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Unit5
The document discusses the history and development of agriculture. It begins by explaining the four economic sectors and provides examples of sector sizes in different countries. It then covers the transition from hunter-gatherers to the Neolithic Revolution and agricultural developments like seed planting, irrigation, and the Columbian Exchange. The document also discusses the First, Second, and Third Agricultural Revolutions and innovations like the Green Revolution. Finally, it examines different types of farming like subsistence, commercial, and plantation as well as rural land use patterns.
Unit5
- 1. Human Geography Unit 5:Agriculture
- 2. What are thefour sectors of economic activity?
- 3. Primary Sector Secondary Sector Tertiary Sector Quaternary Sector
- 4. What sector doesthe President of the United States work in?
- 5. The Size ofSectors Country Primary Secondary Tertiary China 38% 46.9% 43% Iran 25% 31% 45% Mexico 13.7% 23.4% 62.9% Nigeria 70% 10% 20% Russia 10% 31.9% 58.1% United Kingdom 1.4% 18.2% 80.4% United States .7% 20.3% 79% What assumptions can be made from this graph?
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- 7. Agriculture is thedeliberate tending of crops and livestock in order to produce food and fiber.
- 8. The History ofAgriculture
- 9. Hunters and Second Agricultural Gatherers Revolution (1600s) First Agricultural Third Agricultural Revolution(8000BCE) Revolution (Later 20th Century)
- 10. Hunters and Gatherers •Followed game and seasonal plants. • Left little imprint on the land. • Two Major Migrations: – Eastern Africa to Australia, the Middle East, Europe, and Asia – Asia across the land bridge to the Americas
- 11.
- 12. What is theNeolithic revolution?
- 13. The Neolithic Revolutionwas the drastic changes that occurred when people began to cultivate crops and domesticate animals.
- 14. Increase in Reliable Food Supply Rapid Increase in Human Population The Neolithic Revolution A divide between Job nomads and Specialization settled people Larger Gender Differences (Patriarchal)
- 15. What is thedifference between seed planting and vegetative planting?
- 16. Seed planting isthe production of plants through the planting of seeds where vegetative planting is where new plants are created from existing plants.
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- 18. Origin and Diffusionof Vegetative Planting Vegetative planting probably started in Southeast Asia with crops such as the Taro and Yam as well as the banana and palm. The first domesticated animals were dogs, pigs, and chickens.
- 19. Origin and Diffusionof Vegetative Planting Other hearths were West Africa and South America.
- 20. Why would vegetativeplanting happen before seed planting?
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- 22. What caused seedplanting to become more available?
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- 28. Origin and Diffusionof Seed Agriculture Northern China Western India (Millet) Eastern Hemisphere Ethiopia Southwest Asia (Millet and Sorghum (Rice)
- 29. Origin and Diffusionof Seed Agriculture Southwest Northwest Europe Asia Africa
- 30. Origin and Diffusionof Seed Agriculture Northern Peru Southern Mexico (Squash, Beans, Cotton) (Squash, Maize, Potatoes) Western Hemisphere
- 31. What is theColumbian Exchange?
- 32. The Columbian Exchangeis when products began to be exchanged between the western and eastern hemispheres.
- 34. What is anexample of where a crop in the western hemisphere became important in the eastern hemisphere?
- 35. The Second AgriculturalRevolution
- 36. What is theSecond Agricultural Revolution?
- 37. The Second Agricultural Revolutionbegan in Western Europe in the 1600s. It intensified agriculture and promoted higher yield per acre.
- 38. What were someinnovations seen during the Second Agricultural Revolution?
- 39. Crop Enclosure Rotation Jethro Tull’s Industrial Seed Drill Revolution Fertilizers, W eed Refrigeration Killers, Pestic ides
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- 41. What are thedifferences between subsistence and commercial agriculture?
- 42. Subsistence Agriculture is most prevelant in LDCs and produces no surplus. Commercial Agriculture is the production of surpluses with the intention to sell.
- 43. Differences Subsistence Commercial Small Farm Size Huge Farm Sizes Use Mechanized Use Hand Tools Tools Higher percentage Low percentage of of farmers. farmers.
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- 45. Yields Large Amounts of Output Per Acre Found in Large Labor Intensive: Intensive Population Large number Concentrations: of people, low Subsistence East and South capital Asia Dominated by Wet or Lowland Rice
- 46. “Slash and Burn”Agriculture Major Crops: Found in Rain Forest Zones: Central and South Millet, Sorghum, Rice, Manioc, Sweet America, West Africa, Eastern and Central Asia, Southern Potatoes, Yams, Beans China, Southeast Asia Shifting Cultivation Involves farming large plots of land Involves Intertillage: Growing Various until nutrients are depleted and then Types of Crops moving on.
- 47. Nomadism: The practiceof moving frequently from one place to another Sheep, Goats, Camels, Cattle, Horses, Yaks Pastoral Herders follow their herds from pasture to pasture. Nomadism Central Eurasia, Arabian Peninsula, Sudan, North Scandanavia
- 48. Intensive Subsistence Agriculture Extensive Subsistence Agriculture
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- 50. Most Common Form in the US east of Appalachians Most Mixed Farmers grow practice Crop and crops and raise livestock Crop Livestock on the same Rotation land Farming Most money comes from the sale of animal products.
