CAMBRIDGE A2 HISTORY: BISMARCK AIMS. Contains: general overview, politics, Dreikaiserbund, ensure cooperation, the war in sight crisis, German diplomatic defeat, crisis in the Balkans,
1 the main causes of wwi slideshare versiondumouchelle
The main causes of WWI were militarism, alliances, imperialism, and nationalism. A network of alliances drew the major European powers into war after the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary by a Serbian nationalist. Germany backed Austria-Hungary's declaration of war on Serbia, leading Russia and its allies to declare war on Germany and Austria-Hungary, starting World War I.
Bismarck successfully unified Germany in 1871 and then pursued a policy of maintaining peace in Europe through a complex web of alliances including the League of Three Emperors and the Dual Alliance between Germany and Austria-Hungary. His diplomacy was aimed at isolating France and preventing the formation of any alliance against Germany. By 1890, Bismarck had maintained peace in Europe for nearly two decades through skillful statesmanship, but increasing tensions and his resignation weakened Germany's position as other powers sought to alter the balance of power.
The 1st World War had devastating consequences for Europe. Over 10 million soldiers died and 20 million were wounded. The Treaty of Versailles established harsh terms for Germany, including war guilt, loss of territory, military limitations, and heavy reparations. This caused outrage in Germany and contributed to economic and political instability. Overall, the peace settlements redrew the maps of Europe but failed to achieve a lasting peace, as many were unhappy with the outcomes.
World War I began on July 28, 1914 and lasted until November 11, 1918. It involved many of the world's major powers divided into two opposing alliances: the Allies including Britain, France, and Russia, and the Central Powers including Germany and Austria-Hungary. The war was sparked by the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria by Serbian nationalists, which caused Austria-Hungary to declare war on Serbia and aligned countries to join the fighting. Over 10 million soldiers and civilians lost their lives in the war before an armistice was signed and the Treaty of Versailles ended the war.
World War 1 was caused by long-term tensions between European nations such as nationalism, imperialism, militarism, and the alliance system. The immediate cause was the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary by a Serbian nationalist on June 28, 1914. This triggered a series of declarations of war between European powers with secret alliances that led all major European powers to enter the war.
Nationalism played a key role in German unification in the late 19th century. Otto von Bismarck, as Prime Minister of Prussia, skillfully used nationalism and a series of wars against Denmark, Austria, and France to unify the German states under Prussian leadership by 1871. The new German Empire dominated Europe both economically and militarily, replacing the balance of power that had existed since the Congress of Vienna.
The document provides background information on the causes of World War I, including nationalism, imperialism, militarism, and the system of alliances between European powers. It describes how nationalist sentiments led countries to build up their militaries in an arms race. Competing colonial interests exacerbated tensions. By 1914, Germany and Austria-Hungary were allied against Russia, France, and Britain in a complex network that caused the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand to trigger a chain reaction leading those countries to declare war on each other.
The presentation is about First World War. it's causes, devastation and name and force of the central powers and allied powers. The consequences and peace treaties which came into force through world war 1 in world history. It will be helpful for students of political science, public administration and international relations.
1 the main causes of wwi slideshare versiondumouchelle
The main causes of WWI were militarism, alliances, imperialism, and nationalism. A network of alliances drew the major European powers into war after the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary by a Serbian nationalist. Germany backed Austria-Hungary's declaration of war on Serbia, leading Russia and its allies to declare war on Germany and Austria-Hungary, starting World War I.
Bismarck successfully unified Germany in 1871 and then pursued a policy of maintaining peace in Europe through a complex web of alliances including the League of Three Emperors and the Dual Alliance between Germany and Austria-Hungary. His diplomacy was aimed at isolating France and preventing the formation of any alliance against Germany. By 1890, Bismarck had maintained peace in Europe for nearly two decades through skillful statesmanship, but increasing tensions and his resignation weakened Germany's position as other powers sought to alter the balance of power.
The 1st World War had devastating consequences for Europe. Over 10 million soldiers died and 20 million were wounded. The Treaty of Versailles established harsh terms for Germany, including war guilt, loss of territory, military limitations, and heavy reparations. This caused outrage in Germany and contributed to economic and political instability. Overall, the peace settlements redrew the maps of Europe but failed to achieve a lasting peace, as many were unhappy with the outcomes.
World War I began on July 28, 1914 and lasted until November 11, 1918. It involved many of the world's major powers divided into two opposing alliances: the Allies including Britain, France, and Russia, and the Central Powers including Germany and Austria-Hungary. The war was sparked by the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria by Serbian nationalists, which caused Austria-Hungary to declare war on Serbia and aligned countries to join the fighting. Over 10 million soldiers and civilians lost their lives in the war before an armistice was signed and the Treaty of Versailles ended the war.
World War 1 was caused by long-term tensions between European nations such as nationalism, imperialism, militarism, and the alliance system. The immediate cause was the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary by a Serbian nationalist on June 28, 1914. This triggered a series of declarations of war between European powers with secret alliances that led all major European powers to enter the war.
Nationalism played a key role in German unification in the late 19th century. Otto von Bismarck, as Prime Minister of Prussia, skillfully used nationalism and a series of wars against Denmark, Austria, and France to unify the German states under Prussian leadership by 1871. The new German Empire dominated Europe both economically and militarily, replacing the balance of power that had existed since the Congress of Vienna.
The document provides background information on the causes of World War I, including nationalism, imperialism, militarism, and the system of alliances between European powers. It describes how nationalist sentiments led countries to build up their militaries in an arms race. Competing colonial interests exacerbated tensions. By 1914, Germany and Austria-Hungary were allied against Russia, France, and Britain in a complex network that caused the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand to trigger a chain reaction leading those countries to declare war on each other.
The presentation is about First World War. it's causes, devastation and name and force of the central powers and allied powers. The consequences and peace treaties which came into force through world war 1 in world history. It will be helpful for students of political science, public administration and international relations.
The document summarizes the key causes and events of World War 1. It discusses the long-term causes like nationalism, imperialism, and militarism that divided Europe into allied camps. The immediate spark was the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand in 1914. America initially remained neutral but was drawn into the war in 1917 after German U-boats sank American ships and the Zimmerman Telegram was intercepted. With fresh American troops arriving in 1918, the Allied forces gained the upper hand and Germany surrendered in November 1918, ending World War 1.
Otto von Bismarck was a Prussian statesman appointed as Minister President of Prussia in 1862. As Minister President, Bismarck worked to strengthen Prussia by stopping a crisis in the kingdom, building a stronger Prussian army, and engaging in wars against Denmark, Austria, and France. Historians debate whether Bismarck engineered events that made German unification inevitable or simply responded to existing situations. This document provides background on Bismarck and outlines differing historical views of his importance in German unification.
The document discusses the Treaty of Versailles signed after World War 1. It examines what each of the Big Three allied leaders - Lloyd George of Britain, Clemenceau of France, and Wilson of the US - wanted to achieve from the peace treaty with Germany. Lloyd George wanted just punishment for Germany but not too harsh, while also weakening Germany's military. Clemenceau wanted to severely weaken Germany to prevent future threats. Wilson wanted a fair treaty and the establishment of the League of Nations to promote peace. The document goes on to outline some of the key terms imposed on Germany by the Treaty.
