The document discusses the importance of TOEFL and related English proficiency tests such as TOEIC, emphasizing their relevance for academic, international communication, and general English purposes. It provides detailed insights into sentence structures and grammar rules necessary for TOEFL, including subjects, predicates, and the proper use of conjunctions and prepositions. Various examples and exercises are presented to illustrate these concepts effectively.

1. By: Marlini Komuna

2. Why TOEFL?
do we
TOEFL
take
TOEIC
(Test ofEnglish as
I n ter n a tional
Cornrn1
1n ication )
(Test ofEnglish as
a Foreign T.angnage}
Academicpurposes e.g.
Tograduatefrom university,
To continue study to
higherlevel ofeducation
AcademicEnglish
e.g. The choice ofwords, the
choice of readingand listening
topics
• • International Communication
purposes
e.g. To apply forajob
• • GeneralEnglish
e.g. The choice of words,the
choice of readingand listening
t opics

3. VARIE:FY-()f �
T()EFt QUESTIONS
x LISTENING
STRUCTURE
xREADING
:
:
:
50
40
50
QUESTIONS
QUESTIONS
QUESTIONS

4. STRUCTURE AND
WRITTEN EXPRESSION
Time: 25 Minutes

5. What is a sentence?
Subject Predicate
a. Noun
b. Pronoun
c. Noun Phrase
d. Noun Clause
Verb

6. Verb1
Verb-
ing Verb Verb2
Can all of
them function
as predicates
Verb3

7. Study the following sentences.
•
•
•
•
John
John
John
John
speaks English.
spoke English.
spoken English.
speaking English.
Which of them are correct?

8. SENTENCE STRUCTURE
• Predicate: (Main Verb)
»Verb1 and Verb 2
• Predicate: Auxiliary Verb
»Be
»Modals
»Perfect
»Supportive/Emphatic

9. Basic Skills in TOEFL Structure
1. Be sure the sentence has a subject and a
predicate
Example:
was backed up for miles on the freeway.
A.
B.
C.
D.
Yesterday
In the morning
Traffic
Cars

10. EXAMPLE
1. Engineers for work on the new space
program.
necessary
are needed
hopefully
next month
A.
B.
C.
D.
2. The boy _ _ going to the movies with a friend
A.
B.
C.
D.
he
he
is
always was
is relaxing
will be

11. Basic Skills in TOEFL Structure
2. Be careful of objects of preposition
Preposition: in, at, to,
before.
Example:
by, behind, on, after,
With his friend found the movie theatre.
A.
B.
C.
D.
has
he
later
when

12. Basic Skills in TOEFL Structure
3. Be careful of appositives
1.
A.
B.
C.
D.
_ George, is attending the lecture
Right now
Happily
Because of the time
My friend
2. , Sarah rarely misses her basketball shots.
A.
B.
C.
D.
An excellent basketball player
An excellent basketball player is
Sarah is an excellent basketball player
Her excellent basketball play

13. Basic Skills in TOEFL Structure
4. Be careful of present and past participle
1.
A.
B.
C.
D.
The child
now
is
he
Was
playing in the yard is my son
2. The packages mailed at the post office will
arrive Monday
have
were
them
just
A.
B.
C.
D.

14. EXAMPLE
• Crop rotation of preserving soil
fertility
A.
B.
C.
D.
it is one method
one method
a method is one
is one method

15. EXAMPLE
•
Indonesian
president, is an
intelligent man.
A.
B.
C.
D.
The
The SBY
SBY, the
SBY

16. EXAMPLE
• two major art
museums,
the
Fogg and the Sadler
A.Harvard University has
B. At Harvard University
C. Harvard University, with its
D.There at Harvard University

17. EXAMPLE
• for
their
strong fiber include
flax and hemp.
A.
B.
C.
D.
Plants
Plants
Plants
are grown
grown
that grow
To grow plant

18. EXAMPLES
The North Pole,
(A) it has
(B) is having
a latitude of 90 degrees north.
(C) which is having
(D) has
The city of Beverly
of Los Angeles.
(A) its sides
Hills is surrounded on the city
(C) it is the side of
(D) all sides by
(B) the sides are
greyhound, can achieve speeds up to thirty-six
miles per hour.
(A) The
(B) The fastest
(C) The fastest dog
(D) The fastest dog, the

