Ireland boils over
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This document summarizes Ireland's path to independence in the early 20th century. It discusses how Ireland had long sought home rule from Britain. During World War I, Irish nationalists supported Britain in hopes of gaining home rule after the war, but the prolonged conflict led more radical groups like Sinn Fein to seek independence. Sinn Fein led the Easter Rising against Britain in 1916 and numerous Sinn Fein members were elected to parliament though they refused to sit in London. A de facto civil war broke out from 1918-1920 involving the IRA and British Black and Tans. The 1920 Home Rule Act granted Ireland independence except for counties in Ulster that remained part of Britain, leading to the establishment of the Irish Free State
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The irish question
The Irish Question refers to the complex political and social conflict in Ireland that dates back to the 12th century when England imposed a feudal system, granting lands to English lords while Irish laborers lived in poverty. This led to rebellions by Irish Catholics against English and Protestant domination. The 1800 Act of Union merged Ireland and Britain but tensions remained between nationalists and unionists. Famines in the 1840s exacerbated issues, and rebellions continued through the early 20th century. The island was eventually partitioned into Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland, but conflict continued in Northern Ireland through the late 20th century before the Good Friday Agreement established power sharing in 1998.
Presentation2michaelcollins
Michael Collins was born in 1890 in County Cork, Ireland. He had a difficult childhood, taking over the family farm at a young age after his father was killed. Collins joined the Irish Republican Brotherhood (IRB) and played an important role in the 1916 Easter Rising, leading troops and helping to acquire weapons. He later helped form the Irish Republican Army and served as the IRA's director of intelligence during the Irish War of Independence from 1919-1921. Collins negotiated the Anglo-Irish Treaty in 1921 that led to the establishment of the Irish Free State but partitioned Ireland. This caused a split in Sinn Fein and led to the Irish Civil War between Collins' pro-Treaty forces and those of Eamon
Northern Ireland
The document summarizes the history of Ireland from the 17th century to modern day. It discusses British colonization of Ireland, the Great Famine in the 1800s that caused mass emigration, the Easter Rising rebellion against British rule in 1916, the Anglo-Irish Treaty in 1921 that partitioned Ireland into Northern Ireland and the Irish Free State, and the religious and political conflicts known as "The Troubles" that plagued Northern Ireland from the 1960s to the 1990s peace process.
Background To The Act Of Union
The document provides background on "The Irish Problem" in the 18th century from a political, religious, economic, and social perspective. It led to a number of protest movements calling for parliamentary and Catholic reforms. The American and French Revolutions further inspired radicals like the United Irishmen. Fearing unrest, the British passed the Act of Union in 1801, uniting Ireland and Britain. However, the act did not achieve its goals of resolving issues and the religious divide in Ireland was arguably strengthened instead.
Irish History Lesson
Brehon law was an early Irish legal system administered by traveling judges. In 1169, the Norman Strongbow invaded Ireland and helped the King of Leinster take control of Dublin and Waterford. King Henry II then established English common law and a court system. Over time, the Normans adopted Irish customs. In 1494, Poyning's Law required Irish laws to be approved by England. Ireland was then fully under British rule by the 1600s. The 1937 Irish Constitution established independence by removing allegiance to Britain.
The Home Rule Crisis and World War One in Ireland
John Redmond, leader of the Home Rule Party, convinced Prime Minister Asquith to grant home rule to Ireland in 1910. However, unionists strongly opposed home rule, fearing discrimination under Catholic rule. They organized under Sir Edward Carson and Sir James Craig, holding protests and forming armed groups like the Ulster Volunteer Force. Nationalists responded in kind with the Irish National Volunteers. As tensions rose, World War I broke out in 1914, postponing the home rule issue.
The Troubles In Northern Ireland 2
The document provides a historical overview of Ireland and Northern Ireland covering several key events:
- Ireland was colonized by England in the 12th century and fully controlled by the 1500s. Protestants settled in Northern Ireland in the 1600s.
- In the early 20th century, Ireland fought for independence through the Easter Rising and a guerilla war against Britain, resulting in the partition of Ireland in 1922.
- Sectarian tensions grew between Protestant and Catholic communities in Northern Ireland, fueling ongoing conflict known as The Troubles from the 1960s-1990s over independence, civil rights, and national identity.
