The documents provide training materials for participants on Kenya's antiretroviral therapy (ART) program and data collection system. The training covers:
1) Background on Kenya's ART program and scale-up goals, challenges in providing treatment, and objectives of monitoring and evaluation.
2) Modules on collecting ART data through registers, cards, and reporting forms, and how the data flows through the system.
3) Calculation and interpretation of ART indicators to monitor program accessibility, success, support areas, and detect drug resistance.
The materials aim to familiarize participants with Kenya's national ART monitoring system and how to record and report patient data to track program performance.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
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The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
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The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
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The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
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There are reasons beyond heart health to reduce sugar intake. Excessive sugar intake, especially from sweetened beverages, has been linked with higher calorie intake, higher body weight, and lower intake of vitamins and minerals. Therefore, in this Chinese New Year, I upload my slide for public to increase their awareness in scaling back sugar intake during this festive season.
DANES: Diet and Nutrition Expert System for Meal Management and Nutrition Cou...rahulmonikasharma
“Your body is your temple” As people across the globe are becoming more health conscious, eating more healthy food and avoiding junk food, a system that can measure calories and nutrition in every day meals can be very useful for maintaining one’s health. Food calorie and nutrition measurement system is very beneficial for dieticians and patients to measure and manage their daily food intake. We also know that it’s difficult to find an affordable nutritionist or a dietician across the street; therefore, we have proposed a system – DIET AND NUTRITION EXPERT SYSTEM. The proposed system is a responsive android application which contains the knowledge and data regarding the fitness of a person and nutrition content values. This application consists of the user interface which will be publicly displayed on the application i.e. the basic information regarding the fitness and nutrition values such as how to maintain good health by adapting healthy eating habits which includes the intake of calories, proteins and carbohydrates etc. in proper proportion. A dietician consults a person based on his schedule, body type, height and weight. The system too asks all this data from the user and processes it. It asks about how many hours the user works, his height, weight, age etc. The system stores and processes this data and then calculates the nutrient value needed to fill up users’ needs.
There are reasons beyond heart health to reduce sugar intake. Excessive sugar intake, especially from sweetened beverages, has been linked with higher calorie intake, higher body weight, and lower intake of vitamins and minerals. Therefore, in this Chinese New Year, I upload my slide for public to increase their awareness in scaling back sugar intake during this festive season.
DANES: Diet and Nutrition Expert System for Meal Management and Nutrition Cou...rahulmonikasharma
“Your body is your temple” As people across the globe are becoming more health conscious, eating more healthy food and avoiding junk food, a system that can measure calories and nutrition in every day meals can be very useful for maintaining one’s health. Food calorie and nutrition measurement system is very beneficial for dieticians and patients to measure and manage their daily food intake. We also know that it’s difficult to find an affordable nutritionist or a dietician across the street; therefore, we have proposed a system – DIET AND NUTRITION EXPERT SYSTEM. The proposed system is a responsive android application which contains the knowledge and data regarding the fitness of a person and nutrition content values. This application consists of the user interface which will be publicly displayed on the application i.e. the basic information regarding the fitness and nutrition values such as how to maintain good health by adapting healthy eating habits which includes the intake of calories, proteins and carbohydrates etc. in proper proportion. A dietician consults a person based on his schedule, body type, height and weight. The system too asks all this data from the user and processes it. It asks about how many hours the user works, his height, weight, age etc. The system stores and processes this data and then calculates the nutrient value needed to fill up users’ needs.
MENTAL WELL-BEING OF EMERGENCY ROOM NURSES IN HOSPITALS OF HAIL REAbramMartino96
MENTAL WELL-BEING OF EMERGENCY ROOM NURSES IN HOSPITALS OF HAIL REGION, SAUDI ARABIA DURING COVID 19 PANDEMIC
AWAD EID NADAA ALSHAMMARI
MASTER OF ARTS IN NURSING
GRADUATE SCHOOL, UNIVERSITY OF HAIL
April 14, 2022
APPROVAL SHEET
Approved by the Committee on Oral Examination with a grade of __________ on _______________________.