The document discusses Italian and German unification in the 19th century driven by nationalism. It outlines the barriers that previously divided Italy and Germany, as well as the key figures involved in unification. Giuseppe Garibaldi and Giuseppe Mazzini worked to inspire nationalism in Italy. Otto von Bismarck used "blood and iron" tactics to defeat opponents and skillfully manipulate geopolitics to unite Germany's states under Prussian leadership by 1871. Both newly unified countries still faced internal problems adjusting to nationhood.
The document summarizes the unification of Germany under Otto von Bismarck in the late 19th century. It discusses the debates between a "Greater Germany" including Austria and a "Lesser Germany" without Austria. Bismarck used victories in the Danish, Austro-Prussian, and Franco-Prussian wars to consolidate the German states under Prussian leadership and proclaim William I as the first emperor of a unified German Empire in 1871.
The document summarizes the events leading up to and during the Seven Years' War between France and England for control over territories in North America. It discusses the territorial disputes between the two powers in the Americas, various battles and military campaigns that took place, and the outcome of the war which resulted in French defeat and the ceding of New France to British control under the Treaty of Paris in 1763. The new British rulers faced challenges in governing the French Catholic population in Quebec and dealing with indigenous nations in the aftermath of the war.
The document summarizes how Otto von Bismarck unified Germany in the late 1800s through a series of strategic wars and negotiations that shifted power away from Austria. Bismarck used "blood and iron" tactics like provoking the Austro-Prussian War in 1866 and manipulating the Ems Telegram to start the Franco-Prussian War in 1870 to defeat Germany's rivals and form the German Empire under Prussian leadership.
The leaders of Italian unification faced significant obstacles, as the Italian states were divided and Austria dominated much of the region, making unification seem impossible. However, Piedmont-Sardinia was able to gain allies by joining the Crimean War, and then Napoleon III agreed to aid their fight against Austria if certain territories were surrendered. This allowed Piedmont-Sardinia, with French support, to defeat Austria and gradually unite the other Italian states through military campaigns and uprisings led by Giuseppe Garibaldi.
The document summarizes several European revolutions that occurred between 1830 and 1848. It discusses the French Revolutions of 1830 and 1848, where citizens revolted due to a desire for more liberal governments and an expansion of voting rights. It also outlines revolutions in Belgium, Poland, the Austrian Empire, Italy, and Germany, which were largely driven by nationalist sentiments of various ethnic groups who wanted independent nation states. Of the revolutions discussed, only the Belgian Revolution resulted in the successful establishment of an independent country.
World War I resulted in major territorial and political changes across Europe and victory for the Allied powers of Great Britain, France, and the United States. Russia withdrew from the war due to unrest caused by the unpopularity of the war and the Russian Revolution led to the establishment of the Soviet Union. Germany and the Ottoman Empire were defeated and their territories were divided among new countries. The Treaty of Versailles imposed harsh reparations on Germany causing economic instability, which contributed to the rise of Adolf Hitler and setting the stage for World War II.
CAMBRIDGE AS HISTORY: ALLIANCES WORLD WAR 1. Contains: alliance definition, Napoleon, the Congress of Vienna, the Treaty of London 1839, the Three Emperors League 1873, the Dual Alliance 1879, the Triple Alliance 1882, the Franco-Russian Alliance 1894, the Entente Cordiale 1904, the Anglo-Russian Entente 1907, the Triple Entente 1907, factors in the outbreak of war.
World War 1 was caused by four main underlying factors: militarism, alliances, imperialism, and nationalism. Militarism led to an arms race in Europe and rising tensions as countries felt threatened by others' growing military powers. This contributed to the formation of two opposing alliances - the Triple Alliance of Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy, and the Triple Entente of Britain, France and Russia. Imperialism caused frequent disputes over colonies. Nationalist sentiments, especially Serbian nationalism against Austria-Hungary, were also a major contributing factor. When Austria-Hungary issued an ultimatum to Serbia after the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand by Serbian nationalists, a series of events led
The Treaty of Versailles imposed harsh terms on Germany after WWI, leaving its economy in ruins. Japan began expanding its empire to gain resources to sustain its growing population. Fascist dictators like Mussolini and later Hitler rose to power in Italy and Germany, seeking to expand their territories. Hitler took advantage of Germany's desperate economic situation and national pride to become dictator, allying with Mussolini and beginning to rearm Germany in violation of the Treaty while speaking of peace. Hitler's expansion of Germany by annexing Austria and Czechoslovakia was enabled by Britain and France's failed policy of appeasement seeking to avoid war. The worldwide Great Depression created further global instability contributing to the outbreak of WWII.
The document summarizes the political situation in the Balkans region from 1870-1914. It describes how the Ottoman Empire's control over the Balkans weakened over this period as Christian states like Greece gained independence. This led to tensions between the great powers of Europe over the region and its strategic importance. Crises erupted in 1875-1877 and 1908 over atrocities against Christians and Austria-Hungary's annexation of Bosnia respectively, heightening tensions between Austria-Hungary, Russia, and their allies going into World War 1.
European history for 2nd year in St.Patrick's school. It includes both videos seen in class and information about the Ottoman Empire and the Crimean War.
The document summarizes postwar conditions in several European countries after World War 1. Britain faced high taxes, economic issues like strikes, and debt from the war. France had vast amounts of destroyed land and infrastructure. Germany transitioned to a democratic republic but faced currency devaluation and economic struggles. Italy emerged weakened from the war despite being a victor. The rise of fascist leaders like Mussolini and Hitler began amid economic and nationalist tensions. Stalin took control in the Soviet Union and instituted authoritarian policies and rapid industrialization. Conditions were ripe for the rise of aggression and a potential second world war.
The document summarizes the key causes of World War 1:
- Imperialism and nationalism led countries to want to expand their territories and resources.
- Alliances pulled countries into war as they were obligated to support allies.
- Militarism and an arms race increased tensions as countries built up their forces.
- Immediate triggers were the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand and crises over Morocco and Bosnia exacerbating tensions between Serbia and Austria-Hungary.
How successful was bismarck's foreign policyShmiley3000
Bismarck pursued a largely successful foreign policy for Germany through a series of alliances and treaties. His main goals were to maintain peace in Europe, isolate France after its defeat in the Franco-Prussian War, and prevent the emergence of a powerful coalition that could threaten Germany. Key elements of Bismarck's foreign policy included the League of Three Emperors, the Congress of Berlin, the Dual Alliance between Germany and Austria-Hungary, and the Reinsurance Treaty with Russia. Through deft diplomacy and balancing of interests, Bismarck largely achieved his aims of stabilizing Europe under German dominance for nearly two decades.
CAMBRIDGE AS HISTORY: KAISER WILHELM'S FOREIGN POLICYGeorge Dumitrache
William II revised Germany's foreign policy after dismissing Bismarck. He aimed to make Germany a global power through colonies and a large navy. However, his aggressive diplomacy backfired and antagonized other European powers. Germany's interference in Morocco and naval expansion alarmed Britain and strengthened the Franco-Russian Alliance. William II failed to achieve Germany's isolationist goals and instead turned more countries against them ahead of WWI.
The document summarizes the key causes and events of World War 1. It discusses the long-term causes like nationalism, imperialism, and militarism that divided Europe into allied camps. The immediate spark was the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand in 1914. America initially remained neutral but was drawn into the war in 1917 after German U-boats sank American ships and the Zimmerman Telegram was intercepted. With fresh American troops arriving in 1918, the Allied forces gained the upper hand and Germany surrendered in November 1918, ending World War 1.