- 51. Located in areas outside of urban locations. Dairy Farming Labor Produce Intensive Milk, Butter and Cheese Expensive
- 52. What is amilkshed?
- 53. A Milkshed isthe ring of milk production that surrounds a major city.
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- 55. Production is largely mechanized Grain Farming Labor is US produces concentrated the most in planting and harvesting grain in the times. world.
- 56. Grain Farming Locations TheUnited States: Winter Wheat • Kansas, Colorado, Oklahoma • Planted in the Autumn, Ripens in the Summer The United States: Spring Wheat • Palouse Region of Washington, the Dakotas and Montana • Winters too severe for Winter Wheat Other Countries • Canada, Australia, Argentina, France, and the United Kingdom
- 57. Def: The commercial grazing of livestock over an extensive area. Livestock Ranching Includes much of the Western Often practiced US, and the in arid or semi- Pampas (prairie) arid regions of Argentina
- 58. Def: Agriculture located on Western coasts, with mild winters and dry summers. Mediterranean Agriculture Grown through horticulture Olives, Grapes, Fr (growing of uits, Vegetables fruits, vegetables and flowers)
- 59. Def: Agriculture thatrelies on heavy equipment to grow bulk amounts of fruit and vegetables Commercial Apples, Asparagus, Cherries, Let tuce, Mushrooms, Tomatoes, et Gardening Also known as “truck farming” because truck means to barter. c. and Fruit Farming Located in Southeast US
- 60. Def: Large farmsthat specialize in one or two crops. Cotton, Sugarcane, Tobacco, Coffee, Rubber Plantation Found in Latin America, Africa, and Asia Farming Called “Cash Crops” because they make money for their owners.
- 61. Rural Land Useand Settlement Patterns
- 62. What is aland-use model?
- 63. A Land UseModel shows the different ways that people use the land that is available to them.
- 64. What is VonThunen’s Model?
- 65. Von Thunen’s Model demonstrated the way that rural land use changed as a person moved outward from the center of a city area.
- 66. Central City 1. MarketGardening and Dairy 2. Forest 3. Field Crops 4. Animal Grazing
- 67. Market Gardening andDairy • Nearest the town, farmers raised perishable products such as garden vegetables and milk. Forest • Towns from Von Thunen’s Day were surrounded by a ring of trees used for construction. Field Crops • Crops that are less perishable. Animal Grazing • Required a lot of space. Outside of these rings: • Transporation costs became to high for profitability.
- 68. Flat Terrain Thunen’s Model Assumed No significant barriers to Uniform Soil transportation
- 69. Long Term Observationsof Thunen’s Model • His model is still applicable to Organic Food Growth. • His model is applicable for understanding Broad Patterns of rural land use. – Farmers in areas away from major markets are less likely to grow perishable items.
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- 71. Rural Settlement Patterns: •Dispersed Settlement: Individuals living in farms that lie far apart from one another. • Nucleated Settlement: Villages located close together with relatively small agricultural fields. – Hamlets: Small clusters of buildings – Villages: Slightly Larger buildings.
- 72. Wood Wattle Brick Building Materials Grass and Stone Bush
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- 74. Land Ownership andSurvey Techniques
- 75. Primogeniture • A practicewhere all land falls to the eldest son. • This results in land parcels that are large and controlled individually. Rectangular Survey System • Used in the US to encourage settlers to disperse evenly across the Midwest. Metes and Bounds System • Natural Features are used to mark irregular parcels of land. • Used on the US East Coast Long-Lot Survey System • Divides land into narrow parcels that extend from rivers, roads or canals. • One example are plantation plots of old Southern plantations.
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- 77. History Modern commercial agriculturethrough mercantillism. Mercantillism: Private companies were given charters by the crown to conduct trade.
- 78. The Third AgriculturalRevolution • Began in the late 20th century. • Characterized by the industrialization of agriculture, biotechnology, and the Green Revolution.
- 79. What is athe green revolution?
- 80. The Green Revolution involvedthe practice of using higher yield seeds and expanded use of fertilizers to increase production.
- 81. Praise • Agriculture nowoutpaces population. • Nitrogen-based fertilizers increase farm productivity. • Scientists continue to invent new food sources. • Higher productivity reduces dependency on imports in places such as China and India • New Irrigation have increased crop yields. • Agribusiness has increased the productivity of cash crops
- 82. Criticism • Poor countriescannot afford the machinery • Farmers in poor countries cannot afford the fertilizers – which also can lead to groundwater pollution. • Many fishing areas are over-fished. • In Sub-Saharan Africa, population is still growing faster than food. • Irrigation has led to serious groundwater depletion. • Agribusiness means that land is devoted to raising one crop.
- 83. Erosion Chemicals Changes in in ground Water Impacts the Soil Content Depletion of Natural Vegetation
- 84. Expansion of Land Improved Future Increase in Distribution Productivity Food New Food Sources