______________________
Chairman
____________________ ____________________
Panel Member Panel Member
___________________________________________________________________________
This is to certify further that AWAD EID NADAA AL-SHAMMARI, have satisfactorily completed all academic requirements in the MASTER’S DEGREE IN NURSING.
______________________________
Dean, Graduate Studies
Hail University
Date Signed: __________
Dedication
This study is primarily dedicated to Allah. Peace be unto Him!
To my parents, siblings, and relatives.
To my colleagues in the profession.
To my Hail University family.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title Page............................................................................................................................ 1 Approval Sheet .................................................................................................................. 2
Dedication ………………………………………………………………………………. 3
Table of Contents................................................................................................................ 4
List of Tables and Figures ………………………………………………………………. 7
List of Appendices ……………………………………………………………………… 8
Abstract …………………………………………………………………………………. 9
Chapter 1 – Introduction
Introduction to the Research Project ……………………………………………. 10
Statement of the Research Problem …………………………………………….. 11
Background of the Problem …………………………………………………….. 11
Purpose of the Project …………………………………………………………... 14
Definition of Terms …………………………………………………………….. 14
Significance to Nursing ………………………………………………………… 15
Summary ……………………………………………………………………….. 15
Chapter 2 – Review of Evidence
Introduction ……………………………………………………………………. 16
Conceptual Model/ Theoretical Framework …………………………………… 16
Evaluation of Evidences ………………………………………………………. 18
Summary ……………………………………………………………………… 28
Chapter 3 – Project Methodology
Introduction …………………………………………………………………… 30
Research Design ………………………………………………………………. 30
Target Population, Subjects, Sample, and Setting ……………………………. 30
Instrument …………………………………………………………………….. 31
Plan and Implementation Process …………………………………………….. 32
Data Analysis …………………………………………………………………. 33
Ethical Consideration …………………………………………………………. 35
Summary ……………………………………………………………………… 36
Chapter 4 – Project Outcome
Introduction …………………………………………………………………… 37
Findings ………………………………………………………………………. 37
Chapter 5 – Discussion
Introduction ……………………………………………………………………. 41
Discussion ……………………………………………………………………… 41
Conclusions ……………………………………………………………………. 43
Implications to Nursing …………………………………………………… 43
Recommendations for fu ...
Integrating companion animal knowledge into aquatic veterinary medicineWeb2Present
'Welcome to the 2nd live webinar hosted by WAVMA and IVSA Standing Committee on Veterinary Education (SCoVE)! In this webinar, world leading aquatic medicine specialist Chris Walster will be talking about 'The basics of aquatic medicine' and 'What Vets need to know about fish?'.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Headache Disease Type Classification and Predicting System using Data Mining ...rahulmonikasharma
In this Paper, Migraine Headache and the types of Migraine Headache were analyzed using Data mining Techniques. From the headache diary the data is being collected. Naïve Bayes is used on the collected data to determine the data corresponds to which category of Headache. It is also called as probabilistic algorithm which is used to predict and classify the category of Headache into the classes like Migraine, Cluster, Sinus and Tension Headache. Apply Decision tree,C4.5 algorithm on the Migraine Class and classify the data set into three class(Pediatric migraine, Episodic migraine, Chronic migraine) based on the on certain conditions.
1. Republic of Kenya
Ministry of Health
Antiretroviral Drug
Therapy in Kenya
The ART/HMIS
Training Materials
(Participants’ Notes)
National AIDS and STI Control Programme
(NASCOP)
August 2006
2. Objectives of the Course
___________________________________
Familiarise participants with ways of
___________________________________
ART data collection
Introduce participants to the concept of
___________________________________
programme monitoring for ART
Prepare participants to start using the ___________________________________
new system and replace all local data
collection initiatives ___________________________________
ART/HMIS Training Materials
Module I 1
___________________________________
___________________________________
Objectives of Module III, Part 1: HIV/AIDS ___________________________________
Situation
At the end of the module, participants will
___________________________________
be able to understand:
The HIV/AIDS Situation world wide
___________________________________
The HIV/AIDS situation in Kenya
The measures taken as a response to
___________________________________
the HIV/AIDS Pandemic.