Otto von Bismarck was a Prussian statesman appointed as Minister President of Prussia in 1862. As Minister President, Bismarck worked to strengthen Prussia by stopping a crisis in the kingdom, building a stronger Prussian army, and engaging in wars against Denmark, Austria, and France. Historians debate whether Bismarck engineered events that made German unification inevitable or simply responded to existing situations. This document provides background on Bismarck and outlines differing historical views of his importance in German unification.
The document discusses the Treaty of Versailles signed after World War 1. It examines what each of the Big Three allied leaders - Lloyd George of Britain, Clemenceau of France, and Wilson of the US - wanted to achieve from the peace treaty with Germany. Lloyd George wanted just punishment for Germany but not too harsh, while also weakening Germany's military. Clemenceau wanted to severely weaken Germany to prevent future threats. Wilson wanted a fair treaty and the establishment of the League of Nations to promote peace. The document goes on to outline some of the key terms imposed on Germany by the Treaty.
The document discusses Italian and German unification in the 19th century driven by nationalism. It outlines the barriers that previously divided Italy and Germany, as well as the key figures involved in unification. Giuseppe Garibaldi and Giuseppe Mazzini worked to inspire nationalism in Italy. Otto von Bismarck used "blood and iron" tactics to defeat opponents and skillfully manipulate geopolitics to unite Germany's states under Prussian leadership by 1871. Both newly unified countries still faced internal problems adjusting to nationhood.
The document summarizes the unification of Germany under Otto von Bismarck in the late 19th century. It discusses the debates between a "Greater Germany" including Austria and a "Lesser Germany" without Austria. Bismarck used victories in the Danish, Austro-Prussian, and Franco-Prussian wars to consolidate the German states under Prussian leadership and proclaim William I as the first emperor of a unified German Empire in 1871.
The document summarizes the events leading up to and during the Seven Years' War between France and England for control over territories in North America. It discusses the territorial disputes between the two powers in the Americas, various battles and military campaigns that took place, and the outcome of the war which resulted in French defeat and the ceding of New France to British control under the Treaty of Paris in 1763. The new British rulers faced challenges in governing the French Catholic population in Quebec and dealing with indigenous nations in the aftermath of the war.
The document summarizes how Otto von Bismarck unified Germany in the late 1800s through a series of strategic wars and negotiations that shifted power away from Austria. Bismarck used "blood and iron" tactics like provoking the Austro-Prussian War in 1866 and manipulating the Ems Telegram to start the Franco-Prussian War in 1870 to defeat Germany's rivals and form the German Empire under Prussian leadership.
The leaders of Italian unification faced significant obstacles, as the Italian states were divided and Austria dominated much of the region, making unification seem impossible. However, Piedmont-Sardinia was able to gain allies by joining the Crimean War, and then Napoleon III agreed to aid their fight against Austria if certain territories were surrendered. This allowed Piedmont-Sardinia, with French support, to defeat Austria and gradually unite the other Italian states through military campaigns and uprisings led by Giuseppe Garibaldi.
The document summarizes several European revolutions that occurred between 1830 and 1848. It discusses the French Revolutions of 1830 and 1848, where citizens revolted due to a desire for more liberal governments and an expansion of voting rights. It also outlines revolutions in Belgium, Poland, the Austrian Empire, Italy, and Germany, which were largely driven by nationalist sentiments of various ethnic groups who wanted independent nation states. Of the revolutions discussed, only the Belgian Revolution resulted in the successful establishment of an independent country.
World War I resulted in major territorial and political changes across Europe and victory for the Allied powers of Great Britain, France, and the United States. Russia withdrew from the war due to unrest caused by the unpopularity of the war and the Russian Revolution led to the establishment of the Soviet Union. Germany and the Ottoman Empire were defeated and their territories were divided among new countries. The Treaty of Versailles imposed harsh reparations on Germany causing economic instability, which contributed to the rise of Adolf Hitler and setting the stage for World War II.
CAMBRIDGE AS HISTORY: ALLIANCES WORLD WAR 1. Contains: alliance definition, Napoleon, the Congress of Vienna, the Treaty of London 1839, the Three Emperors League 1873, the Dual Alliance 1879, the Triple Alliance 1882, the Franco-Russian Alliance 1894, the Entente Cordiale 1904, the Anglo-Russian Entente 1907, the Triple Entente 1907, factors in the outbreak of war.
World War 1 was caused by four main underlying factors: militarism, alliances, imperialism, and nationalism. Militarism led to an arms race in Europe and rising tensions as countries felt threatened by others' growing military powers. This contributed to the formation of two opposing alliances - the Triple Alliance of Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy, and the Triple Entente of Britain, France and Russia. Imperialism caused frequent disputes over colonies. Nationalist sentiments, especially Serbian nationalism against Austria-Hungary, were also a major contributing factor. When Austria-Hungary issued an ultimatum to Serbia after the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand by Serbian nationalists, a series of events led
The Treaty of Versailles imposed harsh terms on Germany after WWI, leaving its economy in ruins. Japan began expanding its empire to gain resources to sustain its growing population. Fascist dictators like Mussolini and later Hitler rose to power in Italy and Germany, seeking to expand their territories. Hitler took advantage of Germany's desperate economic situation and national pride to become dictator, allying with Mussolini and beginning to rearm Germany in violation of the Treaty while speaking of peace. Hitler's expansion of Germany by annexing Austria and Czechoslovakia was enabled by Britain and France's failed policy of appeasement seeking to avoid war. The worldwide Great Depression created further global instability contributing to the outbreak of WWII.
The document summarizes the political situation in the Balkans region from 1870-1914. It describes how the Ottoman Empire's control over the Balkans weakened over this period as Christian states like Greece gained independence. This led to tensions between the great powers of Europe over the region and its strategic importance. Crises erupted in 1875-1877 and 1908 over atrocities against Christians and Austria-Hungary's annexation of Bosnia respectively, heightening tensions between Austria-Hungary, Russia, and their allies going into World War 1.
European history for 2nd year in St.Patrick's school. It includes both videos seen in class and information about the Ottoman Empire and the Crimean War.
The document summarizes postwar conditions in several European countries after World War 1. Britain faced high taxes, economic issues like strikes, and debt from the war. France had vast amounts of destroyed land and infrastructure. Germany transitioned to a democratic republic but faced currency devaluation and economic struggles. Italy emerged weakened from the war despite being a victor. The rise of fascist leaders like Mussolini and Hitler began amid economic and nationalist tensions. Stalin took control in the Soviet Union and instituted authoritarian policies and rapid industrialization. Conditions were ripe for the rise of aggression and a potential second world war.
The document summarizes the key causes of World War 1:
- Imperialism and nationalism led countries to want to expand their territories and resources.
- Alliances pulled countries into war as they were obligated to support allies.
- Militarism and an arms race increased tensions as countries built up their forces.
- Immediate triggers were the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand and crises over Morocco and Bosnia exacerbating tensions between Serbia and Austria-Hungary.
How successful was bismarck's foreign policyShmiley3000
Bismarck pursued a largely successful foreign policy for Germany through a series of alliances and treaties. His main goals were to maintain peace in Europe, isolate France after its defeat in the Franco-Prussian War, and prevent the emergence of a powerful coalition that could threaten Germany. Key elements of Bismarck's foreign policy included the League of Three Emperors, the Congress of Berlin, the Dual Alliance between Germany and Austria-Hungary, and the Reinsurance Treaty with Russia. Through deft diplomacy and balancing of interests, Bismarck largely achieved his aims of stabilizing Europe under German dominance for nearly two decades.