The troubles
The document provides background information on the conflict in Northern Ireland known as "The Troubles":
- The conflict began in the late 1960s but has roots dating back to the 17th century involving questions of nationality, sovereignty, and colonialism.
- The community is divided between mainly Protestant unionists who want to remain in the UK, and mainly Catholic nationalists who want Northern Ireland to join the Republic of Ireland.
- Over 3,000 people have died since the conflict intensified in 1969, making it Europe's second deadliest conflict after Yugoslavia. While often portrayed as religious, the core issues involve nationality and colonialism.
Eamonn de valera
Eamon de Valera was a prominent Irish political leader who served as President of Ireland from 1959 to 1973. He was born in New York in 1882 to an Irish mother and Spanish father. After an early life in Ireland, de Valera became involved in Irish independence efforts and helped lead the Easter Rising of 1916. He later founded the political party Fianna Fáil and served multiple terms as Prime Minister, leading Ireland through World War 2 with a policy of neutrality. De Valera also oversaw the removal of the oath of allegiance to the British monarch. After retiring from politics, he was elected President of Ireland in 1959 and helped modernize the office during his tenure.
Osher history-ireland-scotland-wales-10
The History of Ireland, Scotland and Wales. An Osher Lifelong Learning at UNM Continuing Education class.
IRA Army
This document discusses the history of the IRA and its involvement in conflicts in Ireland from the early 20th century onwards. It covers the origins of tensions between Catholics and Protestants in Ireland, the Irish War of Independence against British rule between 1919-1921, and the subsequent Irish Civil War. It also discusses the split within the IRA after the Anglo-Irish Treaty and formation of different IRA factions, as well as the IRA's portrayal in Irish culture through films and music. Finally, it briefly mentions the Colombia Three, three Irish nationals who trained FARC rebels in Colombia.
1 late 19th - early 20th
King Edward VII ruled from 1901 to 1910 and focused on foreign affairs and the military. He helped reduce tensions between France and Britain and was the first British monarch to visit Sweden and Russia. His son, King George V, ruled from 1910 to 1936 and oversaw several key events including the passage of the Parliament Act in 1911 which reduced the power of the House of Lords. World War I began during his reign in 1914 and ended in 1918 with the Reform Act extending voting rights to some women. The Great Depression occurred in 1929 during his later years on the throne.
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The Role of "The Times" and "The Irish Times" in the Anglo-Irish Settlement, ...
The Role of "The Times" and "The Irish Times" in the Anglo-Irish Settlement, ...
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Gender and middle class values
This document discusses gender roles and middle class values in Victorian Britain between 1830-1900. It outlines traditional stereotypes of masculinity and femininity, with men expected to be breadwinners and women supporters of the home. Respectability was highly valued, demonstrated through financial prudence, moral behavior, and protecting women. Working class women faced greater challenges adhering to these standards due to low wages and sexual vulnerability. The roles and expectations of women began expanding later in the century through activities like evangelism and charity work, though usually framed as an extension of women's nurturing role.
Bella epoque
This document discusses the triumph of liberalism in Europe during the late 19th century. It provides population and manufacturing output statistics for different European nations and regions from 1750-1900, showing the growth of industrialized nations like Germany and decline of Asia. It then outlines some of the key liberal reforms during this period, including expanded suffrage, Jewish emancipation, public education, and reduced power of the Catholic church. Overall it presents the late 19th century as a high point for liberal ideologies in Europe in terms of economic growth and political reforms.
1848
The Revolutions of 1848 saw widespread uprisings across Europe motivated by nationalism, liberalism, and romanticism. In France, restrictions on freedoms by King Louis Phillip led to an uprising in Paris and the establishment of the Second Republic. Louis Napoleon, Napoleon Bonaparte's nephew, was elected president but later dissolved the assembly and declared himself Emperor Napoleon III. The revolutions in France also inspired liberals in Prussia and the formation of a parliament in Frankfurt to draft a constitution for a unified Germany, though these efforts ultimately failed. Russia helped crush revolutionary movements and supported the resistance to reform in Prussia and Austria. In England, a planned march on London by Chartists was prevented by military forces, weakening the Chartist movement
1812, waterloo, and the congress of
Napoleon invaded Russia in 1812 with over 400,000 troops in an attempt to force Tsar Alexander I to comply with the Continental System. However, the Russians used scorched earth tactics, refusing to engage in large battles. Napoleon captured Moscow in September only to find it abandoned and burning. With no stable base and winter approaching, the French army was forced to retreat, suffering heavy losses due to the harsh conditions, skirmishes with Russian forces, and lack of food and supplies. By the time the army crossed back into Poland, it had been decimated to less than 100,000 men. This defeat marked a turning point that ultimately led to Napoleon's abdication in 1814.
