Ethnicity refers to shared cultural traditions and ancestry that unite a group of people. An ethnic group is defined by common traits like language, religion, customs, and ancestry. Larger ethnic groups can be divided into smaller subgroups over time through isolation or intermarriage. Southeast Asia is home to many ethnic groups that have been influenced by Indian, Chinese, Islamic, and Western cultures due to the region's history of trade and colonization. The ethnic groups vary across Southeast Asian countries and include distinctions based on language, religion, and region. Gender roles also differ across cultures but generally assign males as active and dominant and females as passive and nurturing. [/SUMMARY]

2. What is Ethnicity?
Based on the root word ethnos, meaning
“people” or “nation”, the term is usually used
to refer to the ancestry of a particular people
who have in common distinguishing
characteristics associated with their heritage.
An ethnic group or ethnicity is a socially
defined category of people who identify with
each other based on common ancestral,
social, cultural or national experience.

3. Membership of an ethnic group tends to be
defined by a shared heritage, ancestry, origin
myth, history, homeland, language and
or dialect, symbolic systems such
as religion, mythology and ritual, cuisine,
dressing style, physical appearance, etc. The
largest ethnic groups in modern times
comprise hundreds of millions of individuals
(Han Chinese being the largest), while the
smallest are limited to a few dozen individuals
(numerous indigenous peoples worldwide)

4. Larger ethnic groups may be subdivided into
smaller sub-groups known variously
as tribes or clans, which over time may
become separate ethnic groups themselves
due to endogamy and/or physical
isolation from the parent group. Conversely,
formerly separate ethnicities can merge to
form a pan-ethnicity, and may eventually
merge into one single ethnicity. Whether
through division or amalgamation, the
formation of a separate ethnic identity is
referred to as ethnogenesis.

5. Depending on which source of group identity is
emphasized to define membership, the following
types of ethnic groups can be identified:
• Ethno-racial, emphasizing shared physical
appearance based on genetic origins;
• Ethno-religious, emphasizing shared affiliation
with a particular religion, denomination and/or
sect;
• Ethno-linguistic, emphasizing shared language,
dialect and/or script;
• Ethno-national, emphasizing a
shared polity and/or sense of national identity;
• Ethno-regional, emphasizing a distinct local sense
of belonging stemming from relative geographic
isolation.

7. Ethnic Groups of Southeast Asia
Southeast Asia is often split into two
parts: Mainland Southeast Asia,
comprising Burma, Cambodia, Laos, Peninsular
Malaysia, Thailand, and Vietnam; and Maritime
Southeast Asia, which includes Brunei, East
Timor, Indonesia, East Malaysia, the Philippines,
and Singapore. The region has been greatly
influenced by the cultures and religions of India
and China, as well as the religions of Islam and
Christianity from Southwest Asia.
Southeast Asia seems to be more influenced by
India rather than China with the exception of
Vietnam, which is considered part of
the Sinosphere.

8. Southeast Asia has also had a lot of Western influence
due to the lasting legacy of colonialism. One example is
the Philippines, which has been heavily influenced
by Spain and the United States of America over the
course of almost four centuries of colonization. A
common feature found around the region are stilt
houses, while another is rice paddy agriculture, which
originated in the region thousands of years ago. Dance
is also a very important feature of the culture, utilizing
movements of the hands and feet perfected over
thousands of years. Furthermore,
the arts and literature of Southeast Asia is very
distinctive as some have been influenced by Indian,
Hindu, Chinese, Buddhist and Islamic literature.

9. Ethnic Groups in Burma (Myanmar)
-Ethno-regional
• Kachin
• Kayah
• Kayin
• Chin
• Mon
• Bamar
• Rakhine
• Shan

10. Kachin
Kayin
Bamar
Shan
Rakhine

11. Khmer Vietnamese
Chinese
Ethnic Groups in Cambodia
(Ethno-regional & Ethno-linguistic)

12. Ethnic Groups in Laos
(Ethno-linguistic)
• Mon-Khmer
• Palaungic
• Khmuic
• Tibeto-Burman
• Hmong-Mien
• Tai and Rau
• Chinese

13. KhmuicHmong-Mien
Tibeto-Burman

14. Thailand (ethno-linguistic & ethno-regional)

15. KarenThai
LahuMeo
Khmu

16. Lisu

17. Ethnic Groups in Vietnam
(Ethno-linguistic & Ethno-racial)
Kinh (Viet) 86.2%,
Tay 1.9%,
Tai Ethnic 1.7%,
Mường1.5%,
Khmer Krom (Khơ Me Crộm) 1.4%,
Hoa 1.1%,
Nùng 1.1%,
Hmong 1%, others 4.1%

18. Kinh Tay
Tai Ethnic Mường

19. Khmer Krom Hoa
Nùng Hmong

20. Ethnic Group in Brunei
(Ethno-religious, ethno-racial, & ethno-linguistic)
Belait people
Bisaya (Borneo)Dusun people

21. Kedayan
Murut peopleSama-Bajau people

22. Ethnic Groups in Indonesia
(Ethno-linguistic, Ethno-regional, Ethno-racial)
Javanese Sundanese
Madurese Batak

23. Minangkabau Betawi
Bugis Acehnese

24. Bajarese Tionghoa
Sasak Makassarese Minahasan
Balinese

26. Philippines
Ethno-linguistic, Ethno-religion, Ethno-regional
Cebuano, Ilocano, Pangasinense, Kapamp
angan, Tagalog, Bicolano, Waray, Surigao
non,Zamboangueño and Hiligaynon who
are also called Ilonggo.