CAMBRIDGE AS HISTORY: KAISER WILHELM'S FOREIGN POLICYGeorge Dumitrache
William II revised Germany's foreign policy after dismissing Bismarck. He aimed to make Germany a global power through colonies and a large navy. However, his aggressive diplomacy backfired and antagonized other European powers. Germany's interference in Morocco and naval expansion alarmed Britain and strengthened the Franco-Russian Alliance. William II failed to achieve Germany's isolationist goals and instead turned more countries against them ahead of WWI.
CAMBRIDGE AS HISTORY: JAPAN AT 1918. Presentation contains: extending privileges in China, exports quadrupled, the rice riots, the increase in rice price, the actual riots, alongside big four, Japan as a great power.
The Dawes Plan of 1924 aimed to stabilize Germany's economy and end hyperinflation following World War 1. Led by American Charles Dawes, the plan restructured Germany's reparation payments to make them more manageable. It also returned control of the Ruhr region to Germany after it was occupied by France and Belgium. The Dawes Plan helped boost Germany's economy through foreign loans and reorganizing its central bank under Allied supervision. However, it was only a short-term solution and Germany's recovery still depended on continued economic growth, making it vulnerable to future downturns.
GEOGRAPHY YEAR 9: CANADA. Presentation suitable for Geography Year 9 students, which contains: geography, borders, maps, flags, current leaders, etymology, currency, area, early and modern history, governance, foreign relations, military, topography and relief forms, rivers and lakes, climate, biodiversity, economy, natural resources, population and density, capital, largest cities, ethnic groups, language, religion, health system, education system and literacy, culture, personalities.
COUNTRIES OF THE PLANET: RUSSIA. Presentation suitable for Geography Year 9, which contains: geography, borders, maps, flags, current leaders, etymology, currency, area, early and modern history, governance, foreign relations, military, topography and relief forms, rivers and lakes, climate, biodiversity, economy, natural resources, population and density, capital, largest cities, ethnic groups, language, religion, health system, education system and literacy, culture, personalities.
CAMBRIDGE AS HISTORY: AFRICA BEFORE EUROPEAN DOMINATIONGeorge Dumitrache
CAMBRIDGE AS HISTORY: AFRICA BEFORE EUROPEAN DOMINATION. Contains: Africa divided, early contacts, discovery expeditions, nations compete for overseas empires, the Congo sparking interests, Congo's exploration, Leopold and Congo, the Belgian Congo.
CAMBRIDGE AS HISTORY: DISPUTE OVER THE CHINESE EMPIREGeorge Dumitrache
CAMBRIDGE AS HISTORY: DISPUTE OVER THE CHINESE EMPIRE. It contains: the first opium war, the second opium war, extraterritoriality, Dalai Lama in exile, China in late Qing, questioning China, Russia and China.
CAMBRIDGE AS HISTORY: ALL ABOUT THE BOER WARS. It contains: origins of the Boer Wars, the Great Trek, Transvaal and Orange Free State, the Confederation of South African States, the First Boer War, the Second Boer War.
The Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895 marked the emergence of Japan as a major power and the weakness of China. The war grew out of conflict over influence in Korea, which had been a Chinese client state but attracted Japanese interest. Fighting began when Japan sent troops to Korea in response to Chinese reinforcements sent to help suppress a rebellion. The Japanese scored quick victories by land and sea due to their modernized military. In the Treaty of Shimonoseki that ended the war, China ceded Taiwan and territories to Japan and paid an indemnity, further weakening China and encouraging Western incursions.
Japanese militarism developed from the Meiji Restoration and referred to the ideology that the military should dominate Japan. The early Meiji government viewed a strong military as necessary to defend against threats. Under Yamagata, universal conscription was introduced in 1873, indoctrinating soldiers with loyalty to the emperor. German advisor Meckel greatly influenced the development of the Japanese military based on the Prussian model. Japan joined the imperialist powers after victories over China and Russia, seeking resources for industry. The military grew independent from civilian control and could influence government formation. Opposition to militarism came from individuals in politics, business and culture but faced repression as militarism increased in the 1930s.
CAMBRIDGE AS HISTORY: BERLIN CONFERENCE. A presentation suitable for Paper 2, Scramble for Africa,. It contains: European competition for Africa, spheres of influence, Otto von Bismarck, Africa as a domain, the Congo free state, the results of colonisation, massacre in Congo, a demographic disaster.
CAMBRIDGE AS HISTORY: INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION AS A REASON FOR SCRAMBLE FOR AFRICAGeorge Dumitrache
CAMBRIDGE AS HISTORY: INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION AS A REASON FOR SCRAMBLE FOR AFRICA. Contains: reasons for scramble for Africa, setting the stage, ideological motivations, competition, industrialisation, Africa's raw materials, the vast resources, futile military resistance, and forces driving imperialism.
GEOGRAPHY YEAR 9: DENMARK. Presentation suitable for Geography Year 9 students, which contains: geography, borders, maps, flags, current leaders, etymology, currency, area, early and modern history, governance, foreign relations, military, topography and relief forms, rivers, climate, biodiversity, economy, natural resources, population and density, capital, largest cities, ethnic groups, language, religion, health system, education system and literacy, culture.
GEOGRAPHY YEAR 9: NIGERIA. Presentation suitable for Geography Year 9, which contains: geography, borders, maps, flags, current leaders, etymology, currency, area, early and modern history, governance, foreign relations, military, topography and relief forms, rivers and lakes, climate, biodiversity, economy, natural resources, population and density, capital, largest cities, ethnic groups, language, religion, health system, education system and literacy, culture, personalities.
GEOGRAPHY YEAR 9: BRAZIL. Presentation suitable for Geography Year 9 students, which contains: geography, borders, maps, flags, current leaders, etymology, currency, area, early and modern history, governance, foreign relations, military, topography and relief forms, rivers and lakes, climate, biodiversity, economy, natural resources, population and density, capital, largest cities, ethnic groups, language, religion, health system, education system and literacy, culture, personalities.
CAMBRIDGE AS HISTORY: USA AND ISOLATIONISM. It contains: isolationism, a controversial style of policy, explaining the isolationism, preserving local jobs, controversies, American isolationism, American colonial period, George Washington farewell address, geographical position, Monroe doctrine, the bastion of isolationism, World War 1, conclusions.
Bismarck secured the unification of Germany in 1871 and aimed to reassure other European powers through a series of changing alliances. He formed the Three Emperors League with Russia and Austria-Hungary in 1872, but tensions in the Balkans caused it to dissolve. Bismarck then aligned Germany with Austria-Hungary through the Dual Alliance of 1879 and added Italy to form the Triple Alliance of 1882. By 1890, Bismarck had resigned after clashes with the new Kaiser, having maintained peace in Europe for two decades through a complex network of shifting diplomatic agreements and alliances.
The document summarizes the system of alliances in Europe leading up to World War 1. Key events include:
- Bismarck created a system of alliances to isolate France after the Franco-Prussian war, including the Three Emperors' League and Dual Alliance with Austria.
- The Triple Alliance was formed in 1882 between Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy in response to the Franco-Russian Alliance of 1893.
- Britain remained isolated until forming the Entente Cordiale with France in 1904 to counter growing German influence, completing the two opposing alliance systems in Europe on the eve of World War 1.