The implications of HIV/AIDS in Kenya ___________________________________
ART/HMIS Training Materials
Module III - Part 1 1
___________________________________
___________________________________
GLOBAL PICTURE
___________________________________
40 Million living with HIV by end of 2004
___________________________________
One-third of PLWHA are in 15-24 age
group
___________________________________
Majority do not know they are infected
Young women are more vulnerable
___________________________________
Sub-Sahara
60% of world’s PLWHA (25.4m) ___________________________________
ART/HMIS Training Materials
Module III - Part 1 2
___________________________________
___________________________________
ART/HMIS Materials - Participant=s Notes 1
3. ___________________________________
Global epidemiology summary
In 2003, 14,000 new HIV infections
___________________________________
occurred daily
2000 in children <15 years ___________________________________
12,000 in persons of reproductive age (15-
49 years); 50% of this group are women
Over 95% of these new infections occur
___________________________________
in the developing world
In 2003, between 2.5 and 3.5 million ___________________________________
persons died of HIV/AIDS
ART/HMIS Training Materials
Module III - Part 1 3
___________________________________
___________________________________
AN OVERVIEW OF THE HIV/AIDS ___________________________________
SITUATION IN Kenya
HIV/AIDS in Kenya. ___________________________________
National prevalence :7%
1,000,000 – 1,200,000 PLWA of which 200,000 need ART
The 2003 KDHS reported that:
Adult prevalence rate is 7%
___________________________________
HIV prevalence is almost twice as high in urban as in rural
areas (10% urban; 6% rural)
HIV prevalence in women: 8.7%, 4.6% in men
Annual infections (2003)
___________________________________
1,100,000 new infections in adults.
150,000 new infections among children
Over 50% hospital admissions are HIV/AIDS related ___________________________________
ART/HMIS Training Materials
Module III - Part 1 4
___________________________________
___________________________________
HIV/AIDS Situation in Kenya
___________________________________
The population of Kenya is
___________________________________
approximately 32 million.
At the end of 2004, 1.2 million Kenyans ___________________________________
were living with HIV/AIDS.
An estimated 1.5m Kenyans have died
of AIDS
___________________________________
Approximately 1.6m children under 15
have been orphaned by the death of ___________________________________
one or both parents from AIDS.
ART/HMIS Training Materials
Module III - Part 1 5
___________________________________
___________________________________
ART/HMIS Materials - Participant=s Notes 2
4. Implications of HIV/AIDS
___________________________________
Sickness ___________________________________
Absenteeism from school by Children (Attend to the sick or
Teacher is sick)
Loss of man-hour
Low contribution to food production (Results in hunger)
___________________________________
Huge cost to pay for medication
HIV/AIDS patients now occupy more than half of hospital beds
Deaths
Mostly, productive of the population are affected
___________________________________
Orphan-hood
Widowhood
Poverty (Bread winner is affected) ___________________________________
Deaths due to HIV/AIDS affecting the most productive of the
population worsens poverty levels
ART/HMIS Training Materials
Module III - Part 1 6
___________________________________
___________________________________
RESPONSE TO THE HIV/AIDS ___________________________________
SITUATION
Prevention. ___________________________________
Prevention of Mother To Child
Transmission.
Voluntary Counselling and Testing.
___________________________________
Condoms.
Care. ___________________________________
Home Based Care.
Treatment. ___________________________________
Anti Retroviral Therapy.
Management of Opportunistic Infections.
ART/HMIS Training Materials
Module III - Part 1 7
___________________________________
___________________________________
Objectives of Module III, Part 2: The ___________________________________
ART Programme in Kenya
At the end of the module, participants will
___________________________________
be able to understand:
The ART Programme in Kenya
___________________________________
The main goal of the ART Programme
Specific goals of ARV therapy
___________________________________
Resource limitations affecting ARV
therapy ___________________________________
ART/HMIS Training Materials
Module III - Part 2 1
___________________________________
___________________________________
ART/HMIS Materials - Participant=s Notes 3
5. Main Goal of the ART Programme
___________________________________
The main goal for any ART programme is
___________________________________
to increase accessibility to antiretroviral
therapy with a view of prolonging the ___________________________________
lives of the patients infected with HIV.
