 69
3.1 Spanish Exploration and Colonial Society
By the end of this section, you will be able to:
• Identify the main Spanish American colonial settlements of the 1500s and 1600s
• Discuss economic, political, and demographic similarities and differences between the
Spanish colonies
During the 1500s, Spain expanded its colonial empire to the Philippines in the Far East and to areas in
the Americas that later became the United States. The Spanish dreamed of mountains of gold and silver
and imagined converting thousands of eager Indians to Catholicism. In their vision of colonial society,
everyone would know his or her place. Patriarchy (the rule of men over family, society, and government)
shaped the Spanish colonial world. Women occupied a lower status. In all matters, the Spanish held
themselves to be atop the social pyramid, with native peoples and Africans beneath them. Both Africans
and native peoples, however, contested Spanish claims to dominance. Everywhere the Spanish settled,
they brought devastating diseases, such as smallpox, that led to a horrific loss of life among native peoples.
European diseases k ...
Chapter 3 powerpoint presentations
Christopher Columbus received funding from Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain to sail west in search of a route to Asia. His reaching the New World in 1492 gave hope for riches in the new land but also resulted in the greatly diminished native populations and growth of the transatlantic slave trade. Other Spanish explorers like Balboa, Magellan, de Soto, and Coronado further explored and claimed lands for Spain in the early 1500s, helping Spain build an empire in the Americas through conquistadors like Cortes and Pizarro who defeated the Aztec and Inca empires. European nations established colonies in North America for resources, trade, and religious reasons, with the French founding New France, Dutch founding
Lecture 1.2
1) In 1492, Christopher Columbus sailed west from Spain in an attempt to reach Asia but instead landed in the Caribbean, beginning European exploration and colonization of the Americas.
2) Over the next few centuries, European powers including Spain, England, France, and the Netherlands established colonies throughout North and South America for wealth, trade, and religion.
3) The early English colonies included Jamestown in 1607 and Plymouth in 1620, while other colonies like Maryland and Pennsylvania embraced religious tolerance. Colonization brought not only Europeans but also African slaves and farmers from other nations.
Hist 140 album of the american colonies
The document summarizes the colonization of North America by various European powers between the 15th-17th centuries. It discusses how Africans were largely used as slaves, transported via brutal conditions on slave ships. It also describes the Spanish conquest of Florida and Mexico, and their attempts to convert native populations to Catholicism, often violently. The French established themselves in Canada and Louisiana, while the Dutch set up the colony of New Netherlands. The English colonies expanded greatly, with the 13 colonies stretching from New England to the Chesapeake. Native Americans were the original inhabitants, having migrated over land bridges from Asia over 10,000 years ago.
Hist 140 album of the american colonies
The document summarizes information about the early colonization of North America by various European powers between the 15th-18th centuries. It discusses how Africans were enslaved and brought to the Americas, the Spanish conquest of native lands and attempts to convert indigenous religions to Catholicism, the establishment of French colonies in Canada and Louisiana, conflicts between the Dutch and English for control of the Hudson River Valley, and the expansion of the vast English colonial empire across the eastern seaboard through population growth and private enterprise. Native Americans are described as the earliest colonizers who crossed into North America from Asia over 15,000 years ago during the last ice age.
Spanish empire PP
The document summarizes the history of the Spanish Empire from its origins to its decline. It began with the reconquest of Spain from the Moors in 1492 and the voyages of Columbus that sparked Spain's colonial expansion. In the 16th century, Spain established a vast global empire through conquering the Aztec and Inca empires in the Americas and establishing colonies worldwide. However, by the 17th century Spain entered a gradual decline as its costly European wars drained its resources and its Habsburg rulers grew increasingly ineffective. The Spanish Empire reached its peak in the 17th century but lost most of its European holdings by the early 18th century.
Spanish Explorers
The document provides a summary of key explorations and events in the Americas between 1000 AD and 1682 AD, including:
- Leif Erikson discovers North America around 1000 AD.
- Many Spanish explorers explore Central and South America in the early 1500s, including Columbus, Cortez, Pizarro, Balboa, and Coronado.
- French explorers Jacques Cartier and Samuel de Champlain explore Canada and the Mississippi River valley in the 1500s-1600s.
- The English explorer Sir Francis Drake becomes the first to circumnavigate the globe in 1577.
Early modern spain
1. Fernando and Isabel united their kingdoms through marriage, creating a powerful Spain. They established the Spanish Inquisition and expelled Jews in 1492.
2. Explorers like Columbus and Magellan expanded Spain's empire, leading to the conquest of the Aztecs and Incas. This introduced new goods, diseases, and slavery to the Americas.
3. The Hapsburg and Bourbon dynasties ruled Spain over subsequent centuries. The Bourbons centralized power and modernized Spain under the influence of the Enlightenment.
Pre columbian-2 spanish period
The document provides a brief overview of Florida's history from its emergence from the sea millions of years ago to the end of the First Spanish Period when Florida became a British territory. It mentions that native Floridians had a closer connection to nature than other North American tribes. It then discusses some of the early Spanish explorers like Juan Ponce de Leon and Pedro Menendez de Aviles who founded St. Augustine in 1565. The document also notes some of the tensions between the Spanish, French, English and native Americans during this time period over land and slavery that eventually led to Florida changing hands after the French and Indian War.
