This document provides an overview of steel structures design and construction. It discusses materials and specifications, structural design considerations, common member types, connections, fabrication, erection, and detailing. The key points covered include load calculations, stress analysis, failure modes of tension, compression, and flexural members, and welding and bolted joint design. Methods for plate girder design and construction are also summarized.
What are methods of steel structure designnajeeb muhamed
There are three different methods for design of steel structure, i.e. simple design, continuous design and semi-continuous steel design.
Joints in structures have been assumed to behave as either pinned or rigid to render design calculations manageable.
In simple design the joints are idealised as perfect pins. Continuous design assumes that joints are rigid and that no relative rotation of connected members occurs whatever the applied moment.
The vast majority of designs carried out today make one of these two assumptions, but a more realistic alternative is now possible, which is known as semi-continuous design.
What are methods of steel structure designnajeeb muhamed
There are three different methods for design of steel structure, i.e. simple design, continuous design and semi-continuous steel design.
Joints in structures have been assumed to behave as either pinned or rigid to render design calculations manageable.
In simple design the joints are idealised as perfect pins. Continuous design assumes that joints are rigid and that no relative rotation of connected members occurs whatever the applied moment.
The vast majority of designs carried out today make one of these two assumptions, but a more realistic alternative is now possible, which is known as semi-continuous design.
Autoclaved aerated concrete (AAC) block is a building material made of Portland cement, fine aggregates (fly ash or sand), water and an expansion agent in an autoclaving process heated under pressure which results in the production of air voids in the material, making it less dense, easy to cut/mould and better insulating
Classification of Frames , building construction, fixed end rigid frame structure and pin ended rigid frame structure, What are the Types of Frame Structures?
Autoclaved aerated concrete (AAC) block is a building material made of Portland cement, fine aggregates (fly ash or sand), water and an expansion agent in an autoclaving process heated under pressure which results in the production of air voids in the material, making it less dense, easy to cut/mould and better insulating
Classification of Frames , building construction, fixed end rigid frame structure and pin ended rigid frame structure, What are the Types of Frame Structures?
Composite construction by Er. SURESH RAOAjit Sabnis
Presentation is a part of Structural Engg. series by ACCE(I) Institutes. Deals with details of Composite Structures-Design and Construction with case studies
Approach to Sustainability: NBC 2016 ProvisionsAjit Sabnis
The talk stimulates on the issues: Brief overview of the provisions in part 11, NBC 2016; Some thoughts on “sustainability” ; Case studies ; Concluding remarks
Concrete is one of the most versatile materials used in infrastructural development. It plays a critical role in in construction industry and making it sustainable is of paramount importance. How do we do it? Let us look here!!
Sustainability Computation of Buildings using Real Time Data: Pre-Constructio...Ajit Sabnis
This talk will touch upon establishing baseline values thru a benchmark project, computation of sustainability percentage for individual and building clusters. It also explains about the sustainability classification of buildings at the conceptual stage providing us an insight to evolve mitigation strategies in reducing the carbon footprint.
Optimizing and Saving WATER in achieving Green ConstructionAjit Sabnis
The talk deals with techniques of optimizing the water requirement at the construction sites. Also touches on details about our contribution to save and harvest water.
Embedded Energies, SDIs and Sustainability Quantification Ajit Sabnis
This talk covers computation methodologies for evaluating Embodied Energy, Embodied Carbon of stand alone materials and sub-systems in a building using three perspectives including geo-specific sustainability Development Index- with Example. Also covers Embodied Water.
HEAP SORT ILLUSTRATED WITH HEAPIFY, BUILD HEAP FOR DYNAMIC ARRAYS.
Heap sort is a comparison-based sorting technique based on Binary Heap data structure. It is similar to the selection sort where we first find the minimum element and place the minimum element at the beginning. Repeat the same process for the remaining elements.
