The document discusses counselling and testing in the context of preventing mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) of HIV. It covers the benefits of testing, approaches to testing such as opt-in and opt-out, algorithms for using multiple rapid HIV tests, diagnosing HIV in infants exposed to HIV, and the timing of testing including pre-pregnancy, antenatal, intrapartum, and postpartum. General information is also provided on confidentiality, the types of counselling given before and after testing, and working with couples to involve male partners.