This document provides an overview of the unification of Italy in the 19th century. It discusses the key obstacles to Italian unity, including frequent foreign rule and warfare that led to strong regional identities. It then describes the roles of Count Cavour and Giuseppe Garibaldi in helping to expel the Austrians and unite Italy's states. Finally, it notes some challenges the new nation of Italy faced, such as regional divisions, tensions with the Catholic Church, and unrest between radicals and conservatives.
The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand led Austria to issue an ultimatum to Serbia, threatening war. As alliances formed over the previous decades took hold, Russia mobilized to support Serbia, Germany in turn mobilized to support Austria, and France supported Russia. Germany then invaded Belgium, drawing Britain into the war on August 4th, 1914, despite none of the nations truly expecting or wanting a prolonged continental war. Tensions had been rising as the balance of power shifted in Europe.
Otto von Bismarck used wars and diplomacy to unify the German states under Prussian leadership. Through the Danish War, Seven Weeks War, and Franco-Prussian War, Bismarck was able to defeat neighboring powers and increase Prussian influence. By exploiting nationalist sentiment and promising territories, Bismarck incorporated other German states to form the German Empire in 1871 with Wilhelm I as emperor.
Geschiedenis german foreign and colonial policyJurgen Marechal
The document discusses Germany's foreign and colonial policy following unification in 1871 under Bismarck. It summarizes Bismarck's system of alliances to maintain peace in Europe and isolate France. It then discusses Germany's growing imperial ambitions from the 1890s onward under Wilhelm II, including the adoption of a Weltpolitik policy and naval buildup that strained relations with Britain.
World War 1 was caused by rising nationalism in European nations and imperial competition that increased tensions and led to a system of opposing alliances. By 1914 the tensions had reached a breaking point. When Archduke Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary was assassinated by a Serbian nationalist, Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia with support from Germany. This pulled the allied countries of Russia, France and Britain into the war against the Central Powers of Germany and Austria-Hungary, starting World War 1.
Otto von Bismarck was born in 1815 in Prussia to a noble family and studied law before joining the military. After leaving the military, he became a landlord but also grew interested in politics. He supported the Prussian king and helped Prussia defeat Denmark, Austria, and France through diplomacy and war. This led to German unification and Bismarck becoming Chancellor of the new German Empire in 1871. As Chancellor, he implemented domestic reforms but grew powerful and eventually lost control when Wilhelm II became emperor in 1888. Bismarck went on to write his memoirs before passing away in 1898.
The document discusses the unification of Germany which began in the early 19th century. It describes how many German states joined together with other powers like Russia and Austria to defeat Napoleon's army at the Battle of Leipzig in 1813 during the Napoleonic Wars. This began the process of unifying the German states. Later, the Congress of Vienna formally ended the Napoleonic Wars in 1815.
The Three Emperors League was a defensive alliance formed in 1872 between the German Empire, Russian Empire, and Austro-Hungarian Empire to maintain the status quo in the Balkans and isolate France diplomatically. It was an important part of Bismarck's system of alliances that helped unify Germany but also contributed to rising tensions after it dissolved. By rejecting treaty renewal in the 1890s, Germany lost leverage over Austria and increased Russian insecurity, sowing seeds for future conflicts.
CAMBRIDGE AS HISTORY: THE ORIGINS OF WORLD WAR 1. THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE ALLI...George Dumitrache
CAMBRIDGE AS HISTORY: THE ORIGINS OF WORLD WAR 1. THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE ALLIANCE SYSTEM. Contains: Europe's main powers in 1900, Bismarck's alliances, opposition to Germany, implications of the alliances.
The document discusses German unification in the 19th century. It describes how the German Confederation that formed after the Napoleonic Wars was weak and collapsed amid revolutionary unrest in 1848. Otto von Bismarck then helped Prussia defeat Denmark, Austria, and France in successive wars from 1864 to 1871 to unite most German states into the German Empire with Prussia as the dominant power. Bismarck pursued policies as Chancellor to build a unified German national identity and powerful German state.
World War I began as tensions grew between two major alliances in Europe - the Triple Alliance of Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy, and the Triple Entente of Britain, France and Russia. The Triple Alliance was formed in 1882 to counter Russian influence in the Balkans and balance power on the continent. As the 19th century ended, countries shifted alliances and tensions increased, ultimately leading to the outbreak of World War I in 1914.
Unit 6 Topic 1 Notes - German Empire and Allianceswesleybatcheller
Bismarck united Germany and isolated France through a system of alliances, creating stability. Kaiser Wilhelm II later dismissed Bismarck and refused to renew the Reinsurance Treaty with Russia, allowing the French and Russians to form an alliance. Growing German naval and industrial power threatened British interests, leading Britain to form the Entente Cordial with France and an alliance with Russia, creating the Triple Entente against the German-led Triple Alliance. Nationalism in the Balkans and competition over colonies destabilized Europe as militarism rose across the continent.
By watching this slide show u will be amazed.and one can be able to score full on the topic the exact ppt same as in the textbooks of maharashtra state board 2015...
German culture before 1870 saw significant political changes. Prussia established a customs union called the Zollverein in the 1830s that excluded Austria and unified most German states economically. Otto von Bismarck was appointed minister-president of Prussia in 1862 and pursued German unification through "blood and iron" rather than democratic means. Prussia fought successful wars against Denmark, Austria, and France between 1864-1871, culminating in the proclamation of the German Empire in 1871 under King Wilhelm I of Prussia.
The document discusses the tensions between European powers in the decades leading up to World War 1. It describes how nationalism was growing and how countries like Germany and Italy sought to establish themselves on the global stage. It also discusses the system of alliances that tied countries together, such as the Triple Alliance between Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy, and the Triple Entente between Britain, France and Russia. While tensions were mounting, countries did not expect the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand to lead to a major continental war.
CAMBRIDGE AS HISTORY REVISION - AGE OF IMPERIALISM: 1.4 THE ALLIANCE SYSTEM I...George Dumitrache
Bismarck established a system of alliances to ensure German security after unification in 1871. This included the Dual Alliance with Austria-Hungary in 1879 and the Triple Alliance adding Italy in 1882. Kaiser Wilhelm abandoned this system in 1890, pursuing a more aggressive foreign policy that led France and Russia to form the Franco-Russian Alliance in 1894 for security. In response to rising tensions, Britain and France formed the Entente Cordiale in 1904 and Britain and Russia the Anglo-Russian Entente in 1907. The existence of these rival alliances increased tensions in Europe and an arms race broke out, contributing to the outbreak of World War 1 after the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary
Similar to CAMBRIDGE A2 HISTORY: BISMARCK AIMS (20)
07. DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: NAZI REGIME - REICHSTAG FIRE SOURCESGeorge Dumitrache
07. DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: NAZI REGIME - REICHSTAG FIRE
On February 27, 1933, the German parliament (Reichstag) building burned down. The Nazi leadership and its coalition partners used the fire to claim that Communists were planning a violent uprising. They claimed that emergency legislation was needed to prevent this. The resulting act, commonly known as the Reichstag Fire Decree, abolished a number of constitutional protections and paved the way for Nazi dictatorship.
05. DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: NAZI REGIME - HITLER CONSOLIDATING POWER 1933-34.PPTXGeorge Dumitrache
05. DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: NAZI REGIME - HITLER CONSOLIDATING POWER 1933-34.PPTX
Following Hitler’s appointment as chancellor the Nazis were finally in a position of power.
However, this power was limited, as the Nazis were just one party in a three party coalition government, under President Hindenburg.
This topic will explore how the Nazis managed to eliminate their opposition and consolidate ultimate power over Germany, whilst maintaining an illusion of democracy.