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
For more technical information, visit our website https://intellaparts.com
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
Harnessing WebAssembly for Real-time Stateless Streaming PipelinesChristina Lin
Traditionally, dealing with real-time data pipelines has involved significant overhead, even for straightforward tasks like data transformation or masking. However, in this talk, we’ll venture into the dynamic realm of WebAssembly (WASM) and discover how it can revolutionize the creation of stateless streaming pipelines within a Kafka (Redpanda) broker. These pipelines are adept at managing low-latency, high-data-volume scenarios.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
We have compiled the most important slides from each speaker's presentation. This year’s compilation, available for free, captures the key insights and contributions shared during the DfMAy 2024 conference.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
3. Introduction
Principal Building materials
Masonry
RCC and PSC
Structural steel
Wood
Others: FRP,
Aluminum,
Composites
4/17/2021 Steel Structures 3
4. Structural Steel
Historical usage since 3000BC
Ashokan pillar during Gupta period 1500 old
First Cast iron Bridge in 1779 over river siren
C I was used till 1840
Wrought iron was introduced.
Steel introduced in 1740 and commercially
patented in 1855.
More usage in RCC and Buildings.
During industrial revolution, it became more
prominent
4/17/2021 Steel Structures 4
5. Steel industry
Iron Making
Steel making ; integrated steel plants: mini
steel plants
Major steel plants :
Indian Consume 33kg/per/year: 300-500 in
dev. Countries: 220 in china
Production – 108.5MioMT
Designation; Fe310, Fe410WA, Fe540B
Fe- Steel: no is Characteristic UTS in MPA, W
denotes weldable: Grade A – IS 2062 :
general appl.Gr B – brittle fracture(bridges);
Gr C – low temp and impact
4/17/2021 Steel Structures 5
6. Steel members
Advantages
Stress Strain curve- Follow Hooke’s Law -E
Fire resistance, hardness, ductility
Structural steel Products
Hot rolled sections and plates
Angle, channels, I section, T sections,
Plates, strips, Flats, square bars,
Round bars, Tubes - hot Rolled
Cold Rolled : Channels, Zeds, angles,
hat sections, sigma sections
Hollow steel sections: RHS,SHS,Round
Welded Hybrid sections; Built up :
castellated beams
4/17/2021 Steel Structures 6
7. Advantages
High strength : strength/wt ratio 3.5 times efficient
than concrete
High ductility , uniformity
Environment friendly : >400MioT recycled
i.e, 50% of steel produced
Versatile : formed to different shapes and rolled to
variety of shapes and sizes
Prefabrication: factory made, better Quality control,
least site work, proper planning
Permanence: well maintained lasts long
Easily modifiable; Addition alteration easy
Fracture toughness: can be bent hammered, sheared,
holed..
Elasticity: Behaves close to design assumption
4/17/2021 Steel Structures 7
9. Basis of Structural design
Type of structure: Habitat -Framed, Shell, Tensile,
Pneumatic Str,: Non habitat- Bridges, Towers, Chimneys
Connections; Simple, rigid, semi rigid, Mixed ,
composite , staggered lattice girder…
Loads : gravity load, imposed loads, Wind loads,
seismic loads, Snow loads, erection loads, crane
loads, temp. effects
Design Philosophies: Working stress: Ultimate
stress method: Limit state method
Structural analysis: First order elastic: Second
order elastic: linear buckling: Inelastic buckling: First
order plastic: second order plastic
4/17/2021 Steel Structures 9
10. IS Codes and handbooks
IS 875 : part 1- gravity loads: Part2 live
loads:
Part 3 – wind loads: Part 4 snow loads:
Part 5 – Special loads and combinations:
IS 1893 (Part 1) – Earthquake loads
IS 800 – General Steel Construction
IS808- Hot rolled sections
IS 802- OH towers
IS 806- Steel Tubes
SP6 (1)- Handbook for str. Steel sections
Others ….
4/17/2021 Steel Structures 10
11. Design Philosophies
Working stress method : Factor of safety
Ultimate load design : Load factors
Limit state design : ultimate (safety) limit
state & Serviceability limit state
- partial safety factors for strength and serviceability
various loads and load combinations
Characteristic strength – yield strength with 95%pass
Structural Stability – General Stability, Over turning
and Sway
Deflection- limits for various elements
4/17/2021 Steel Structures 11
12. Grade of bolts – 3.6, 4.6,4.8,5.6,5.8 etc
Size of bolts – M5- M36
Black Bolts – C grade bolts IS 1363
HSFG Blots – IS 3757 & IS4000
Advantages:
unskilled labour and simple tools
Noiseless and simple fabrication
No special equipment or process is needed
Connection is thru after tightening
Bolted Connections
4/17/2021 Steel Structures 12
15. Welded connections
4/17/2021 Steel Structures 15
Connecting two pieces by heating as fusion occurs
Eliminates Holes in members
Airtight and water tight joints
Economical
Joints are rigid and neat
Choice for designers to explore innovative sections.