The portuguese empire
The Portuguese Empire was one of the longest-lived colonial empires, spanning from the 15th century to the late 19th century. Portugal explored coastal regions of Africa and established the first global trade routes to India and Brazil during this period. Key events included Vasco da Gama's voyage linking Portugal and India in 1497 and Pedro Álvares Cabral's accidental discovery of Brazil in 1500 while attempting to reach India. Portugal's power later declined as other European nations took over more of the spice and slave trades.
Similar to Dutch Empire (20)
Chapter 3 Creating New Social Orders Colonial Societies, 15
Chapter 3 Creating New Social Orders Colonial Societies, 15
CHAPTER 3Creating New Social OrdersColonial Societies, .docx
CHAPTER 3Creating New Social OrdersColonial Societies, .docx
More from Greg
California
The document summarizes the history of labor and immigration in California from the 19th century to the 1990s. It describes how the Gold Rush brought massive immigration that changed California's demographics. Major periods of economic hardship like the Great Depression caused further migration to the state. The rise of unions and labor strikes increased in the early 20th century. Cesar Chavez led important farm worker strikes fighting for higher wages. More recent decades saw increased illegal immigration which placed economic burdens on the state, and the population became highly ethnically diverse.
The second world part v
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Chile
Chile is known for its renowned poets Pablo Neruda and Gabriela Mistral, both Nobel Prize winners. The cueca is Chile's most famous dance representing different regions, and folk music also varies by zone. Popular modern music genres include Nueva Canción Chilena folk-inspired songs and internationally acclaimed electro-DJs. Seafood dominates Chilean cuisine due to its long coastline, like the paila marina seafood stew. Soccer is the most popular sport, and Chile has also found success in skiing and surfing thanks to its geography.
Chile
Chile is known for its renowned poets Pablo Neruda and Gabriela Mistral, both Nobel Prize winners. The cueca is Chile's most famous dance representing different regions, and folk music also varies by zone. Popular modern music genres include Nueva Canción Chilena folk-inspired songs and internationally acclaimed electro-DJs. Seafood dominates Chilean cuisine due to its long coastline, like the paila marina seafood stew. Soccer is the most popular sport, and Chile has also found success in skiing and surfing thanks to its geography.
French Empire1
New France was established by French fur traders seeking to create permanent outposts around the St. Lawrence Valley for the fur trade, as the region was ideal for fur trading but not agriculture. In 1627, New France had a small population of only 85 colonists as the survival of the French depended on fur trading and they could not anger the native populations. While France was the strongest kingdom in Europe at the time, England was able to overcome them through building a larger professional army and navy funded by higher taxation, though the English remained among the lightest taxed people in Europe.
French Empire2
The document discusses French colonization in North America. The French initially came in small numbers to trade furs with native tribes in Canada and the Northeast. This fur trade led the French to form military and diplomatic alliances with various native groups, allowing French influence to extend over many regions. It also notes that Robert de La Salle named the territory surrounding the Gulf of Mexico "Louisiana" in honor of King Louis XIV in 1682, though La Salle later died while trying to establish a colony there. The French went on to connect Canada and Louisiana using river networks and trading posts, aided by their native allies.
French Empire2
The document discusses French colonization in North America. The French initially came in small numbers to trade furs with native tribes in Canada and the Northeast. This fur trade led the French to form military and diplomatic alliances with various native groups, allowing French influence to extend over many regions. It also notes that Robert de La Salle named the territory surrounding the Gulf of Mexico "Louisiana" in honor of King Louis XIV in 1682. However, La Salle later became lost trying to return from the colony and was assassinated, leaving the colony he had established vulnerable. The French then sought to connect their territories of Canada and Louisiana using river networks and trading posts, as well as military alliances with native tribes.
Portuguese Empire1
Colonial Brazil lasted from 1500 to 1815, when Portugal was united with Brazil. For 300 years, the Portuguese colony exploited the land through extracting brazilwood, cultivating sugar, and mining gold, relying heavily on African slave labor. After independence, Brazil retained its Portuguese cultural and linguistic roots while becoming the largest country in South America.
Portuguese Empire2
The document discusses Damiana da Cunha, a woman who lived during a gold rush in Brazil in the 1800s. She advocated for fair treatment of her people who were being enslaved and abused while mining for gold. As gold was discovered, Portuguese settlers created slave camps of the local Caiapo people to mine, which led to attacks on travelers and disruption of mining. Governor Luis da Cunha worked to make peace with the natives to allow the mining to continue while protecting the people.
English Empire2
The Puritans believed that the untamed nature was evil and would corrupt man, so they worked hard to transform the landscape of the new colony to resemble the agricultural landscapes of England, which they saw as God's plan. The native populations were actually highly skilled horticulturalists who used techniques like companion planting of crops. However, the growing English colonies viewed the natives as obstacles and the chief Opechancanough led resistance efforts to preserve native lands and culture, continuing the struggle even after he was captured until he was ultimately killed by English soldiers.
