Underground Coal Gasification
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This Presentation describes the process of Underground Coal Gasification and production of Clean Synthesis Gas which can be further processed to make SNG or Synthetic Diesel
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Underground coal gasification (UCG)
UCG is an in-situ process that converts coal into synthesis gas by injecting oxygen, water and heat underground. It has several advantages over traditional mining such as improved safety, reduced environmental impact, and more flexible transportation of fuel. For UCG to be viable, certain geological conditions are required including thick, shallow coal seams with low permeability located near consumers. Several methods can be used including the chamber method used in existing underground mines or the borehole method which uses parallel galleries connected by drilled holes. While UCG provides alternatives to traditional mining, it also faces challenges such as higher costs, potential environmental damage, and producing gas with lower energy content.
UNDER GROUND COAL GASSIFICATION
This document provides an overview of underground coal gasification (UCG) in 3 stages: 1) Coal is fractured and ignited to produce syngas through controlled combustion without mining the coal seam. 2) Syngas is brought to the surface through a production well while process variables like temperature are controlled. 3) UCG offers advantages like access to deep, unmineable coal reserves and reduced emissions, but risks include subsidence and groundwater contamination. The document outlines the UCG process and highlights recent interest and projects in countries like China, India, South Africa and Australia.
Under Ground Coal Gasification
It is considered as the easiest way to convert coal to gasified product such as hydrogen. can reduce the unwanted expenses like waste disposal and transportation
Underground coal gasification
Underground coal gasification (UCG) is a process that converts coal seams into a gaseous fuel by underground combustion, avoiding the need for mining. Oxidants are injected into unmined coal seams via one well to ignite the coal, and the resulting synthetic gas is extracted through another well. UCG offers advantages over traditional mining by accessing deeper or less economical coal reserves and producing lower emissions. However, it risks contaminating groundwater if not properly sited and monitored to prevent hydrological impacts. UCG could help meet growing energy needs from coal while offering environmental and economic benefits compared to other extraction methods.
Underground coal gasification
The document provides an overview of underground coal gasification (UCG). UCG involves injecting oxidants into unmined coal seams to convert coal into syngas. It has several benefits over traditional coal mining such as lower costs, reduced environmental impact, and leaving solid waste underground. However, it also faces challenges from geological and hydrological risks. Recent interest in UCG has grown due to high fuel prices and projects exist in countries like China, India, South Africa, and Australia to test and develop the technology.
Sontaneous Heating Characteristics of Coal
This document describes a study on the spontaneous heating characteristics of coal. It includes an introduction to coal mine fires and the concept of spontaneous heating. The mechanisms and factors affecting spontaneous heating of coal are discussed. Several methods for determining the intrinsic properties and spontaneous heating susceptibility of coal are described, including proximate analysis, ultimate analysis, calorific value, flammability temperature method, wet oxidation potential method, crossing point temperature method, Olpinski index method, oxygen absorption method, differential thermal analysis, and differential scanning calorimetry. The conclusions summarize the assessment of different coals' susceptibility to spontaneous heating.
Longwall mining (Multisling mining - Horizontal slicing) NIT ROURKELA
Longwall mining (Multisling mining - Horizontal slicing) . longwall development in multiple seam ,slicing methods , extraction processes
Coal bed methane
The document discusses coal bed methane (CBM), which is a gas that occurs in association with coal. CBM is stored in the micropores and fractures of coal. When the water pressure surrounding coal beds is reduced, the methane is able to desorb from the coal and flow to the wells. CBM production involves drilling wells into coal seams and pumping out water to lower pressure and release the trapped methane gas. While CBM is a potential energy source, its extraction can impact local water resources and ecosystems through water withdrawal and produced water management.
Recommended
Underground coal gasification (UCG)
UCG is an in-situ process that converts coal into synthesis gas by injecting oxygen, water and heat underground. It has several advantages over traditional mining such as improved safety, reduced environmental impact, and more flexible transportation of fuel. For UCG to be viable, certain geological conditions are required including thick, shallow coal seams with low permeability located near consumers. Several methods can be used including the chamber method used in existing underground mines or the borehole method which uses parallel galleries connected by drilled holes. While UCG provides alternatives to traditional mining, it also faces challenges such as higher costs, potential environmental damage, and producing gas with lower energy content.
UNDER GROUND COAL GASSIFICATION
This document provides an overview of underground coal gasification (UCG) in 3 stages: 1) Coal is fractured and ignited to produce syngas through controlled combustion without mining the coal seam. 2) Syngas is brought to the surface through a production well while process variables like temperature are controlled. 3) UCG offers advantages like access to deep, unmineable coal reserves and reduced emissions, but risks include subsidence and groundwater contamination. The document outlines the UCG process and highlights recent interest and projects in countries like China, India, South Africa and Australia.