Practicable even for complicated shapes of Joints
Alterations can be made easily.
Truly continuous structure is formed
Efficiency of joint is better even 100%
Stress concentration is less
Disadvantage:
Requires highly skilled workmen
Inspection is difficult and expensive.NDT tests
Difficult in field condition like vertical welding
Brittle fracture is more.
18. Design of tension members
Failure Mechanism
GROSS SECTION YIELDING FAILURE
NET SECTION RUPTURE FAILURE
BLOCK SHEAR FAILURE
4/17/2021 Steel Structures 18
19. Design of Compression Members
Short Column – effective length
4/17/2021 Steel Structures 19
20. COMPRESSION MEMBERS
VERY SHORT COLUMNS SUBJECTED TO
AXIAL COMPRESSION FAIL BY YIELDING
OR CRUSHING
VERY LONG COLUMNS FAIL BY ELASTIC
BUCKLING IN THE EULER MODE
INTERMEDIATE COLUMNS GENERALLY
FAIL BY INELASTIC BUCKLING
4/17/2021 Steel Structures 20
28. ELEMENTS OF PLATE GIRDER
STIFFENERS:
➢ Vertical stiffeners
➢ Horizontal or longitudinal stiffeners
➢ Load bearing stiffeners
➢ End bearing stiffeners
SPLICES:
➢ Flange splice
➢ Web splice
4/17/2021 Steel Structures 28
29. FABRICATION DRAWING &
DETAILING
Very important to transform design ideas
to reality
Should be self explanatory and clear
Should Contain Junction details.
To take into account Erection methods too
4/17/2021 Steel Structures 29
35. Building Information Modelling
BIM
Complete information and modelling as per
exact sizes
Helps to visualize structure
Interphasing of multi disciplinary activities.
Versatile softwares available
TEKLA
REVIT
ARCHICAD
X STEEL
4/17/2021 Steel Structures 35
36. Erection Guidelines
To follow instructions as per design
To follow safety guidelines strictly
To Follow general and good Engineering
Practices
To specify the temporary supports during
Erection as per design
4/17/2021 Steel Structures 36
37. Method statement for
erection of steel members
1.0 OBJECTIVE
To ensure the management, erection and installation work on site are safe, correctly, and comply the
contract specification.
2.0 PURPOSE
The purpose of this method of statement is to establish a work sequence on how to erection and
installation of steel works will be implemented. The statement includes work methodology and sequence of
activities all in accordance with the contract specification for structural steelwork.
3.0 SCOPE
The following works, define the activities which will be carried out for implementation the erection and
installation of steelwork for (YOUR TITLE) according to the contract specification:-
i) Transportation of Fabricated Portal Frame
ii) Unloading, Arrangement, Storage and Protect Materials
iii) Installation of Steel Columns
iv) Erection of Portal Frames
4/17/2021 Steel Structures 37
38. Method Statement of Erection
4.0 WORK EXECUTION PROCESS
4.1 Job Site Planning & Preparation
ü Make sure there is space and firmed pathway for truck delivery, crane truck erection operation. The
suitable truck & crane capacity must be clarified.
ü The plan for unloading and materials storage on the site should be suitable and dry location. Materials
shall be stored in designated areas for each building and clearly identified for their location as per planning.
4.2 Receiving Of material at Site
ü All delivery materials to the site shall be informed to the site manager to have the plan for unloading.
Upon arrival of materials at the storage yard, the materials controller will match delivery notes and shall
verify the consignment.
ü Unloading can be done manually by term with using 25-tonnes cranes. A spreader should be used for
long steel components. Lifting nylon or cloth belts with suitable SWL shall be used for unloading the
materials to minimize the damage. Be sure to hook belts to component with the right number of points and
position so that the load of the component itself do not damaged or broken especially the coating/discolour.
ü All materials receipt at the site shall be visually inspected by site supervisor/engineer for any damage
after unloading. Any damage shall be taken immediately, if possible, to avoid any delay of erection.
4.3 Sequence of Erection
The structural portal frames and other parts that related of the building structural can be erected in various
ways which will depend on the following key factor:
ü The types of structures such as small clear span, large clear span, low rise building, high building, taper I
structure and open-web structure, etc.
