On June 28, 1914 in Sarajevo, six Serbian terrorists assassinated Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria and his wife. One terrorist threw a bomb at the Archduke's car but missed. Later, when the Archduke's car took a wrong turn by accident, one of the terrorists shot and killed Franz Ferdinand and his wife at close range. This assassination sparked increased tensions between Serbia and Austria-Hungary and helped precipitate the start of World War I.
CAMBRIDGE AS HISTORY: MUSSOLINI DIPLOMACY BETWEEN 1923 AND 1934George Dumitrache
CAMBRIDGE AS HISTORY: MUSSOLINI DIPLOMACY BETWEEN 1923 AND 1934. Contains: Mussolini main policy aims, methods and strategies 1920-1924, 1925-1935, 1936-1945, key successes and failures, judgement and effect of policies, homework.
CAMBRIDGE AS HISTORY: MUSSOLINI DIPLOMACY BETWEEN 1923 AND 1934George Dumitrache
CAMBRIDGE AS HISTORY: MUSSOLINI DIPLOMACY BETWEEN 1923 AND 1934. Contains: Mussolini main policy aims, methods and strategies 1920-1924, 1925-1935, 1936-1945, key successes and failures, judgement and effect of policies, homework.
The Congress of Vienna met in 1815 to construct an agreement that would lead to stability and peace in post-Napoleonic Europe. Through the leadership of Prince Klemens von Metternich of Austria, Europe was put on a path to a relatively peaceful century. It would be 99 years before Europe would be torn apart by another major war.
This presentation is used to help 9th graders learn the basics of WWI. It covers the causes and methods as well as things like animals in war and propaganda.
The Congress of Vienna met in 1815 to construct an agreement that would lead to stability and peace in post-Napoleonic Europe. Through the leadership of Prince Klemens von Metternich of Austria, Europe was put on a path to a relatively peaceful century. It would be 99 years before Europe would be torn apart by another major war.
This presentation is used to help 9th graders learn the basics of WWI. It covers the causes and methods as well as things like animals in war and propaganda.
What were the Underlying Causes of World War IIntroduction .docxmecklenburgstrelitzh
What were the Underlying Causes of World War I?
Introduction
At the turn of the 20th century, Europe was feeling pretty darned good! It controlled empires that encircled the globe. European technology was unsurpassed. Even its art and music were the envy of the rest of world. In 1900, Europeans believed the world was their oyster.
However, this feeling was not to last. By the end of 1918, after four long years of war, European confidence was badly shaken. Ten million soldiers had died on the battle fields, another 20 million had been wounded. Empires that had lasted for centuries lay in ruin.
In the late 19th century European leaders believed that by creating a balance of power they could prevent large-scale war. The idea was that if the major powers of Europe ---countries like England, France, Russia, and Germany---- were balanced in strength, no one country could dominate the rest. War could be avoided.
Otto von Bismark, the Chancellor of Prussia who led the unification of the German states disliked the fact that Germany was sandwiched between Russia and France. To avoid war, Bismark made an alliance with Austria-Hungry and Italy which became known as the Triple Alliance. In response, France Russia and Great Britain formed their own alliance known as the Triple Entente.
On the surface, these alliances could be seen as a way to maintain a balance of power and thereby preserve peace but suspicions ran high. Political and military leaders spent countless hours developing plans in case a war began. Countries engaged in militarism---building up of arms, weapons, ships and men.
The tension between countries was matched by tension within countries. Especially in southeastern Europe, in an area known as the Balkans. In the Balkans, the spirit of nationalism and independence ran high. Some ethnic groups revolted. Out of the numerous dissatisfied ethnic groups, one emerged in Sarajevo, Bosnia called the Black Hand. They wanted independence from their mother country, Austria-Hungry and for all Serb people to have their own country. Their solution to the situation was to assassinate Franz Ferdinand, heir to the Austro-Hungarian Empire, when he visited Sarajevo to make an inspection of the Austro-Hungarian troops. Seven young men who had been trained in bomb throwing and marksmanship were recruited to accomplish the task.
On June 28, 1914, Franz Ferdinand and his pregnant wife Sophie toured Sarajevo in an open car. Seven assassins were stationed along the route that Franz Ferdinand's car would follow from the City Hall to the inspection. The first two terrorists were unable to throw their grenades because the streets were too crowded and the car was travelling quite fast. The third terrorist, a young man called Cabrinovic, threw a grenade which exploded under the car following the Archduke’s car.