English Empire3
Oliver Cromwell was Lord Protector of England in the 1650s after leading military forces that defeated royalist armies in the English Civil War, resulting in King Charles I being imprisoned and executed in 1649. Cromwell lived most of his early life as a farmer until inheriting money from his uncle. As the leader of the Cromwell movement, he was responsible for the deaths and deportations of over 50,000 Irish Catholics during campaigns in Ireland, viewing it as divine retribution for Catholic massacres of Protestants in Ulster in 1641.
Spanish Empire5
The Aztec capital of Tenochtitlan fell to Spanish conquistador Hernan Cortes on August 13, 1521, killing 240,000 people and collapsing the Aztec empire. Cortes became governor of newly established New Spain in 1522, ruling over the region for King Charles V of Spain and forcing the local population to convert to Christianity, ending human sacrifices and destroying indigenous religious idols.
Spanish Empire4
Martin Ocelotl was a shaman in 1519 who was imprisoned for an unfavorable prophecy but was later baptized in 1525. As a shaman, he became skilled in folk healing and was sought after by both Spanish and indigenous peoples for his ability to divine. Antonio De Gouveia was intelligent in alchemy and astrology and could also read fortunes, though he faced prosecution for still studying medicine as a priest. Miguel Hernandez was a successful mulatto businessman in 1604 who started his own freight company with over 20 mules after working as a muleteer, owning property and being respected for his virtue and fortune despite racial stereotypes of the time.
Spanish Empire3
Isabel Moctezuma was the daughter of the Aztec ruler Moctezuma II and later became the first woman married to Spanish conquistador Fernando Cortez, with whom she had a child and became symbols of the first Hispanic-Indian people in Mexico. Enrico Martinez was a printer from Seville, Spain who traveled to Veracruz, Mexico in 1589 seeking wealth and status but faced difficulties and was ultimately imprisoned, ending his opportunities for success in his new home.
Spanish Empire2
The Aztecs believed Hernan Cortez was the returning god Quetzalcoatl and welcomed him to their empire. Cortez used this to his advantage to conquer the Aztec empire, destroying their religion and culture. He established New Spain and began forcibly changing Aztec society through intermarriage and cultural suppression, leading to anti-Spanish resistance from Aztecs seeking independence.
Spanish Empire1
The Spanish Empire was one of the first global empires, spanning Europe, the Americas, Africa, Asia, and Oceania from the 15th to the 19th centuries. It began expanding in 1492 after the reconquista of Spain, when Christopher Columbus' voyage to the Americas launched the Spanish colonization of the New World. By the 16th century, the Spanish Empire extended across most of the Americas and into Asia, dividing its territories into the primary viceroyalties of New Spain, New Castile, and New Granada. The empire lasted over 300 years and was fueled primarily by silver mining in Peru and Mexico, though it underwent many administrative and economic changes over its long history.
Oliver Cromwell
Oliver Cromwell was Lord Protector of England in the 1650s after a series of civil wars ended with King Charles I imprisoned and executed in 1649. Cromwell had been a military leader in the civil wars and lived as a farmer until inheriting money from his uncle. As Lord Protector, Cromwell ruled England in place of the traditional monarchy but his brutality in putting down an uprising in Ireland, where he was responsible for the deaths and deportations of over 50,000 people, has been strongly debated.
The European Voyages and How the World Changes
This document discusses the global trade of goods and commodities between various regions throughout history. It focuses on trade between Asia, Europe, Africa, and the Americas involving goods like spices, textiles, sugar, tobacco, coffee, chocolate, and potatoes. Many of these goods originated in one region and spread globally through trade networks, with some like sugar, coffee, and chocolate becoming very popular worldwide consumer products. The document also discusses how Europeans initially viewed and treated indigenous populations in the Americas.
The world in 1492
This document provides an overview of the state of different regions in 1492, on the eve of Columbus' voyage. It describes that Europe was divided into small states, Portugal had recently begun exploring westward, and Spain was unified under Ferdinand and Isabella. It continues by outlining the political situations in regions like Turkey, Africa, India, China, Japan, the Americas, and the major civilizations and traditions that existed globally at that time. Finally, it notes that Western Europe had begun to make better use of contacts between societies than other parts of Eurasia.
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Dutch Empire
- 2. Dutch claimed the New Netherlands in the Hudson Valley, including parts of modern day New York, Pennsylvania and New Jersey Extended their religious freedom to their colonies. In 1667, the Dutch formally resigned New Amsterdam to England, renaming it New York. New York was noticeably less like a colony after, and more like “A garrisoned foreign city”
- 3. In 1630, the Dutch occupied the Portuguese sugar-settlement of Pernambuco and over the next few years pushed inland, annexing the sugar plantations that surrounded it. In order to supply the plantations with the manpower they required, an expedition was launched in 1637 from Brazil to capture the Portuguese slaving post of Elmina. The Dutch was able to spread themselves in violent matters and by the mid-centuries they were facing attacks from their formal allies against Spain, French, and English.