___________________________________
___________________________________
ART/HMIS Training Materials
Module III - Part 2 2
___________________________________
___________________________________
AN OVERVIEW OF THE ART PROGRAMME IN ___________________________________
Kenya
ART programme started with private sector
___________________________________
ART services in Kenya
Started with 5 public pilot sites ___________________________________
15 provincial sites in 2003
48 district health facilities in 2004
Plan to scale to all 72 districts ___________________________________
Related programmes
PMTCT.
VCT. ___________________________________
Treatment of Opportunistic Infections.
Tuberculosis.
ART/HMIS Training Materials
Module III - Part 2 3
___________________________________
___________________________________
GOAL OF THE ART PROGRAMME IN KENYA
___________________________________
Contribution to the 3 by 5 global target
___________________________________
Kenya’s targeted was 95,000 persons to be put on ART by
2005
Reach 78% of eligible clients by 2010 ___________________________________
70,000 persons currently on ART
Currently over 200 public, mission and private sites
___________________________________
offer ART services
M+E system for ART designed to meet global and
___________________________________
local requirements
ART/HMIS Training Materials
Module III - Part 2 4
___________________________________
___________________________________
ART/HMIS Materials - Participant=s Notes 4
6. Challenges/resource constraints in ___________________________________
providing ART
Initial cost of drugs too high for people
___________________________________
Shortages of health providers in facilities
Integrating ART into existing health
___________________________________
structures
Ill-equipped labs: difficult to provide
___________________________________
services to monitor ART.
___________________________________
ART/HMIS Training Materials
Module III - Part 2 5
___________________________________
___________________________________
Introduction to ART: A Conceptual ___________________________________
Framework
The purpose of the module is
___________________________________
Highlight standard ART procedures
To lay a foundation for the data ___________________________________
management aspect of ART
Not to equip participants with clinical skills ___________________________________
to provide ART
___________________________________
ART/HMIS Training Materials
Module IV 1
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
ART/HMIS Training Materials
Module IV 2
___________________________________
___________________________________
ART/HMIS Materials - Participant=s Notes 5
8. Initiating ART in HIV+ Adults and ___________________________________
Adolescents
Kenyan Recommendations for Initiating ART
___________________________________
in Adults and Adolescents with Documented
HIV Infection
If CD4 count available:
___________________________________
WHO Stage III when CD4 count < 350/mm3
WHO Stage I, II, disease with CD4 count <200 cells/mm³
WHO Stage IV irrespective of CD4 level ___________________________________
If CD4 count is unavailable:
WHO Stage III or IV
WHO Stage II disease with total lymphocyte count
<1,200c ells/mm³
___________________________________
Source: National Training Curriculum on ART, Comprehensive HIV/AIDS Care
ART/HMIS Training Materials
Module IV 3
___________________________________
___________________________________
Objectives of the Presentation
___________________________________
Rationale behind the ART data collection
___________________________________
Information System
Architecture of ART HMIS
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
ART/HMIS Training Materials
Module V 1
___________________________________
___________________________________
Rationale of ART/HMIS
___________________________________
A response to the M&E framework
___________________________________
outlined in the National Scale-up Plan for
ART ___________________________________
The absence of a reporting system
during scale-up ___________________________________
Standardizing data capture tools
Meeting international obligations ___________________________________
ART/HMIS Training Materials
Module V 2
___________________________________
___________________________________
ART/HMIS Materials - Participant=s Notes 7
9. Architecture of ART HMIS
___________________________________
It is a paper-first-based system
___________________________________
Designed to collect minimum standard
data elements
___________________________________
It is not a clinical system meant for
improving the quality of care ___________________________________
Data flow structures
Uses registers, cards, and summary sheets ___________________________________
ART/HMIS Training Materials
Module V 3
___________________________________
___________________________________
Data Instruments in ART HMIS
___________________________________
Registers/Cards
___________________________________
Pre ART Register
ART Monthly Register ___________________________________
HIV Care/ART Card
Reporting Forms ___________________________________
Monthly Summary sheet
Cohort Summary Sheet ___________________________________
ART/HMIS Training Materials
Module V 4
___________________________________
___________________________________
Scope of ART HMIS