It will first explore this topic in chronological order, from the Reichstag Fire through to the death of President Hindenburg, and then explore it thematically in the last section. On the 31 January 1933, Hitler, conscious of his lack of a majority in the Reichstag, immediately called for new elections to try and strengthen his position. The Nazis aimed to increase their share of the vote so that they would have a majority in the Reichstag. This would allow them to rule unopposed and unhindered by coalition governments.
Over the next two months, they launched themselves into an intense election campaign.
On 27 February 1933, as the campaign moved into its final, frantic days, the Reichstag, the German Parliament building, was set on fire and burnt down. An atmosphere of panic and terror followed the event.
This continued when a young Dutch communist, Van der Lubbe was arrested for the crime.
The Nazi Party used the atmosphere of panic to their advantage, encouraging anti-communism. Göring declared that the communists had planned a national uprising to overthrow the Weimar Republic. This hysteria helped to turn the public against the communists, one of the Nazis main opponents, and 4000 people were imprisoned.
The day after the fire, Hindenburg signed the Emergency Decree for the Protection of the German People. On the 28 February 1933, President Hindenburg signed the Emergency Decree for the Protection of the German People. This decree suspended the democratic aspects of the Weimar Republic and declared a state of emergency.
This decree gave the Nazis a legal basis for the persecution and oppression of any opponents, who were be framed as traitors to the republic. People could be imprisoned for any or no reason.
The decree also removed basic personal freedoms, such as the freedom of speech, the right to own property, and the right to trial before imprisonment.
Through these aspects the Nazis suppressed any opposition to their power, and were able to start the road from democracy to a dictatorship. The atmosphere of uncertainty following the Reichstag Fire secured many voters for the Nazi party.
The SA also ran a violent campaign of terror against any and all opponents of the Nazi regime. Many were terrified of voting of at all, and many turned to voting for the Nazi Party out of fear for their own safety. The elections were neither free or fair.
On the 5 March 1933, the elections took place, with an extremely high turnout of 89%.
The Nazis secured 43.9% of the vote.
DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: NAZI REGIME - 04. HITLER BECOMING CHANCELLOR 1933George Dumitrache
Hitler was not immediately appointed chancellor after the success of the July 1932 elections, despite being leader of the largest party in the Reichstag. It took the economic and political instability (with two more chancellors failing to stabilise the situation) to worsen, and the support of the conservative elite, to convince Hindenburg to appoint Hitler.
Hitler was sworn in as the chancellor of Germany on the 30 January 1933. The Nazis were now in power.
DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: NAZI REGIME - 03. NAZI'S LITTLE SUCCESSGeorge Dumitrache
The document discusses the early success of the Nazi party in Germany. It notes that while the party made progress in organization and membership in its early years after 1919, it had little impact in elections initially. The Nazis received only 6.5% of the vote in their first national election in 1924. Later elections in 1928 saw their support decline further to just 2.6% as the German economy and political situation stabilized under Stresemann. While the Nazis appealed to specific groups frustrated with the Weimar Republic, they remained a small party with less than 30,000 members by 1925.
DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: NAZI REGIME - 02. NAZI PARTY IDEOLOGY IN 1920George Dumitrache
The document provides background information on the origins and early development of the Nazi party in Germany during the 1920s. It describes how the party began as the German Workers' Party led by Anton Drexler before Hitler joined in 1919 and became the leader in 1921. It also outlines some of the key aspects of the Nazi party platform outlined in the 25-point program, including nationalism, anti-Semitism, and a desire for more territory. Finally, it discusses Hitler's failed Munich Putsch coup attempt in 1923 and how he wrote Mein Kampf while in prison.
1) Post-war instability and economic crisis weakened established political systems in countries like Germany and Italy. 2) A sense of nationalism was used by fascist leaders to promote unity and scapegoat others for the nation's problems. 3) Charismatic leaders like Hitler and Mussolini were able to gain followers by promoting fascism as an alternative to communism and liberal democracy.
DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: WEIMAR REPUBLIC - 10. THE FALL OF WEIMAR 1930-1933George Dumitrache
The document provides background information on the rise of the Nazi party in Germany between 1930-1933. It discusses how Germany's economic dependence on American loans led to the collapse of German industry following the 1929 Wall Street crash. This caused widespread unemployment, with over 6 million people jobless by 1932. As economic conditions deteriorated, support grew for the Nazis as they promised strong leadership and blamed Jews and communists for Germany's problems. The Nazis increased their Reichstag seats in elections in 1933 after Hitler became Chancellor, and he then used emergency powers to crush opposition and establish a one-party Nazi state in Germany.
DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: WEIMAR REPUBLIC - 09. TABLES AND CARTOONSGeorge Dumitrache
The document discusses the Weimar Republic in Germany through tables and cartoons as part of a Cambridge IGCSE depth study on Germany. It provides information on the political and economic challenges faced by the Weimar Republic between 1919-1933 through statistical tables and illustrations. The depth study uses multiple visual elements to summarize key events and issues like inflation, unemployment, and the rise of extremism during this period of German history.
DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: WEIMAR REPUBLIC - 08. NAZIS IN THE WILDERNESSGeorge Dumitrache
The “Lean Years” (also called the "wilderness" years) of Hitler and the Nazi Party in Germany refer to the period between 1924 and 1928 when the Nazi party did not have high levels of support and still suffered from humiliation over the Munich Putsch. Why where these years “lean”?
DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: WEIMAR REPUBLIC - 07. STRESEMMAN ERA 1924-1929George Dumitrache
Gustav Stresemann was appointed Chancellor of Germany in 1923 during the Weimar Republic period. As Chancellor and later as Foreign Minister, he implemented policies that helped stabilize Germany's economy and improve its international standing. This included establishing a new currency to end hyperinflation, crushing communist uprisings, and pursuing diplomatic agreements like the Locarno Pact to normalize Germany's relations with other European powers. However, the economic and political stability of the Weimar Republic remained fragile.
DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: WEIMAR REPUBLIC - 06. THE BEER HALL PUTSCH 1923George Dumitrache
The Beer Hall Putsch, also known as the Munich Putsch, was a failed coup d'état by Nazi Party (Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei or NSDAP) leader Adolf Hitler, Generalquartiermeister Erich Ludendorff and other Kampfbund leaders in Munich, Bavaria, on 8–9 November 1923, during the Weimar Republic. Approximately two thousand Nazis marched on the Feldherrnhalle, in the city centre, but were confronted by a police cordon, which resulted in the deaths of 16 Nazi Party members and four police officers. Hitler escaped immediate arrest and was spirited off to safety in the countryside. After two days, he was arrested and charged with treason. The putsch brought Hitler to the attention of the German nation for the first time and generated front-page headlines in newspapers around the world. His arrest was followed by a 24-day trial, which was widely publicised and gave him a platform to express his nationalist sentiments to the nation. Hitler was found guilty of treason and sentenced to five years in Landsberg Prison, where he dictated Mein Kampf to fellow prisoners Emil Maurice and Rudolf Hess. On 20 December 1924, having served only nine months, Hitler was released. Once released, Hitler redirected his focus towards obtaining power through legal means rather than by revolution or force, and accordingly changed his tactics, further developing Nazi propaganda.
DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: WEIMAR REPUBLIC - 05. HYPERINFLATIONGeorge Dumitrache
Hyperinflation affected the German Papiermark, the currency of the Weimar Republic, between 1921 and 1923, primarily in 1923. It caused considerable internal political instability in the country, the occupation of the Ruhr by France and Belgium, and misery for the general populace.
DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: WEIMAR REPUBLIC - 03. THE TREATY OF VERSAILLES IMPACT ON...George Dumitrache
Thanks to the Treaty of Versailles, Germany's ability to produce revenue-generating coal and iron ore decreased. As war debts and reparations drained its coffers, the German government was unable to pay its debts. Some of the former World War I Allies didn't buy Germany's claim that it couldn't afford to pay.
DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: WEIMAR REPUBLIC - 02. THE NOVEMBER REVOLUTION 1918George Dumitrache
The German Revolution or November Revolution was a civil conflict in the German Empire at the end of the First World War that resulted in the replacement of the German federal constitutional monarchy with a democratic parliamentary republic that later became known as the Weimar Republic. The revolutionary period lasted from November 1918 until the adoption of the Weimar Constitution in August 1919. Among the factors leading to the revolution were the extreme burdens suffered by the German population during the four years of war, the economic and psychological impacts of the German Empire's defeat by the Allies, and growing social tensions between the general population and the aristocratic and bourgeois elite.
DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: WEIMAR REPUBLIC - 01. THE EFFECT OF WW1 ON GERMANYGeorge Dumitrache
The document summarizes the impact of World War 1 on Germany. It discusses how Germany initially found success on the Eastern Front and made advances on the Western Front in 1918 but was eventually overwhelmed as the US joined the war effort. Germany experienced political instability, economic devastation from blockades, widespread hunger and disease, and psychological trauma from defeat. The German people bitterly blamed leaders for the defeat, sowing seeds for the rise of the Nazis in the unstable Weimar Republic that followed the war.
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS - LEAGUE OF NATIONS. The League of Nations was an international organization, headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland, created after the First World War to provide a forum for resolving international disputes.
This cartoon was likely published after the Stresa Pact was signed in early 1935, when Britain and France failed to raise the issue of Abyssinia with Mussolini and were perceived as turning a blind eye to his plans in hopes of keeping Italy as an ally against Germany. The cartoon directly criticizes the British and French policy of appeasing Mussolini, so the purpose was to criticize, not just inform. By criticizing the policy, the hope would be to influence and change the policy by swaying public opinion.
Manchurian Crisis. On September 18, 1931, an explosion destroyed a section of railway track near the city of Mukden. The Japanese, who owned the railway, blamed Chinese nationalists for the incident and used the opportunity to retaliate and invade Manchuria.
05. LEAGUE OF NATIONS - Great Depression and LON.pptxGeorge Dumitrache
GREAT DEPRESSION AND THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS. The Great Depression of 1930-33 meant people turned to extremist dictators such as Hitler and Mussolini, who were keen to invade other countries. This made it hard for the League to maintain peace. The League had some very ambitious plans and ideals – to stop war and make the world a better place.
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit InnovationTechSoup
In this webinar, participants learned how to utilize Generative AI to streamline operations and elevate member engagement. Amazon Web Service experts provided a customer specific use cases and dived into low/no-code tools that are quick and easy to deploy through Amazon Web Service (AWS.)
Andreas Schleicher presents PISA 2022 Volume III - Creative Thinking - 18 Jun...EduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher, Director of Education and Skills at the OECD presents at the launch of PISA 2022 Volume III - Creative Minds, Creative Schools on 18 June 2024.
This presentation was provided by Racquel Jemison, Ph.D., Christina MacLaughlin, Ph.D., and Paulomi Majumder. Ph.D., all of the American Chemical Society, for the second session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session Two: 'Expanding Pathways to Publishing Careers,' was held June 13, 2024.
Philippine Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) CurriculumMJDuyan
(𝐓𝐋𝐄 𝟏𝟎𝟎) (𝐋𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧 𝟏)-𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐬
𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐮𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐄𝐏𝐏 𝐂𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐮𝐦 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐏𝐡𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐩𝐩𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐬:
- Understand the goals and objectives of the Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) curriculum, recognizing its importance in fostering practical life skills and values among students. Students will also be able to identify the key components and subjects covered, such as agriculture, home economics, industrial arts, and information and communication technology.
𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐍𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐜𝐨𝐩𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐧 𝐄𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐮𝐫:
-Define entrepreneurship, distinguishing it from general business activities by emphasizing its focus on innovation, risk-taking, and value creation. Students will describe the characteristics and traits of successful entrepreneurs, including their roles and responsibilities, and discuss the broader economic and social impacts of entrepreneurial activities on both local and global scales.
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
2. PRESENTATION BASED ON
Crankshaw, Edward (1981), Bismarck
Darmstaedter, Friedrich. Bismarck and the Creation of the Second Reich (2008)
Dawson, William Harbutt. The Evolution of Modern Germany
Engelberg, Ernst. Bismarck
Eyck, Erich (1964), Bismarck and the German Empire
Feuchtwanger, Edgar (2002), Bismarck, Historical Biographies
Gall, Lothar (1986), Bismarck: The White Revolutionary
Headlam, James Wycliffe. Bismarck and the Foundation of the German Empire
Heuston, Kimberley Burton (2010), Otto von Bismarck: Iron Chancellor of Germany
Hollyday, FBM (1970), Bismarck, Great Lives Observed
3. OTTO VON BISMARCK
Otto Eduard Leopold, Prince of Bismarck, Duke of Lauenburg (1 April 1815
– 30 July 1898), is known as Otto von Bismarck, and he was a conservative
Prussian statesman who dominated German and European affairs from
the 1860s until 1890.
In the 1860s he engineered a series of wars that unified the German
states, significantly and deliberately excluding Austria, into a powerful
German Empire under Prussian leadership. With that accomplished by
1871 he skillfully used balance of power diplomacy to preserve German
hegemony in a Europe which, despite many disputes and war scares,
remained at peace. He remained undisputed world champion at the game
of multilateral diplomatic chess for almost twenty years after 1871.
4.
5. OVERVIEW
Bismarck had defeated each of his enemies - Denmark, Austria, and
France - in isolation.
He realised that a powerful united Germany could not expect to fight
another carefully insulated war. After 1871 Bismarck was committed to
preserving the peace of Europe.
There were five powers in Europe: Germany, Britain, France, Austria and
Russia. France was bitter at her loss in the recent war and Britain did not
wish to get involved in European affairs.
A resurgent France, powerful and allied to another European power
haunted Bismarck. The main aims of Bismarck’s foreign policy were
based around the need to keep France isolated and prevent this from
happening.
6. POLITICS
To achieve this aim he needed to keep on good terms with both Austria
and Russia. This would prevent a two-front war in the future.
The key in Bismarck’s view to German interests lay in good relations with
Russia and Austria.
As he said “you forget the importance of being a party of three on the
European chessboard.” This would deprive France of a potential ally.
This was a difficult task as Austria and Russia were rivals in the Balkans.
The friendship with both, Bismarck hoped, would reduce tensions
between both over the Balkans.
7. ENSURE COOPERATION
In 1873 the formation of the Dreikaiserbund (the League of the Three
Emperors) between Germany, Austria and Russia was an example of
Bismarck’s policy of isolating France.
This was an alliance of three conservative monarchies designed to stop
the spread of revolution in Europe and preserve the status quo in
Europe.
However the alliance had little substance. There were no military
features to it as Austria refused to agree to any.
It did however ensure co-operation among the three Eastern powers
rather than rivalry which was Bismarck’s primary objective.
8. THE WAR IN SIGHT CRISIS
France had recovered quickly after the Franco-Prussian war.
