The document discusses race, ethnicity, and racism. It defines race as a socially constructed category based on shared biological traits, and ethnicity as a shared cultural heritage including common ancestors, language, and religion. It notes that minorities within a society can be subjected to disadvantages and discrimination. Specific examples provided include discrimination faced by Filipino Muslims and certain ethnic tribes in the Philippines in terms of education, employment, health, and shelter. Theoretical perspectives on racial and ethnic inequality are also summarized, including structural functional, symbolic interaction, and social conflict approaches.

1. Race and
Ethnicity

2. Race
 A socially constructed category of people who
share biologically transmitted traits that a society
defines as important.

3. Ethnicity
 A shared cultural heritage, which typically
involves common ancestors, language and religion.
 nationality
 tribe
 religious faith
 shared language
 shared culture
 shared traditions

4. Minorities
 Any category of people, identified to be physical
or cultural traits that a society subjects to
disadvantages.  Can either be racial or ethnic 
Lesser number of population in a certain place

14. Racism to Filipino Muslims
 5% or 4.93 million of the Population of the
Philippines are Muslims.
 60% of the Muslim population said they are being
discriminated by other Filipinos according to their
appearance and religious affair.
 20% said they were bullied in class. 
 30% said they weren’t accepted to jobs because of
their religious belief

15. Racism to Ethnic Groups
 60% of Ethnic Tribe Graduates are not accepted to
job because of their ethnicity. Most of the
graduates are teachers .They go back to their local
province to teach
 80% of minorities are deprived of proper
education, job, health and shelter.
 60% are out of school youth
 3% Finish College

16. THE LEAST RACIALLY
TOLERANT COUNTRIES
 40% + (of individuals surveyed would not want a
person of another race as a neighbor) India,
Jordan
 30 - 39.9% Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Iran, Vietnam,
Indonesia, South Korea
 20 - 39.9% France, Turkey, Bulgaria, Algeria,
Morocco, Mali, Zambia, Thailand, Malaysia,
The Philippines, Bangladesh, Hong Kong

17. THE MOST TOLERANT
COUNTRIES
 0 to 4.9% United States, Canada, Brazil,
Argentina, Colombia, Guatemala, Britain,
Sweden, Norway, Latvia, Australia, New
Zealand
 5 - 9.9% Chile, Peru, Mexico, Spain, Germany,
Belgium, Belarus, Croatia, Japan, Pakistan,
South Africa
 10 - 14.9% Finland, Poland, Ukraine, Italy,
Greece, Czech Republic, Slovakia
 15 - 19.9% Venezuela, Hungary, Serbia,
Romania, Macedonia, Ethiopia, Uganda,
Tanzania, Zimbabwe, Russia, China

18. Theoretical Analysis: Understanding
Racial and Ethnic Inequality
STRUCTURAL FUNCTIONAL APPROACH
 Explains ethnic and racial inequality in
terms of cultural values.
 The “Culture of poverty” theory
developed by Oscar Lewis claims that
minorities develop a fatalistic cultural
outlook that leads to a sense of
hopelessness and low self esteem.

19. SYMBOLIC INTERACTION APPROACH
 Highlights how race often operates as a
master status in everyday interaction.
 W.E.B. Dubois claimed that US society
makes whites standards by which others
should be measure, and in so doing,
devalues any person of color.

20. SOCIAL CONFLICT APPROACH
 Highlights how racial and ethnic inequality
is built into the structure of society.
 Marxist theory argues that elites
encourage racial and ethnic divisions as
a strategy to weaken the working class.