AP Human Geography: Unit 3 - Cultural Geography: Part 1 Sample

1. Cultural Geography

2. Intro to Culture Language Religion Popular and Folk Culture •Concepts of Culture •Intro to Language •Intro to Religion •Folk Culture •Schools of Thought •Language •Universalizing Religions •Popular Culture •Cultural Hearths families, Languages, and •Ethnic Religions •Cultural Landscapes and •Cultural Diffusion dialects. •Spatial Impact of Religions Identity •Acculturation •Language Barriers •Ethnocentrsm and Cultural •Toponymy Relativism •Language Extinction •Cultural Differences

3. Part 1: Introduction to Culture

4. What is Culture?

5. What is Culture? CULTUS – “To Care About”

6. Culture is the mix of values, beliefs, behaviors, and material objects that form a people’s way of life.

7. Part A: Introductions

8. How do we study culture?

9. Cultural Geography Culture Cultural Cultural Ecology Landscapes

10. What is cultural geography?

11. Cultural geography is the study of how cultures vary over space.

12. What is the cultural landscape?

13. The cultural landscape is the interactions of a group in relation to their own cultural practices as well as the values of society as reflected through artifacts and architecture.

14. What is cultural ecology?

15. Cultural ecology is the field that studies the relationship between the natural environment and culture.

16. Cultural Geography: Schools of Thought Environmental Environmental Cultural Possibilism Determinism Perception Determinism Social Culture is Human culture is People develop Perception of the developed more important culture as much environment completely by the than the physical as environment. affects culture. environment. environment. Similar The environment Perception is Humans environments provides developed by the determine the produce similar possibilities for a teachings of environment. cultures. culture. culture. Technology increases the possibilities.

17. What school(s) of thought best explains the following scenarios?

18. Case 1 A small, undiscovered community is located on the coast of South America. The food they consume is fish and they spend much of their time sacrificing to their god Elmo – who visits wrath upon them in the form of large, windy storms that destroy their village when he is angered.

19. Case 2 Develop your own case study that demonstrates both Possibilism and Cultural Determinism. It needs to be at least four sentences long.

20. Part B: Concepts of Culture

21. How does culture form?

22. • A repetitive act Habit that an individual performs • A repetitive act of a group performed Custom so that it becomes a characteristic of the group. • A group’s Culture entire collection of customs.

23. What is culture made of?

24. Material Culture (Artifacts) Houses Furniture Instruments Books

25. Nonmaterial Culture Values Beliefs Behaviors ? Norms

26. Cultural Realm Culture Culture System Culture Region Culture Trait Complex A single The A group of An area marked A large area attribute of a combination of interconnected by culture that marked by a culture. different culture distinguishes it number of Often not cultural traits in complexes. from other cultural confined to a distinctive Any area with regions. regions. It is set single area. ways. strong cultural apart from Common ties that bind other world values, beliefs, its people areas because behaviors, and together. of these artifacts that regions. make one place distinct.

27. What are the traits, complexes, and systems that make up New Orleans?

28. What does culture come from?

29. What is a cultural hearth?

30. A cultural hearth is the area where a cultural aspect first began.

31. Early cultural hearths were almost completely determined by their physical environment – IE. Environmental Determinism.

32. What are independent inventions?

33. Independent Inventions are developments that can be traced back to specific civilizations or cultural hearths.

35. Cultural Diffusion

36. What is cultural diffusion?

37. Cultural Diffusion is the spread of culture to areas surrounding the cultural hearth.

38. Hierarchical Relocation Diffusion Contagious Stimulus

39. How do people adapt to culture?

40. Acculturation is the process of the less dominant culture adopting the traits of the more dominant one. Assimilation is when immigrants lose their native customs completely.

42. Trans Culturation Two-way flows of culture.

43. How do we interpret culture?

44. Ethnocentrism – The practice of judging another culture by the standards of one’s own culture. What is ethnocentric about this comic?

45. Cultural Relativism is the practice of evaluating a culture by its own standards.

46. Big Dog? Small Dog? Its all about perception.

47. Part 2: Folk and Popular Culture

48. Part A: Introductions to Folk and Popular Culture

49. Folk Culture The practice of a The practice of relatively small customs that span group of people in several different a focused area. cultures and may even have a Popular Culture global focus.

50. Traits of a Folk Culture:

51. Usually relatively isolated Anonymous hearths, anonymous Often dependent on sources, anonymous the environment dates Folk Culture Usually practiced by Are often isolated or small, homogenous have multiple groups in isolated hearths areas.