ü The availability of equipment
ü The site condition
ü The experience level of the erectors
ü The individual job conditions.
4/17/2021 Steel Structures 38
39. .0 METHODOLOGY
The erection and installation of steel that according to the contract specification clause (Your Contact Specification)
5.1 Transportation of Fabricated Portal Frame
The fabricated I-beam columns, rafter and truss by the measure in range 6m until 10m length weight approximately 1.5 metric tons are transported to the site by
mean of the trailer. The steel materials (fabricated portal frame) should be properly arranged on the trailer by separately.
5.2 Unloading, Arrangement, Storage and Protect Material.
5.21 Unloading
The fabricated portal frame unloaded by using 25-tonnes crane. Before unloading materials out of trucks, the platform or access road must be prepared properly for
crane and trucks by term safely load.
5.2.2 Arrangement
To avoid materials being moved so much on the job site that might cause unexpected damages of paint or discolour and shapes, they shall be unloaded and arranged
close to the designed erection point. The materials shall be stacked in location according to the building/areas, should be near to the lifting position adjacent to the area
to be erected.
Conditions of each job site, the materials arrangement plan may different based on open clear area. The fabricated I-beam or columns should be arranged close to their
anchor bolt position. Rafter should be arranged to ensure easy to assemble and move. All condition arrangement should be checked park-mark as parking list enclosed
before unloading for the best unloading position.
5.2.3 Storage and Protect Material
To preventing and protecting materials from damages during storage that exposed to environment factors such as storm water, dust, etc which can cause the rust, stain,
discolour, and etc, the proper storage should be provided to avoid the steel materials damages, deformation and contamination. The tasks below should be considered:-
- Dry area and stored above ground level with timber packing and ventilated.
- Steel component or materials shall be stored separately for difference sizes and types.
- The materials should be placed in minimum 5% slope to avoid water pond.
- The materials shall be kept free from the dirt, dust, grease and other foreign materials.
5.3 Installation of Steel Column
Repeat procedure of erection columns and portal frames to complete frame.
5.3.1 Preparation
After the columns are being distributed along the designated positions, the materials need to be cleaned and assembled before erection. Level and position of nuts and
anchor, lifting weight and crane position shall be checked.
5.3.2 Erection
The 25-tonnes crane is set-up with the suitable position to lift the column into position. Before major lifting, all the slings 1 rope is inspected by riggers. The lifting 1
swing area will be barricaded to prevent unauthorized works/personnel into the area. Slightly down column on cast anchor bolts. The nuts will be tightened upon
installation of column base plate into anchor bolts in right position.
5.4 Erection of Portal Frame
The weight of portal frames is approximate 10 tones.
5.4.1 Preparation
The scaffolding should be prepared for workers to perform rafter to rafter, rafter to column connection including item 5.3.1. Temporary anchor points should be arranged
out of working area to avoid hanging materials can be caught by temporary cable.
5.4.2 Erection
TEP 1
The fabricated sections are joined together J1, J2 & J3 at the site along the grid lines.
STEP 2
The connected frame will be slightly lifted by two cranes (25-tonnes) into position and bolts tightened. Two units of mobile scaffold platform to the joint height will be
pushed to place to do the nuts tightened.
Workers on the ground will drive the fabricated steel (rafter) to the right position in coordination with the crane. Crane is only released when all connection bolts and nut
adequate tighten.
5.5 Erection Sequence
5.5.1 Braced Bay Erection
Brace bay will be erected in priority. After completion bracing bay frames, all components such as brace rod, flange brace, etc of this shall be completed as per shop
drawing. Braced bay frames must be temporarily aligned before installation purlins and bracing to avoid difficulties may get if conducting alignment for remained frame.
5.5.2 Remaining Frames Erection
4/17/2021 Steel Structures 39
Design of Steel members is easy but complex to detail.
Loads and load combinations already covered by other speakers
Grade 3.6 means 3 represents 300N/mm2 UTS and 6 represents ratio of YS to UTS as percentage i.e., 180N/mm2 YS
Different process of Arc welding: Shield metal arc welding, submerged arc welding, gas shielded metal arc welding, Flex core arc welding, Electroslag welding, Stud welding.
Pcr = Pi 2 X E/(KL/r)2 Buckling load is inversely proportional to square of effective length.
The strength of compression member decreases as its length increases.
Forming of sections based on your requirements. Standard sections are not suitable.