The rise of absolutism
Absolutism was a form of government that developed in 17th century Europe in response to crises like the Thirty Years' War. Under absolutism, the ruler had absolute authority over all aspects of government. France is considered a prime example, as King Louis XIV consolidated power by taxing the nobility to fund a large standing army, revitalizing the sciences through institutions like the Academie des Sciences, and weakening the nobility by revoking rights of religious minorities with the Edict of Fontainebleau. However, the extent of the absolutism of rulers like Louis XIV is still debated by historians.
What is enlightenment
The document discusses the key ideas and figures of the Enlightenment. It emphasizes that Enlightenment thinkers believed human reason could be used to discover natural laws and create a perfect society. Major Enlightenment figures mentioned include Newton, Locke, Descartes, Bacon, and the Philosophes such as Voltaire and Rousseau. The Enlightenment valued reason and rationality over tradition and superstition.
Life in renaissance europe
The document summarizes the social classes and daily lives of peasants in early modern Europe. Peasants made up 85-90% of the population and were rural, subsistence farmers who lived in small houses and worked the land. Their lives revolved around farming, family, and village life. Over time, increased trade and urbanization led to rising grain prices and more poverty among peasants with less land. Climate changes in the 1500-1750 period also made life more difficult for peasants dependent on grain. The Catholic Church continued to influence social norms and order.
European views of america
Europeans were fascinated by America as it was entirely new to them. Artworks from the 16th to 18th centuries provide insight into how Europeans viewed America and Native Americans, with common symbols including animals, clothing, and gender representations. "America" became a symbolic concept over time, from references to newly discovered lands in works like Utopia, to the Puritan ideal of a shining "Citty upon a hill", to the later independence of America.
Columbian exchange
I. This document outlines the biotic exchange between the Old World and the Americas, with crops and diseases being transferred between the two hemispheres. Potatoes, tomatoes, corn, and other crops moved to the Old World, while smallpox, malaria, and other diseases devastated native populations in the Americas.
II. European exploration and conquest of the Americas led to the near extinction of some native civilizations through disease. Indigenous people in the Caribbean were effectively enslaved by the Spanish.
III. The document concludes with an image showing De Soto discovering the Mississippi River, as seen in the U.S. Capitol.
Late classical and medieval science
This document provides an overview of scientific thought from ancient Greece through the Middle Ages. It discusses Aristotle and Ptolemy's influence on medieval science and how their works were incorporated from the Islamic world. It describes Ptolemy's geocentric model of the universe and Galen's humoral theory of medicine. The document also notes how during the Renaissance, works like Vesalius' refocus on anatomy led to challenges of past authorities like Galen.
Shoulder’s of giants
Copernicus proposed that the Earth and planets revolve around the Sun. Tycho Brahe collected astronomical data that Kepler used to develop his three laws of planetary motion. Galileo used a telescope to observe Jupiter and its moons, supporting the Copernican model. Newton synthesized prior work into his theory of universal gravitation and laws of motion, explaining the mechanical workings of the universe through mathematics. This mechanistic view saw the world as a machine created by God and governed by natural laws, leading to a conception of a non-intervening deity.
Enlightened science
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The birth of modern racism
The document discusses the historical treatment of ethnic and religious groups in Europe including the Irish, Jews, and colonial others. It mentions social Darwinism and how scientific fields like anthropology were sometimes used to justify discrimination. The document also covers topics like Jewish emancipation in some European countries in the late 1800s, rising anti-Semitism and restrictions faced by Jews in Russia, and the growth of Zionism and Jewish nationalism in response to discrimination.