Although the Archduke and his wife were unhurt, some of his attendants were injured and had to be taken.
An astonishing, first-of-its-kind, report by the NYT assessing damage in Ukraine. Even if the war ends tomorrow, in many places there will be nothing to go back to.
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हम आग्रह करते हैं कि जो भी सत्ता में आए, वह संविधान का पालन करे, उसकी रक्षा करे और उसे बनाए रखे।" प्रस्ताव में कुल तीन प्रमुख हस्तक्षेप और उनके तंत्र भी प्रस्तुत किए गए। पहला हस्तक्षेप स्वतंत्र मीडिया को प्रोत्साहित करके, वास्तविकता पर आधारित काउंटर नैरेटिव का निर्माण करके और सत्तारूढ़ सरकार द्वारा नियोजित मनोवैज्ञानिक हेरफेर की रणनीति का मुकाबला करके लोगों द्वारा निर्धारित कथा को बनाए रखना और उस पर कार्यकरना था।
In a May 9, 2024 paper, Juri Opitz from the University of Zurich, along with Shira Wein and Nathan Schneider form Georgetown University, discussed the importance of linguistic expertise in natural language processing (NLP) in an era dominated by large language models (LLMs).
The authors explained that while machine translation (MT) previously relied heavily on linguists, the landscape has shifted. “Linguistics is no longer front and center in the way we build NLP systems,” they said. With the emergence of LLMs, which can generate fluent text without the need for specialized modules to handle grammar or semantic coherence, the need for linguistic expertise in NLP is being questioned.
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‘वोटर्स विल मस्ट प्रीवेल’ (मतदाताओं को जीतना होगा) अभियान द्वारा जारी हेल्पलाइन नंबर, 4 जून को सुबह 7 बजे से दोपहर 12 बजे तक मतगणना प्रक्रिया में कहीं भी किसी भी तरह के उल्लंघन की रिपोर्ट करने के लिए खुला रहेगा।
2. MURDER IN
SARAJEVO
Sunday 28 June 1914 was a
bright sunny day in Sarajevo.
People were preparing for a royal
visit from Archduke Franz
Ferdinand of Austria. Crowds
lined the streets and waited for
the procession of cars to appear.
Hidden among the crowds were,
however, six teenage terrorists
sworn to kill the Archduke for
they hated both Austria and the
very Archduke […]
[…] but then as the cars passed the Cumurja Bridge,
Cabrinovic threw his bomb, swallowed his poison
and jumped into the river. The Archduke saw the
bomb coming and threw it off his car, but it exploded
under the car behind, injuring several people […] The
police dragged Cabrinovic out of the river: his
cyanide was old had not worked […]
[…]The Archduke was driven to the Town Hall, where he
demanded to be taken to visit the bomb victims in
hospitals. Fearing more terrorists, the officials decided
to take a new route to avoid the crowds […] Princip, one
the unharmed terrorists, saw the car, pulled an
automatic pistol and fired two shots at a range of just 3
or 4 metres. One bullet pierced the Archduke’s neck and
the other ricocheted off the car into his wife’s stomach.
3. 23 July
• Austria blamed Serbia for the death of Franz Ferdinand and sent it
an ultimatum.
28 July
• Austria declared war on Serbia and shelled its capital, Belgrade.
29 July
• The Russian Army got ready to help Serbia defend itself against the
Austrian attack. Germany warned Russia not to help the Serbs.
1 August
• Germany declared war on Russia. It also began to move its army
towards France and Belgium.
2 August
• The French army was put on a war footing ready to fight any
German invasion.
3 August
• Germany declared war on France and invaded Belgium. Britain
ordered Germany to withdraw from Belgium.
4 August
• With the Germans still in Belgium, Britain declared war on
Germany.
6 August
• Austria declared war on Russia.
4. The Alliances
In 1914 the six most powerful countries in Europe were divided into opposing ALLIANCES: The
Central Powers or Triple Alliance (Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy), formed in 1882 and
the Triple Entente (Britain, France and Russia), formed in 1907.
5. Germany
• Before 1870 Germany was a collection of small independent states of which Prussia was the
most powerful. In 1870 the Prussian statesman Bismarck won a war against France, after which
he united the many German states into a new powerful German empire. The new Germany
was especially successful in industry. By 1914 German industry had overtaken Britain’s and was
second in the world only to that of the USA.