___________________________________
Provide history of patient visits to the
___________________________________
facility
Provide basis for monitoring patient ___________________________________
progress
Provide information on adverse drug
events
___________________________________
Assists in tracking adherence to
treatment ___________________________________
ART/HMIS Training Materials
Module V 5
___________________________________
___________________________________
ART/HMIS Materials - Participant=s Notes 8
10. Limitations of ART HMIS
___________________________________
Not a Patient Tracking System
___________________________________
Does not provide information on logistics
related to ART such as
___________________________________
Staff availability
Drug stock levels ___________________________________
Reagents
Cannot measure drug resistance ___________________________________
ART/HMIS Training Materials
Module V 6
___________________________________
___________________________________
DATA COLLECTION
___________________________________
OBJECTIVES:
___________________________________
Understand data collection
Learn how to correctly complete: ___________________________________
Pre ART Register
Comprehensive Care Clinic Card
ART Register
___________________________________
___________________________________
ART/HMIS Training Materials
Module VI, Part 1 1
___________________________________
___________________________________
DATA COLLECTION
___________________________________
PURPOSE
___________________________________
provide a record of care given to specific
clients.
___________________________________
provide information on health status and
service delivery. ___________________________________
provide data for action planning.
___________________________________
ART/HMIS Training Materials
Module VI, Part 1 2
___________________________________
___________________________________
ART/HMIS Materials - Participant=s Notes 9
11. DATA COLLECTION TOOLS ___________________________________
Pre ART Register ___________________________________
All patients who need HIV Care are entered here.
This includes patients identified within the facility ___________________________________
and those that are referred or transferred in
before they are commenced on ART
Comprehensive Care Clinic Card ___________________________________
It serves as a detailed record of clinical
diagnosis and treatment. It is opened
immediately a patient enrols in HIV Care
___________________________________
ART/HMIS Training Materials
Module VI, Part 1 3
___________________________________
___________________________________
DATA COLLECTION TOOLS ___________________________________
___________________________________
ART Register
All patients on ART are entered here. ___________________________________
Information for each monthly visit of
individual patients is recorded here. ___________________________________
___________________________________
ART/HMIS Training Materials
Module VI, Part 1 4
___________________________________
___________________________________
Document Flow Diagram
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
ART/HMIS Training Materials
Module VI, Part 1 5
___________________________________
___________________________________
ART/HMIS Materials - Participant=s Notes 10
13. ___________________________________
Aggregation and Reporting
Aggregation Forms
___________________________________
? Comprehensive Care Clinic Monthly ___________________________________
Summary Sheet
• Comprehensive Care Clinic Cohort
Summary Sheet
___________________________________
___________________________________
ART/HMIS Training Materials
Module VIII 1
___________________________________
___________________________________
Objectives of Module VIII: ___________________________________
Overview of ART Measures
After completion of this module,
___________________________________
participants should be able to:
Know the ART Measures
___________________________________
Calculate the ART Measures
Interpret the ART Measures
___________________________________
___________________________________
ART/HMIS Training Materials
Module VIII 1
___________________________________
___________________________________
Overview of the ART Indicators
___________________________________
Basis for selection of Measures
___________________________________
Kenya ART implementation Plan X1 ? X2
International obligations, e.g. WHO, ___________________________________
UNAIDS, PEPFAR, etc.
Efficiency, exclusiveness, feasibility, cost ___________________________________
implications
___________________________________
ART/HMIS Training Materials
Module VIII 2
___________________________________
___________________________________
ART/HMIS Materials - Participant=s Notes 12
14. Overview of the ART Indicators
___________________________________
Measure Categories
___________________________________
Measures of accessibility
Measures of programme success ___________________________________
Measures of adequacy in program support
areas ___________________________________
Early Warning Signal for drug resistance
___________________________________
ART/HMIS Training Materials
Module VIII 3
___________________________________
___________________________________
ART/HMIS Materials - Participant=s Notes 13