Failure of communism and the creation of the eu
The document summarizes the major political events in Europe from the late 20th century to early 21st century that led to the fall of communism, establishment of the European Union, and its expansion. Key events included the Prague Spring protests, rise of neoliberalism under Thatcher and Reagan, Solidarity movement in Poland, Velvet Revolution, fall of the Soviet Union, demise of Yugoslavia, and multiple expansions of the EU to include many former Eastern bloc nations. Debate continues over further enlargement and issues of sovereignty as European integration deepens.
Declolonization presentation
The document discusses the process of decolonization following World War II as European powers withdrew from their colonies. It notes the problems that arose from arbitrary European-drawn borders dividing ethnic groups and fueling tensions. Decolonization led to two different paths, with British colonies generally experiencing smoother transitions to independence while French colonies like Algeria faced more violent conflicts. The decolonization era remained messy with issues like religious conflicts in India and the emergence of communist governments in East Asia. Many new nations struggled with instability as well.
The shoah
The document discusses the Nazi persecution and genocide of Jews during the Holocaust. It mentions the Nuremberg Laws banning Jews from emigrating from Germany and their ghettoization. It then describes the Nazis' plan for the "Final Solution" decided in 1942 to exterminate all European Jews, which was carried out through mobile killing units and death camps like Auschwitz. Over 2-3 million Jews were killed in camps across Poland and Germany.
Total war
This document discusses major events and campaigns of World War 2, including Germany's invasions of Western Europe using blitzkrieg tactics, the invasion of the Soviet Union, Japan's attack on Pearl Harbor, key battles like Stalingrad and in North Africa, the Allied invasions of Sicily and Normandy, and the strategic bombing campaign over Europe.
The coming of a bipolar world mw
This document summarizes major events in World War 2 and the early Cold War period. It discusses key WWII battles like Operation Overlord and the end of Nazi Germany. It then outlines post-war conferences at Yalta and Potsdam that established spheres of influence in Europe. The beginning of the nuclear age and founding of the UN are also mentioned. Subsequent sections describe the Berlin Airlift, Iron Curtain, Marshall Plan, policy of containment, formation of NATO and Warsaw Pact, Hungarian Revolution, building of the Berlin Wall, Cuban Missile Crisis, and Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia in 1968.
Triumph des willens
This document discusses the rise of fascism in Italy under Mussolini and Germany under Hitler in the early 20th century. It outlines key events and policies of their regimes, including Mussolini's March on Rome in 1922, Hitler's appointment as Chancellor in 1933 after the Reichstag fire, and the Nazis' escalating oppression and persecution of Jewish people and other groups. It also briefly summarizes the Spanish Civil War between fascists and republicans as a "tune up for war" in Europe in the late 1930s.
A truly depressing depression
Germany was slowly recovering from World War I while France and Britain pursued policies to restrain wages and keep Germany weak. The United States was lending money and investing in Western and Central Europe as those regions depended on the U.S. economy. The 1929 stock market crash in New York caused the Young Plan for more U.S. loans to Germany to fail, exacerbating unemployment in Germany. Across Europe, the Great Depression led to rising unemployment, halted reparations, street warfare, the end of the gold standard in Britain, and increased tariffs globally.
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Ireland boils over
- 2. Recap Ireland had been 3rd rail of British Politics sine late 19th C Parnell Gladstone Ulster Home Rule Bill of 1914
- 3. Demands for Home Rule Debate continues in early war Many Irish Nationalists rally Irish to Support Britain in War 200,000 volunteer Way to “win” home rule War drags on… Sinn Fein has more revolutionary ideas
- 4. Easter 1916 Sinn Fein accepts German Aid Many Locked up 1916 explodes, 1600 revolt Shortly thereafter captured 15 Executed Explosion anew
- 5. “Time of Troubles” Sinn Fein has numerous MPs elected, refuse to sit in Parliament in London De Facto Civil War 1918- 1920 I.R.A./ Black and Tans 1920 Home Rule Act Ulster Separate
- 6. Irish Free State Negotiated between Lloyd George and Irish Nationalists • Collins et al reluctantly sign on Partisans fight on Collins killed • Ireland receives full independence, apart from counties of Ulster which remain Republican Government 1922 on