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Unidad 4
- 2. We’ve alreadylearned one way of talking about the past: the preterite. It’s used to describe single actions that started and ended in the past. Examples: Tomaron el examen el lunes pasado. Gabriela recibió la mejor nota de todos los estudiantes. El año pasado, fui a Costa Rica de vacaciones. Lo pasé muy bien. Pedro se levantó, fue al baño, y se duchó.
- 3. WHAT ABOUT…?WHAT ABOUT…? … actions that happen more than once in the past? I used to live in Peoria. Every Christmas the whole family would get together for a big dinner.
- 4. OR HOW ABOUT…?ORHOW ABOUT…? … actions that started in the past but didn’t finish (as far as we know): I was walking to work when I saw an accident. She was tired and hungry.
- 5. THE IMPERFECTTHE IMPERFECT These ideas – actions repeated in the past unfinished actions in the past descriptions about the past are expressed using a different verb tense, called the “imperfect.” Think about it: “perfect” means “complete,” so when a past action is incomplete, it is “imperfect.”
- 6. OK, WHAT ARETHE FORMS?OK, WHAT ARE THE FORMS? Finally! The imperfect tense is probably the easiest form to learn because there are only three irregulars. There are two sets of endings… -AR: add –aba to the base ER/IR: add –ía to the base
- 7. SOME EXAMPLES, PLEASE!SOMEEXAMPLES, PLEASE! hablar cantar hablaba cantaba hablabas cantabas hablaba cantaba hablábamos cantábamos hablaban cantaban Easy, huh? Just add the –s to make the the tú form,-mos for nosotros, and –n for ellos/ellas. Don’t forget the accent on the nosotros form!
- 8. HOW ABOUT FOR–ER & -IR?HOW ABOUT FOR –ER & -IR? comer vivir comía vivía comías vivías comía vivía comíamos vivíamos comían vivían Same way… just add the –s to make the the tú form,-mos for nosotros, and –n for ellos/ellas. Don’t forget the accent on all the forms!
- 9. ESTAR…ESTAR… yo estaba tú estabas ella estaba nosotros estábamos ellos estaban How about volver?
- 10. VOLVER…VOLVER… yo volvía tú volvías ella volvía nosotros volvíamos ellos volvían Volver is a stem-changing verb in the present, but stem-changing verbs don’t change in the imperfect! How about conocer?
- 11. CONOCER…CONOCER… yo conocía tú conocías ella conocía nosotros conocíamos ellos conocían Conocer is irregular in the present, but not in the imperfect! How about decir?
- 12. DECIR…DECIR… yo decía tú decías ella decía nosotros decíamos ellos decían Decir is stem-changing and irregular in both the present and the preterite, but it’s regular in the imperfect! How about levantarse?
- 13. LEVANTARSE…LEVANTARSE… yo melevantaba tú te levantabas ella se levantaba nosotros nos levantábamos ellos se levantaban Reflexive verbs work the same as in the present – don’t forget to put the reflexive pronoun in front of the verb! How about those three irregulars?
- 14. ser irver era iba veía eras ibas veías era iba veía éramos íbamos veíamos eran iban veían That’s all, folks – no other irregular imperfect forms in Spanish.
- 15. Using thepersonal “a”: When a person is the direct object of the verb Example: I see Maria Yo veo a Maria Example: We visit our grandparents Visitamos a nuestros abuelos Rule: put the “a” before the noun when it refers to a specific person or specific people Using the impersonal “se”: Used with impersonal expressions like, One never knows…They say…You shouldn’t… In Spanish add se before the verb: You may have seen the following: Se habla español Se prohibe fumar No se permite pasar ¿Cómo se dice…?
- 16. Nationalities Rememberto use the verb ser (present or imperfect) as you are describing Soy argentino (a if female) or add –s to make plural Era español (add –a if female or add –es/as to make plural)
- 17. Direct answersthe question what Indirect answers the question to/for whom Direct example: I bought flowers (what did I buy?) Indirect example: I bought flowers for you (for whom did I buy the flowers?) I bought them Yo las compré I bought flowers for you Yo te compré las flores