52. Folk Culture can be expressed in three ways:

53. Indigenous Cultures • A culture group that constitutes the original inhabitants of a territory, distinct from the dominant national culture, which is often derived from colonial occupation. Folk Culture Regions • Cultural norms traditionally practiced by a small, homogeneous, rural group living in relative isolation from other groups. Subcultures • groups that share in some parts of the dominant culture but have their own distinctive values, norms, language, and/or material culture

54. Indigenous Cultures

55. Folk Culture Region

56. Sub Culture

57. Traits of Popular Culture:

58. Large, heterogeneous societies that share certain habits. Largely Urban Based Large Scaled Popular Culture Based on rapid Often allowed b/c of simultaneous global industrialization. connections Often the product of economically more developed countries.

59. Causes of Popular Culture

60. Communication Technology

63. Travel Technology

65. Globalization

66. What is globalization?

67. Globalization is the process of increased interconnectedness among countries most notably in the areas of economics, politics, and culture.

68. Globalization of Food

69. Globalization of Economics

70. Globalization of Politics

71. Part C: Folk Music

72. Contains actual information about the culture. Contains important life cycle events (birth, death, and marriage) customs. You can learn a lot about a culture simply from their music.

73. A Vietnamese Folk Song While seedlings for the summer crop are no old when they are three months of age, Seedlings for the winter crop are certainly not young when they are one-and-a-half months old

74. American Folk Music The Northern Songs: • Ballads close to English originals. The fiddle is featured at dances, and fife-and-drum bands are popular. The Southern and Appalachian Songs: • Westward to Texas, speak of hard lives and is the roots of country music. The Western Songs: • West of the Mississippi River, reflects the experiences of cowboys, plains farmers, river people, and gold seekers. The Black Songs: • Located in the south and grew out of the slave experience.

75. Part D: Popular Music

76. Originated around 1900 Popular Written by individuals to be sold to a large Music number of people Diffusion began in WWII

78. Part E: Folk Architecture

79. Reflect both cultural and environmental influences Houses from different regions can be vastly Housing Often based on the resources different even in the same Styles available environment Culture can affect styles and materials used.

80. Unchanged-traditional dwelling • The layout, construction, and appearance have not been significantly altered by external influences. • Examples: Some Arab towns and African villages Modified Traditional Dwelling • New building materials have been used to build these The structure layout is not altered Example: West Africa changed their thatch roofs to iron Modernized Traditional Dwelling • Modifications have been made in both the building materials and the general layout of the dwelling Example: multiple bathrooms, two car garage Modern Dwelling • Advanced technology is reflected in the building of these • Other reflections include upward mobility, practicality, comfort, and hygiene. • most common in the United States

81. Wood Grass Building and Brick Bush Materials Stone

83. Folk House in the US

84. Nodes New Middle Lower England Atlantic Chesapeake Salt Box “I” Houses Steep Roof Two Chimney Cape Cod Front Gable and Wing

85. Salt Box

86. Two Chimney

87. Cape Cod

88. Front Gable and Wing

89. I-House

90. Uniformed Landscapes Problems with Popular Culture Increased Demand Pollution for Resources

91. Part 2: Language

92. Part A: Intro to Language

93. What is language?

94. Language is a system of communication through speech, a collection of sounds that a group of people understands to have the same meaning.

95. Is this Language?

98. Why did language come to exist?

99. The Ability to Communicate

100. Cultural Transmission

101. How do languages differ?

102. Writing Direction Differences Grammar In Alphabets Language Allowable Sounds

103. What is Linguistic Geography?

104. Linguistic Geography is the study of speech areas and their local variations by mapping word choices, pronunciations, or grammatical constructions.

105. What can this map teach us about language?

106. How do we track languages?

107. Language Language Divergence Convergence Spatial Interaction Two languages between speakers become one break down – because of close British/Americans spatial interaction. Language breaks This can also into dialects and cause Language then into new extinction tongues. We track languages by looking at language divergence and convergence.