Under Ground Coal Gasification
It is considered as the easiest way to convert coal to gasified product such as hydrogen. can reduce the unwanted expenses like waste disposal and transportation
Underground coal gasification
Underground coal gasification (UCG) is a process that converts coal seams into a gaseous fuel by underground combustion, avoiding the need for mining. Oxidants are injected into unmined coal seams via one well to ignite the coal, and the resulting synthetic gas is extracted through another well. UCG offers advantages over traditional mining by accessing deeper or less economical coal reserves and producing lower emissions. However, it risks contaminating groundwater if not properly sited and monitored to prevent hydrological impacts. UCG could help meet growing energy needs from coal while offering environmental and economic benefits compared to other extraction methods.
Underground coal gasification
The document provides an overview of underground coal gasification (UCG). UCG involves injecting oxidants into unmined coal seams to convert coal into syngas. It has several benefits over traditional coal mining such as lower costs, reduced environmental impact, and leaving solid waste underground. However, it also faces challenges from geological and hydrological risks. Recent interest in UCG has grown due to high fuel prices and projects exist in countries like China, India, South Africa, and Australia to test and develop the technology.
Sontaneous Heating Characteristics of Coal
This document describes a study on the spontaneous heating characteristics of coal. It includes an introduction to coal mine fires and the concept of spontaneous heating. The mechanisms and factors affecting spontaneous heating of coal are discussed. Several methods for determining the intrinsic properties and spontaneous heating susceptibility of coal are described, including proximate analysis, ultimate analysis, calorific value, flammability temperature method, wet oxidation potential method, crossing point temperature method, Olpinski index method, oxygen absorption method, differential thermal analysis, and differential scanning calorimetry. The conclusions summarize the assessment of different coals' susceptibility to spontaneous heating.
Longwall mining (Multisling mining - Horizontal slicing) NIT ROURKELA
Longwall mining (Multisling mining - Horizontal slicing) . longwall development in multiple seam ,slicing methods , extraction processes
Coal bed methane
The document discusses coal bed methane (CBM), which is a gas that occurs in association with coal. CBM is stored in the micropores and fractures of coal. When the water pressure surrounding coal beds is reduced, the methane is able to desorb from the coal and flow to the wells. CBM production involves drilling wells into coal seams and pumping out water to lower pressure and release the trapped methane gas. While CBM is a potential energy source, its extraction can impact local water resources and ecosystems through water withdrawal and produced water management.
COAL BED METHANE (CBM)
COAL BED METHANE (CBM); Coal Seam Gas (CSG), or Coal-mine Methane (CMM); What and why CBM?; How do we estimate the amount of methane gas which will come from a region underlain by coal? ; Benefits of CBM ; Coal seams as aquifers; CBM product water ; What is saline water and why is it considered saline?; What is sodic water and why is it considered sodic? ; Irrigation of crops with CBM water; Current management practices for disposal of CBM product water
Board & Pillar
This document discusses two mining methods: step mining and post-pillar mining. Step mining involves creating horizontal floors to allow equipment use for deposits that are too steeply inclined. Post-pillar mining uses regularly spaced pillars to extract inclined deposits between 20-55 degrees and allows filling of the mined space. It also discusses considerations for gallery dimensions, pillar dimensions and configurations, recovery strategies, equipment used, and operational aspects of board and pillar mining.
depllaring in coal mines
This document discusses the Bord and Pillar method of coal mining. It involves leaving pillars of coal as support during initial mining, allowing for around 20% output. Later, the pillars can be extracted to increase output to 60%. The document focuses on the process of depillaring, or extracting the remaining coal from the pillars. This involves techniques like depillaring with stowing, where the emptied areas are filled with incombustible materials to control subsidence. Principles of safe pillar extraction are outlined, along with case studies and conclusions that depillaring must be done scientifically and safely according to regulations.
The continuous surface miner
The continuous surface miner is a modular machine that operates by using a rotating cutting drum fitted with cutting tools to cut material from rock formations in layers. As the crawler-mounted machine moves forward, the cutting drum rotates against the direction of travel to cut the material. The cutting tools transport the mined material toward the center of the drum where it can then be loaded onto conveyors. The mined materials can be directly loaded onto trucks, discharged to the side to be mixed, or deposited as a windrow between the miner's crawler tracks.
Coal Classification,composition & basis
Coal is a fossil fuel formed from the remains of ancient vegetation. Pakistan has large coal reserves, especially in the Thar Desert which contains over 175 billion tonnes. Coal is classified based on its composition and burning characteristics, ranging from peat to anthracite based on carbon and moisture content. Classification systems also consider proximate analysis of fixed carbon, volatile matter, and calorific value. Coal analysis data can be reported on different bases depending on whether the moisture, ash, or mineral matter contents are excluded.