19. A sentence with more than one clause
1 Subject + 1 Predicate
2 Subjects + 2 Predicates + Conjunction
3 Subjects + 3 Predicates + 2 Conjunctions

20. CONJUNCTIONS
Coordinate: and, or, but, yet, so
Time: when, while, before, after, as soon as,
since, until, once, by the time
Cause: because, as, since, now that,
inasmuch as
Effect: so, therefore, consequently, hence
Contrast: though, although, even though
nevertheless, however, meanwhile,
on the other hand

21. CONJUNCTIONS
Addition: moreover, besides, furthermore
Condition: if, unless, providing/provided
that
Place: where, whereever
Question Words: what, who, where, when, why
,
how
Relative Pronoun: who, whom, whose, which, that

22. Relative Pronoun as Conjunction
• Who, Whom, Whose
• That
• Which
Question Word as Conjunction
• What, Whether, Who, Where, When, Why
• How
The Order: QW + Subject + Predicate

23. EXAMPLE
• In 1890, Yale University established
Sheffield Scientific School,
A.
B.
C.
D.
engineers were educated there
where engineers were educated
in which were engineers educated
where were engineers educated

24. EXAMPLE
• they are tropical birds,
parrots
can live in temperature or even cold climates.
(A) Despite
(B) Nevertheless
(C) Even though
(D) But
•
towards
shore, its shape is
changed by its collision with the shallow
bottom.
sea
(A) During a wave rolls
(B) As a wave rolls
(C) A wave rolls
(D) A wave’s rolling

25. REDUCED CLAUSE
When, Before, After
If, Unless
Although, Even though
Example:
Verb Verb-ing
+ S +
Tobe
If Ali has a lot of money,
Same subject
If having a lot of money,
he will go abroad.
Ali will go abroad.
When he called me, I was having my dinner.
Cannot be reduced
Different subject

26. EXAMPLE
1. People who reverse the
suffer from dyslexia.
(A) when trying
(B) if they tried
letters of words ... to read
(C) when tried
(D) if he tries
2. This exam will be more difficult than usual ... two
chapters instead of
(A) as they cover
(B) if they covered
one.
(C) because covering
(D) it covers

27. INVERSION
S + P  P + S (Inversion)
To form interrogative sentence
(Question).
Example:
You are an army.  Are you an army?
Where you are from (Incomplete Sentence)
Where are you from?

28. INVERSION
The Clause begins with Negative
Expressions
(Not only, Never, Nor, Seldom,
Rarely, Scarcely, Barely)
Example:
I never visit Bali
Never do I visit Bali
Hardly,

29. INVERSION
were
should
had
Were + S
Should +
Had + S
S
If + S +
Example:
If he had listened to me, he would have been fine.
Had he listened to me, he would have been fine.
If I were rich, I could buy everything.
Were I rich, I could buy everything.

30. INVERSION
If the sentence begins with adverb of
place
1.
1a.
2.
The students are
In the classroom
The students are
classroom.
In the classroom
studying.
in the classroom.
are the students.
studying in the
2a. the students are

31. EXAMPLE
1. According to the World Health Organization, ...
any of the six most dangerous diseases to break
out, it could be
(A) were
(B) they were
cause for quarantine.
(C) there were
(D) were there
2. Featured at the Henry Ford Museum ... of antique
cars dating from
(A) is an exhibit
1865.
(C)
(D)
an exhibit is
which is an exhibit
(B) an exhibit

32. Problems with Verbs
• is, am, are , was, were + Verb-ing (Active)
Verb3 (Passive)
•
•
have, has, had + Verb3/been
will/would, can/could, may, must + Verb1
The decision of the judges may hurts many
A
people
D
B C

33. Adverb of Time
•
•
In 1945, During 1945 = Verb2
Since 1945, During 1945 = have/has + Verb3
From 1945 to 1970 (Repeated Action)
By 1945, Before 1945 = had + Verb3
By 2020 = will have + Verb3
Now, At the moment = is/am/are + Verb-ing
•
•
•

34. Miscellany Materials
•
•
•
•
•
•
Other, Another + Noun
Others + Noun
Like, Live, Sleeping + Noun
Alike, Alive, Asleep + Noun
My, Your, Her, Our, Their + Noun
Mine, Yours, Hers, Ours, Theirs + Noun