108. Latin: Crux •Albanian: kryq •Occitan: crotz •Aromanian: crutse •Old Portuguese: cruz •Catalan: creu •Portuguese: cruz •Dalmatian: crauc •Romanian: cruce •English: crux, crucial •Romansch: crusch, crousch •French: croix •Sardinian: cruche, crugi, cruxi, gruche, •Galician: cruz grughe, gruxi •German: Kreuz •Serbo-Croatian: krȋž / кри̑ж •Italian: croce •Spanish: cruz •Venetian: cróxe

109. Tracking Language By Scale

110. • Languages with a shared, but fairly distant Language origin. Families • Culturally Defined. • Standard Languages are recognized as the Languages Norm • Regional Variants of a Standard Language Dialects

111. This is a map of various language families and branches.

112. Proto-Indo- European is spoken by 46% of the world’s population.

113. Where did PIE come from?

114. Sedentary Farmer Hypothesis Sedentary Farmer Hypothesis Developed by Colin Renfew Also called the “Renfew Hypothesis” PIE Started in the Fertile Crescent Language diffused peacefully through agricultural trade.

115. Nomadic Warrior Thesis Kurgan Migration Developed by Marinja Gimbutas Also called the “Conquest Theory” PIE Started around Russia Says that Kurgan Warriors brought the language with them as they conquered

116. Languages of Proto-Indo-European

117. Indo-Iranian Branches

118. 15 Hindi Others Indic: Indo- Iranian Kurdish Iranian Farsi Pashto

119. The Iranian Languages

120. The Indian Languages

121. What is Linguistic Fragmentation?

122. Linguistic Fragmentation is when people in a country speak many different languages. This often reveals large cultural differences.

123. Many countries with linguistic fragmentation also have an official language. India’s official language is English.

124. What is an official language?

125. An official language is the language used by government when making laws, reports, public objects, money, and stamps.

126. An official language is not always the majority language of an area. Example: New Zealand’s Official Language is only spoken by 5% of the Population

127. Some countries have more than one official language. Example: Switzerland has four: German, French, Italian, and Romansch

128. European Branches

129. Romance Languages • French, Spanish, Italian, Romanian, Portugese. PIE Slavic Languages Germanic Languages • Russian, Polish, Czech, Ukranian, Slovenian, Serbo- • English, German, Danish, Norwegian, Swedish Croation

130. Geographic boundaries play a huge role in language formation. Look at this little language here: Basque. Basque is a language isolate.

131. What is an language isolate?

132. A language isolate is a language that is isolated from all other languages around it.

133. Part B: The English Language

134. English is part of the Germanic Branch of PIE.

135. The English Language: Origins

136. English is Spoken By 328 Million People Two Billion People live in a country where English is A Few It is the official the official language even if English language in 57 countries they cannot speak it. Facts It is the predominate language in the US and in Australia

137. Germanic Tribes Where did English come from? Latin Old Norse English Norman French Celtic Tribes

138. Old English Middle Modern • 450-1100AD English English

139. Old English Fæder ure þu þe eart on heofonum; Si þin nama gehalgod to becume þin rice gewurþe ðin willa on eorðan swa swa on heofonum. urne gedæghwamlican hlaf syle us todæg and forgyf us ure gyltas swa swa we forgyfað urum gyltendum and ne gelæd þu us on costnunge ac alys us of yfele soþlice

140. Middle English Oure fadir that art in heuenes, halewid be thi name; thi kyndoom come to; be thi wille don in erthe as in heuene: gyue to us this dai oure breed ouer othir substaunce; and forgyue to us oure dettis, as we forgyuen to oure gettouris; and lede us not in to temptacioun, but delyuere us fro yuel.

141. What are some concepts that the growth of the English language show us about the growth of language in general?

142. The English Language: Diffusion

143. Britain British Colonies United States United States Annexes (Philippines)

145. The English Language: Dialects

146. One result of the mass spread of the English language is the creation of many dialects.

147. What is a dialect?

148. A dialect is a regional variation of a language distinguished by distinctive vocabulary, spelling, and pronunciation.

149. What is an isogloss?

150. An isogloss is a geographic boundary line delimiting the area in which a given linguistic feature occurs

151. British Received Pronunciation The perceived dialect of the upper-class British living in London. Used by many actors, broadcasters and politicians.