Surface miner
Surface miners are continuously operating mobile machines that cut consolidated soils and semi-solid rocks without drilling or blasting. They have a central cutting drum located between two crawler tracks that can be raised and lowered hydraulically. As the drum cuts the material, it is loaded onto on-board conveyors for transport and loading onto trucks. Surface miners allow for selective mining of coal seams and partings with less dilution and higher quality coal. They are well-suited for mining areas where blasting is prohibited and improve coal recovery.
Surface mining entry system
This document discusses different types of entry systems used in opencast mines. It describes single, double, triple, and spiral entry systems. Single entry systems are suitable for short pits up to 1000m with low production. Double entry systems are used for pits up to 1500-2000m with medium production. Triple entry systems have entries on both sides and in the center for large, high production pits over 2000m. Spiral entry systems are used for pits on hilltops or deep pits. The appropriate type of entry system depends on factors like pit length, production levels, transportation needs, and overall economics.
Coal Liquefaction
Coal liquefaction is a process that converts coal into liquid fuels like diesel or gasoline. There are two main types of coal liquefaction: direct and indirect. Direct liquefaction involves partially refining coal directly into synthetic crude oil, while indirect liquefaction first gasifies coal into syngas and then converts the syngas into liquid fuels using processes like Fischer-Tropsch or the Bergius process. Major countries investing in coal liquefaction include China, South Africa, and Australia. It offers benefits like energy security but also faces challenges of high costs and potential environmental impacts.
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Continuous miner
The document discusses methods of underground coal mining using continuous miners. It describes how continuous miners are used in combination with shuttle cars to extract coal from underground seams through bord and pillar mining or pillar extraction methods. Bord and pillar mining involves driving headings into the coal seam to form pillars for extraction. Pillar extraction methods using continuous miners involve splitting or stripping pillars left from initial development. The document provides details on various pillar extraction techniques like pillar splitting, stripping, and split and fendering to remove remnant coal pillars. It notes the risks of roof falls and importance of experience when using these secondary extraction methods.
Spontaneous combustion of coal
Spontaneous combustion of coal is caused by its auto-oxidation reaction with oxygen when exposed to air, generating heat. If this heat is not dissipated, the coal's temperature will rise until it ignites. Several theories explain the mechanism, but it is generally accepted that coal absorbs oxygen physically at low temperatures, forming complexes that decompose and oxidize, releasing more heat. Factors like coal type, temperature, moisture, and oxygen availability affect whether combustion occurs. Coal mine fires have occurred historically around the world and continue to cause safety, economic and environmental issues.
coal bed methane (CBM)
Coal bed methane is a process that extracts natural gas from coal seams without mining the coal. Water is pumped into the underground coal seams to create fractures that allow the trapped methane gas to flow into wells drilled into the seams. The water and gas are then separately pumped up through the wells. While coal bed methane production avoids some mining costs and risks, it can negatively impact local groundwater and cause air pollution if not properly managed through water disposal and casing/cementing of wells.
Coal classification
Coal can be classified in several ways based on different parameters. Some common classification systems include:
1. Visual classification based on color, structure into categories like lignite, bituminous coal, and anthracite.
2. Proximate analysis classification using parameters like fixed carbon, volatile matter, and fuel ratio to categorize into types.
3. Ultimate analysis classification systems like Regnault-Grüner-Brosquet and Seyler's that classify based on carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen content.
4. National and international standards that use parameters like volatile matter, ash content, calorific value to systematically grade and code different coal types.
Core recovery
This document discusses core recovery methods used in drilling. It describes rotary core drilling where a tube with teeth is rotated to cut a cylindrical core sample from rock. Parameters for measuring core recovery include total core recovery and solid core recovery. Rock Quality Designation (RQD) is also discussed, which evaluates core pieces over 100mm in length. Technical factors like bent drilling equipment and geological factors like soft or fractured rock can negatively impact core recovery.
Coal bed methane with reference to india
Coal bed methane (CBM) refers to natural gas trapped in coal beds. CBM was previously considered a mining hazard but is now seen as a potential energy source. Global CBM production has increased in recent decades in countries like the US, Australia, and China. India has significant estimated CBM reserves of around 70 trillion cubic feet. While CBM development has faced challenges in India, it could help meet the country's growing energy demand and reduce reliance on imports. Enhanced recovery techniques using carbon dioxide injection may further increase CBM production potential in the future.