In 1875 the “War-in-sight” crisis resulted from an attempt to bully France
into abandoning her rearmament programme.
The export of horses to France was forbidden (usually a sign of
preparation for war).
Then an article appeared in the influential Berliner Post entitled “Is war
in sight?” It was almost certainly inspired by Bismarck.
9. GERMAN DIPLOMATIC DEFEAT
There was talk from leading German officials about the possibility of a
preventative war.
The episode resulted in a German diplomatic defeat as Russia backed a
British protest to Berlin.
The Dreikaiserbund had been weakened.
The affair brought home the dangers of a two front war to Bismarck.
After this episode he proceeded with the utmost caution.
10. CRISIS IN THE BALKANS
The Dreikaiserbund was destroyed as a result of events in the Balkans.
The Balkans was of no interest to Bismarck. (He remarked that the area
was not “the healthy bones of single Pomeranian musketeer.”)
However he was worried about Austrian-Russian rivalry in the region.
In the Balkans there was a series of revolts against the Ottoman Empire
among the Sultan’s Christian subjects between 1875 and 1876.
In 1877 after attempts to impose reforms on the Turkish Empire failed,
the Russo-Turkish war broke out.
Russia was acting in her role as the traditional protector of the Sultan’s
Orthodox and Slav subjects.
11. THE BIG BULGARIA
Before the war, Russia had promised Austria that she would not create a
big Bulgaria if she won. After fierce resistance the Turks surrendered and
signed the Treaty of San Stefano in March.
The treaty proposed the creation of a big Bulgaria. This would be
dominated by Russia.
This development was totally unacceptable to Britain who always
opposed Russian ambitions in the Mediterranean as it threatened the
Suez Canal. The British sent warships to the region.
The Austrians were also enraged as the Russians had broken their
promise not to create a big Bulgaria. War seemed imminent.
12. CONGRESS OF BERLIN
The turn of events greatly alarmed Bismarck.
He was also eager to prevent a war between Austria and Russia which
could involve Germany.
In June 1878 Bismarck agreed to host a conference in Berlin to discuss
the differences. He offered to act as an “honest broker”.
The results of the “Congress of Berlin” left Russia very disappointed
especially at Bismarck’s role (Bulgaria was divided into three small
states), Russia withdrew from the Dreikaiserbund.
Tension grew between the two as Russia strengthened her frontier
garrisons and Germany introduced tariffs against Russian grain imports.
13.
14. THE DUAL ALLIANCE
It was against this background that the Dual Alliance was signed with
Austria in 1879. This secret defensive alliance became as Carr pointed
out “the very corner stone of German foreign policy”.
Bismarck saw two benefits of this alliance:
• It would secure Germany’s southern frontier in the event of a war with
Russia
• It would frighten Russia into seeking a closer relationship with Germany.
• Kaiser William strongly opposed this alliance as he saw it as anti-
Russian. Bismarck threatened to resign before he reluctantly signed.
This alliance was enlarged into the Triple Alliance when Italy joined in
1882. Although Bismarck did not think much of Italy’s military or
political power, it deprived France of a potential ally.
15. THE RENEWAL OF THE DREIKAISERBUND
Russia was worried by her diplomatic isolation and sought to reach an
understanding with Germany and Austria.
In 1881 a new Dreikaiserbund was formed between Russia, Germany
and Austria.
Bismarck hoped that this agreement would help to reduce tensions
between Austria and Russia in the Balkans.
It was agreed that the Western Balkans would be dominated by the
Austrians and the Eastern half by the Russians.
16. THE REINSURANCE TREATY
Again events in the Balkans were to disrupt Bismarck’s aims. Between
1885 and 1887 the Bulgarian crisis saw relations between Austria and
Russia deteriorate.
Alarmingly there was growing pro-French feeling in Russia. In 1887 the
Dreikaiserbund ended as Russia made it clear she would sign no further
agreement with Austria.
Bismarck then negotiated “his final diplomatic masterpiece.”
A “Reinsurance Treaty” was signed between Russia and Germany. It was a
defensive alliance: Germany promised to stay neutral if Russia was
attacked by Austria Russia would stay neutral if France attacked Germany.
17. NO FRANCO-RUSSIAN ALLIANCE
This secret treaty reduced the possibility of a Franco-Russian alliance.
In 1888 in order to prevent was between Austria and Russia he published
the terms of the Dual Alliance.
Austria would fight on her own if she attacked Russia while Russia would
have to face Germany if she attacked Austria.
18. BISMARCK RESIGNING
Events were beginning to move against Bismarck as it was very difficult to
keep on good terms with Russia.
The new emperor, William II, was more anti-Russian while French loans
were funding Russian industrialisation.
In 1890 when Bismarck resigned as Chancellor one of Kaiser William’s
first acts was to refuse to renew the Reinsurance Treaty.
Only four months later a French naval flotilla called at the Russian naval
base at Kronstadt. Bismarck’s policies were in ruins.
The nightmare of a two front war was now a distinct possibility.
19. BISMARCK AND COLONIES
Bismarck was at first very wary of any involvement in the “Scramble for Africa”.
He did not want to disturb the balance of power in Europe. Colonial expansion
could involve Germany in disputes with Britain a power with which he wished
to remain on good terms (although he disliked Gladstone intensely.)
In 1882 the German Colonial League was formed and pressure from the press
and the public mounted. This pressure was driven by hopes of vast wealth,
prestige and a channel for German emigration. Reluctantly Bismarck agreed,
possibly to embarrass the pro-British Crown Prince, Frederick.
Between 1884 and 1885 Germany acquired Togo, the Cameroons, German East
Africa (Tanzania) and South West Africa (Namibia). The colonies in total were
about five times the size of Germany. However most of them were of little
value as the rich pickings were already gone.
20. BERLIN CONFERENCE
The Berlin Conference of 1884 hosted by Bismarck settled many colonial
disputes especially over the Congo that was awarded to Belgium. It also
prohibited the slave trade.
During the same period Bismarck encouraged French colonial expansion.
He hoped that this would weaken French desire for revenge over Alsace
and Lorraine and get them involved in disputes with other countries.
By 1886 the process of colonialism was ended as Bismarck, the reluctant
Imperialist, turned his attention back to Europe.
Famously he said to an African explorer “my map of Africa lies in Europe.
Here is Russia and here is France with Germany in the middle; that is my
map of Africa.”
21. CONCLUSION
Bismarck has long enjoyed a formidable reputation in the field of foreign
affairs. He prevented the formation of any hostile coalition against
Germany and obtained for his country recognition of her great power
status.
His foreign was based around the principles of keeping France isolated
and Russia and Austria on good terms. The first of his principles he largely
achieved although this were beginning to unravel by the time of his
resignation in 1890 as Russia and France moved closer together.
His handling of the Congress of Berlin and the Bulgarian crisis helped to
prevent war in Europe. The Congress of Berlin in 1884 helped to solve
many colonial disputes between the great powers.
22. CONCLUSION CONT.
He restrained Austrian ambitions in the Balkans while his successors did
not and this contributed to the outbreak of World War I.
He failed however to neither keep both Austria and Russia on good terms
nor could he reconcile France to the loss of Alsace Lorraine.
The biggest criticism of Bismarck (and of his contemporaries) was his
disregard for the interests and wishes of the peoples of small nations who
were seen as pawns in a great game of chess between the great powers.
At the Congress of Berlin the actual wishes of the people living in the
Ottoman Empire were ignored.