152. The English Language: American English

153. Differences between British and American English Vocabulary • Different because settlers in America encountered new objects, animals, etcetera. • New animals, for example, were given Native American Names. • As new inventions appeared they received different names. Spelling • Spelling diverged from a strong national American Identity. • Webster, an American dictionary publisher had an American agenda Pronunciation • Largely explained by distance. • Pronunciation

155. Northern East Coast Isoglosses Southern Midlands

156. How has mass media changed dialects?

157. The English Language: DOMINATION

158. The Internet English as Lingua Franca Commerce ESL

159. Many areas do not learn full English but a Pidgin.

160. A Pidgin is a simplified version of a language.

161. What is a creole language?

162. A Creole Language is a pidgin language that becomes the major language of a people group.

163. English Diffusion to Other Languages • Spanglish – A combination of English and Spanish • Franglais – A combination of French and English

164. Languages and Political Geography

165. Monolingual Countries Countries and Language Linguistic Multilingual Fragmentation Countries

166. Toponyms can show us: • The History of a Place – Colonialization • Example: Most Brazilian toponyms are Portugese • Example: French toponyms in Louisiana • The Culture of a People – George Washington Bridge, Martin Luther King Blvd, Jacksonville, Florida

167. Descriptive •Rocky Mountains Shift Names Associative •Lancaster, Pennsylvania •Pensacola Beach, Florida Mistakes American Commemorative •Lasker, North Carolina Toponyms •New York Possession Manufactured •Johnston City, Texas •Truth and Consequences Incidents •Battle Creek, Michigan

168. Part B: Religious Geography

169. How do you define religion?

170. Religion is a system of beliefs and practices that attempts to order life in terms of culturally perceived ultimate priorities.

171. The Shouldness

172. Sacred Vs. Profane

173. Types of Religions

174. Monotheistic Polytheistic Animistic Secularism • Single God • More than • Inanimate • Lack of One God Objects Religion possess Spirits

175. Part 1: Universalizing Religions

176. What is a Universalizing Religion?

177. A Universalizing Religion attempts to be global, to appeal to all people wherever they live, not just those of one culture or location.

178. The Five Universalizing Religions Buddhism (2500yrs) Islam (1500yrs) Christianity (2000yrs) Sikhism(India) and Baha’I (Africa/Asia)

179. http://www.mapsofwar.com/ind/histo ry-of-religion.html

180. Each Universalizing Religion Has: Branch Large and fundamental division within a religion. Denominations A division of a branch that unites a number of local congregations into a single administrative body. Sects A relatively small group that has broken away from an established denomination.

181. Christianity

182. Origins of Christianity • Founded upon the teachings of Yehōshu'a – Translated to Jesus • Christians believe that Jesus died to atone for human sins, that he was raised from the dead by God, and that his resurrection provides people with hope for salvation.

183. Three Forms of Christianity Roman Catholicism • 51% of Christianity Eastern Orthodox • 11% of Christianity Protestantism • 24% of Christianity

184. Why is South America 93% Catholic and North America only 40% Catholic?

186. RC PR EO • Pope • Federal • Elders • Mary • Mary • Mary • Clergy • Clergy • Clergy • Sacraments • Sacraments • Sacraments

187. Diffusion of Christianity • First diffused by relocation diffusion as believers (Missionaries) moved from place to place. • Secondly, it diffused by contagious diffusion – word of mouth between believers in the towns and nonbelievers in the countryside • Finally, it diffused by hierarchical diffusion as elite figures (the emperor) began to accept it.

188. Islam

189. Origins of the People Abraham Sarah Hagar Isaac Ishmael The 12 Jacob Esau Arabian Tribes The Twelve Tribes of Israel

190. Origins of the Prophets Adam Noah Abraham Moses Jesus Muhammad

191. Origins of the Scripture (Qur’an) Revelations compiled Vision (610) in the Qur’an after Death • Given in the Cave of Hira • Given by the angel Gabriel Birth of Muhammad Hijrah to Medina

192. The Five Pillars of Islam

193. 1 – The Testimony There is no god worthy of worship except God (Allah), and Muhammad is His Messenger [or Prophet].

194. 2 – The Salat The mandatory prayers performed 5 times a day: * dawn * noon * late afternoon * sunset * before going to bed

195. 3 – The Zakat Almsgiving (Charitable Donations)

196. 4 – The Sawm Fasting during the month of Ramadan. No eating from sunrise to sunset.

197. 5 – The Hajj Pilgrimage to Mecca

198. Two Main Branches Sunnis • 1,140,000,000 • ‘Heir’ to Islam based on community selection. Shiites • 220,000,000 • ‘Heir’ to Islam chosen by Allah (Only those from the bloodline of Muhammad) Ahmadiyya • 10,000,000 Druze • 450,000

199. The Diffusion of Islam

200. How Islam Diffused • Largely brought about in the early years by conquest (Relocation/Hierarchical Diffusion) • Southwest Asia was converted through Islamic traders. • Now, largely brought about by missionaries (relocation diffusion, contagious diffusion)

202. Ethnic Religions

203. What is an ethnic religion?

204. An Ethnic Religion is religion that primarily appeals to one group of people living in one place. More closely tied to the physical geography of a particular region, especially with agriculture.