27. Ethnic Groups in the Philippines
IlokanoBicolano Ivatan
Kapampangan Moro Pangasinense

28. Sambal Subanon
Tagalog Visayan
Zamboangueño Igorot

29. Lumad Molbog Negrito groups
Tagbanwa Palawanon

31. Chinese Malays
Indians

33. Malays Chinese
Indians Indigenous People

34. East Timor People

35. Gender and Culture
• Gender-The sociocultural phenomenon of
dividing people into the categories of "male"
and "female," with each having associated
clothing, roles, stereotypes, etc.
• Culture-The beliefs, values, behavior and
material objects that constitute a people's
way of life; the arts, customs, and habits that
characterize a particular society or nation.

36. Gender distinctions are complex, & the role &
reward assignments of males & females differ
from society. In many fundamental ways those
assignments are conditioned by a really
different levels of economic development.
When we think of gender, we often think of
male or female; that's only half of
understanding gender. The denotations of
male and female actually refer to biological
and physiological sex.

37. Gender is a sociological construct of values,
ideals, and behaviors about what it means to
be either male or female, and are often
regarded in terms of masculine or feminine,
respectively. Many people use sex and gender
interchangeably, but one does not have to be
male to identify as masculine, and vice versa.
In the example above, we have both a
biological, physical characteristic (sex) with a
superimposed cultural construct (gender).

38. The same applies to both race and culture,
respectively. Race refers to groups of people
who are distinguished by shared physical
characteristics, such as skin color and hair
type. Culture refers to the customs, habits,
and value systems of groups of people. People
of the same race may not share the same
culture; similarly, a culture isn't necessarily
comprised of people of the same race.

39. *Men are generally viewed as active, strong, critical,
and adult like with needs such as dominance,
autonomy, aggression, exhibition, achievement and
endurance.
* Women are viewed as passive, weak,
nurturing, and adaptive with needs such as
abasement, deference, nurturance,
affiliation, and heterosexuality.

40. Women in Pre-Modern Southeast Asia
The 11 countries of Southeast Asia include over 550
million people. Despite great linguistic and cultural
diversity, the region is characterized by the relatively
favorable position of women in comparison with
neighboring East or South Asia. This has been explained
by several factors: traditionally, kinship was traced though
both maternal and paternal lines; a daughter was not a
financial burden because of the widespread practice of
bride price; a married couple often lived with or near the
wife’s parents; women had prominent roles in indigenous
ritual; their labor was essential in agricultural, and they
dominated local markets. Over time, however, the rise of
centralized states and the spread of imported
philosophies and religions (Confucianism, Daoism,
Buddhism, Islam, and Christianity) increasingly privileged
males and stressed female subordination. Although such
influences were most noticeable among the elite, the
strength of local traditions was always a moderating force.

41. Other Aspects of Diversity
• What is Diversity?
The ways we are different; the condition of
having unique characteristics. The condition of
being diverse : Variety ; especially : the
inclusion of diverse people (as people of
different races or cultures) in a group or
organization.

42. The Four Layers

43. • 1. Personality: this includes an individual's likes and
dislikes, values, and beliefs. Personality is shaped early
in life and is both influenced by, and influences, the
other three layers throughout one's lifetime and career
choices.
• 2. Internal dimensions: these include aspects of diversity
over which we have no control (though "physical ability"
can change over time due to choices we make to be
active or not, or in cases of illness or accidents). This
dimension is the layer in which many divisions between
and among people exist and which forms the core of
many diversity efforts. These dimensions include the
first things we see in other people, such as race or
gender and on which we make many assumptions and
base judgments.

44. • 3. External dimensions: these include aspects of
our lives which we have some control over, which
might change over time, and which usually form
the basis for decisions on careers and work styles.
This layer often determines, in part, with whom
we develop friendships and what we do for work.
This layer also tells us much about whom we like
to be with, and decisions we make in hiring,
promotions, etc., at work.
• 4. Organizational dimensions: this layer concerns
the aspects of culture found in a work setting.
While much attention of diversity efforts is
focused on the internal dimensions, issues of
preferential treatment and opportunities for
development or promotion are impacted by the
aspects of this layer.

45. Diversity is more than just
tolerating differences. It is
respecting, appreciating,
and under-standing the
varying characteristics of
individuals. Everyone is
unique and no single person
is a representative of a