Austria-Hungary
• Austria-Hungary was a sprawling empire in central Europe. It was made up of people of
different ethnic groups: Germans, Czechs, Slovaks, Serbs and many others. Each group had its
own customs and language. Many of these groups wanted independence from AustriaHungary. In the north the Czech people wanted to rule themselves, the Slav people in the
south-west (esp. the Croats) wanted their own state and the Serbs living the south wanted to
be joined to the neighboring state of Serbia. By 1914 the main concern of the Emperor of
Austria-Hungary was how to keep this fragmented empire together.
Italy
• Like Germany, Italy was formed from a collection of smaller states. At first, its main concern
was to get its government established, buy by 1914 the country was settled and was looking to
‘flex its muscles’. Like some other European powers, Italy wanted to set up colonies and build
up an overseas empire. With this aim in mind, Italy joined Germany and Austria in the Triple
Alliance.
6. Britain
• In the 19th century Britain had tried not to get involved in European politics. Its attitude became
known as ‘splendid isolation’ as it concentrated on its huge overseas empire. For most of the 19th
century, Britain had regarded France and Russia as its tow most dangerous rivals. However, by the
early 1900s the picture had began to change.
• France and Britain had reached a number of agreements about the colonies in North Africa. Russia was
defeated in a war against Japan in 1904 and this had weakened Russia so Britain was less concerned
about it. But above all, Britain was worried about Germany for the German Kaiser had made it clear
that he wanted Germany to have an empire and a strong navy, which was a serious threat to the
British.
France
• France had been defeated by Germany in a short war in 1870. Since then, Germany had built up a
powerful army and strong industries. France was worried about the growing power of Germany, so the
French had also built up their industries and armies and developed a strong a close friendship with
Russia.
Russia
• Russia was by far the largest of all the six powers, but was also the most backward. The country was
almost entirely agricultural, although loans from France had helped Russia to develop some industries.
• Russia shared France’s worries about the growing power of Germany. It had also a long history of
rivalry with Austria-Hungary. This was one reason why Russia was so friendly with Serbia.
7. The Balance of Power
Politicians at the time called this system of alliances the Balance of Power. They believed that
the size of power of the two alliances would prevent either side from starting a war.
8. The
• Anglo-German naval rivalry: One of the most significant causes of
tension in Europe was the naval rivalry which developed after 1900. Ever
since the Battle of Trafalgar in 1805, Britain had ruled the seas without
any challenge. This changed after the new Kaiser announced his
intention to build a powerful German navy.
Tension
• Britain felt threatened by this. Germany’s navy was much smaller than
Britain’s but the British navy was spread all over the world, protecting
the British empire. Germany didn’t have much of an empire. Why did it
need a navy? Apparently the Kaiser and his admirals felt that Germany
needed a navy to protect its growing trade.
Builds
• Britain was not convinced by what the Germans said. In fact, in 1906
Britain raised the stakes in the naval race by launching HMS
Dreadnought, the first of a new class of warships. Germans responded by
building its own ‘Dreadnoughts’.
9.
10.
11. THE BALKANS were a very unstable area because
Different nationalities were mixed together.
The area had been ruled by Turkey for many centuries, but Turkish were
now in decline.
The new governments which had been set up in place of Turkish rule were
regularly in dispute with each other.
The great powers, Russia and Austria bordered the countries in this region.
Both wanted to control the area because it gave them access to the
Mediterranean.
12.
13.
14. Soldiers on the Western front
went trough an enormous range
of experiences, from extreme
boredom to the appalling stress
of an enemy bombardment or
attack. Oddly enough, attacks
were the exception rather than
the rule. Soldiers spent much
more time on guard, repairing
trenches, or just trying to rest or
sleep.
Soldiers spent three days at the
front line then three days in
support trenches, followed by
three more days in the front line
then three days off behind the
lines. However in a major
assault soldiers could be in the
front line for much longer. When
the enemy was not around
many soldiers even took up
correspondence to pass the
hours.
Millions of men and thousands of
horses lived together. Sanitation
arrangements were makeshift. In the
summer the smell of the trenches
was appalling owing to a combination
of rotting corpses, sewage and
unwashed soldiers. The soldiers were
also infested with lice or ‘chats’. In
summer, the trenches were hot,
dusty and smelly. In wet weather
many suffered from ‘trench foot’. In
winter the trenches offered little
protection and many soldiers got
frostbite. The trenches were also
infested with rats: some accounts
speak of cats and dogs killed by rats
in overwhelming numbers.