205. Judaism Animism Hinduism Ethnic Religions Shinto Confucianism Taoism

206. Hinduism • 3rd Largest Religion in the World • Concentrated in India and Nepal • It is up to the individual to decide the best way to worship God. • Does not have a central authority. • Has many gods but the most popular (70 percent) is Vishnu. 26% adhere to the god Siva.

207. Confucianism • Located largely in China • Based on ethical obligations important to the Chinese.

208. Taoism (Daoism) • Located mainly in China. • Followers seek Tao (Dao) which means the path

209. Shintoism • Religion of Japan • Consider the forces of nature to be divine. • Was regarded as the state religion before WWII and the Emperor was considered to be a God.

210. Judaism • One third live in Israel, One third in the United States, and one third everywhere else. • First religion to espouse monotheism.

211. Animism • Mostly located in Africa • Finds animate qualities of all other life. • Not a specific religion but a collection of tribal religions.

212. Ethnic Diffusion • Ethnic religions rarely diffuse farther than their starting point. • This means that they are much more susceptible to Universalizing religions. • Many times an Ethnic religion will hybridize with universalizing religions.

213. Judaistic Diffusion • Judaism diffused more widely than other Ethnic religions because they were forced out of their homeland by the romans in AD.70. • This was called the diaspora. • Many Jews were forced to live in ghettos.

214. Cosmogony and Calendars

215. What is cosmogony?

216. Cosmogony is the religious beliefs concerning the origins of the Universe.

217. Ethnic Verses Universalizing • Ethnic religious creation stories tend to deal with the physical environment and natural events, whereas universalizing religion stories often attempt to explain the mystical. Christianity Confucianism Two Opposite God Created the Forces Work in Universe Creation (Yin/Yang) God is more These interact for powerful than the balance universe Believers Believers change transform the their environment environment as less. More likely to God’s emissaries. achieve balance.

218. Religious Calendars

219. Ethnic Calendars • Ethnic religions focus on climate, seasons, and agriculture. Jewish Holidays (A Lunar Calendar) Fall Holidays Rosh Hashanah (New Year) Yom Kippur (Day of Atonement) Spring: Sukkot (Final Harvest) Pesach(Passover) Shavuot(Feast of Weeks)

220. Ethnic Calendars Most important day to many Ethnic Religions: The Solstice (The Shortest and Longest Days of the Year)

221. Universalizing Calendars • Usually centered around the individual founder. • Example: Christmas

222. Religious Spaces

223. • Churches (Symbolic architecture) Christianity • The Catholic Church: The Vatican • Mosques (A location for a community to gather.) Islam • Mecca, Medina • Pagodas (Contain relics of Buddha’s body or clothing.) Buddhism and Shinto • Lumbini, Nepal • Community or Home Temples (Built to one or more gods) Hinduism • The Ganges River • Seven Houses of Worship on Multiple Continents Baha’I

224. The Dead Christians, Musli • Bury the dead in Cemeteries ms, Jews • Creates a problem with land • Wash the body with water from the Ganges Hindus • Cremation Zoroastrians • Exposure to the Elements

225. Religious Settlements • Some cities have been founded for religious reasons. • These are called utopian settlements. • The Most Important: – Salt Lake City (Mormonism)

226. Religious Administration

227. Hierarchical Religions • A hierarchical religion has a well-defined geographic structure and organizes territory into administrative units.

228. Example: The Catholic Church The Pope Cardinals Archbishops (Head Provinces) Bishops (Head Diocese) Priests (Head Parishes)

229. Autonomous Religions • Self sufficient religions where interaction between communities is only loose cooperation of shared ideas.

230. Example: Islam • Islam provides the most autonomy in any universalizing religion. • The only time this is not true is when the religious territory coincides with secular states. – Examples: Iran, Saudi Arabia

231. Slides I Did Not Get To Make • Religious Conflict – Make sure to study up on – Northern Vs. Southern Ireland (Catholic Vs. Protestant) – The Middle East – Especially Israel Vs. Palestine – Religious Extremism

AP Human Geography: Unit 3 - Cultural Geography: Part 1 Sample

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