Flame safety lamp fsl
The document discusses the components and functioning of a flame safety lamp used for detecting methane gas in coal mines. It has an outer wire gauge and inner wire gauge to prevent flame from passing through, with a bonnet to protect the wire gauge. Fuels like kerosene and solvent are used. It works on the principle of preventing a flame from passing through the wire mesh to detect concentrations of methane gas and oxygen deficiencies through accumulation and percentage tests.
Design of Bord and Pillar method in coal mines
This document discusses the bord and pillar mining method. It begins by introducing bord and pillar mining and explaining that it involves driving parallel roads separated by coal pillars.
It then explains some key aspects of bord and pillar design, including that the optimal pillar size is critical to ensure stability without leaving too much coal behind. Pillar size needs to increase with depth and road width.
The document also provides details on factors that influence pillar design, such as seam strength and thickness, roof and floor conditions, extraction percentage, and depth. Formulas are presented for calculating pillar stress, strength, and safety factors.
Coal gasification
The document discusses coal gasification, including underground coal gasification (UCG) and surface coal gasification. UCG involves injecting oxygen and steam into underground coal seams to produce synthesis gas. Surface gasification involves exposing coal to steam and controlled oxygen on the surface. Both technologies produce a mixture of hydrogen, carbon monoxide, and other gases that can be used as fuel or processed further. The document examines the advantages of UCG such as accessing deep coal reserves and reduced environmental impacts compared to mining. It also discusses sourcing gasification technologies and the need for regulatory frameworks to allow gasification of coal resources.
Surface mining
surface mining introduction, methods, machinery used. this was presented by me in college. hope u guys make use of it.
Underground mining
Underground mining is used to access ores and minerals located far beneath the ground when surface mining is not economical. It involves digging into the ground to extract resources. Underground mining is used when the ore deposit is deep, the grade is high enough to mine profitably, or surface mining is not permitted or practical due to issues like nearby forests, rivers, or habitation. There are different methods used for hard rock mining, which involves metals, and soft rock mining, which involves minerals like coal. Accessing the ores requires removing overburden via vertical shafts, declines, or adits, and then excavating levels and stopes. Safety precautions like ventilation, supports, and equipment are needed.
Underground Coal Gasification - India & Global
Underground coal gasification is a process that converts coal into a gaseous fuel underground, avoiding the need for mining. It has the potential to access otherwise unmineable deep coal reserves more economically than surface gasification. Several countries have conducted pilot projects and China has over 50 commercial gasification facilities. India also has significant coal reserves that may be suitable for underground coal gasification. The technology offers advantages over traditional mining but controllability of the underground combustion process remains a challenge.
Underground coal gasification
Underground coal gasification (UCG) is an industrial process that converts coal into a combustible gas without extracting the coal from the ground. It involves drilling wells into an unmined coal seam, injecting oxidants to ignite the coal and produce gas, and extracting the product gas through separate production wells. UCG offers advantages over traditional coal mining by avoiding large-scale soil removal and reducing environmental impacts after a site is exhausted. However, contaminants produced could potentially leach into groundwater, requiring careful site selection to prevent aquifer contamination.
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Board & Pillar
This document discusses two mining methods: step mining and post-pillar mining. Step mining involves creating horizontal floors to allow equipment use for deposits that are too steeply inclined. Post-pillar mining uses regularly spaced pillars to extract inclined deposits between 20-55 degrees and allows filling of the mined space. It also discusses considerations for gallery dimensions, pillar dimensions and configurations, recovery strategies, equipment used, and operational aspects of board and pillar mining.
depllaring in coal mines
This document discusses the Bord and Pillar method of coal mining. It involves leaving pillars of coal as support during initial mining, allowing for around 20% output. Later, the pillars can be extracted to increase output to 60%. The document focuses on the process of depillaring, or extracting the remaining coal from the pillars. This involves techniques like depillaring with stowing, where the emptied areas are filled with incombustible materials to control subsidence. Principles of safe pillar extraction are outlined, along with case studies and conclusions that depillaring must be done scientifically and safely according to regulations.
The continuous surface miner
The continuous surface miner is a modular machine that operates by using a rotating cutting drum fitted with cutting tools to cut material from rock formations in layers. As the crawler-mounted machine moves forward, the cutting drum rotates against the direction of travel to cut the material. The cutting tools transport the mined material toward the center of the drum where it can then be loaded onto conveyors. The mined materials can be directly loaded onto trucks, discharged to the side to be mixed, or deposited as a windrow between the miner's crawler tracks.
Coal Classification,composition & basis
Coal is a fossil fuel formed from the remains of ancient vegetation. Pakistan has large coal reserves, especially in the Thar Desert which contains over 175 billion tonnes. Coal is classified based on its composition and burning characteristics, ranging from peat to anthracite based on carbon and moisture content. Classification systems also consider proximate analysis of fixed carbon, volatile matter, and calorific value. Coal analysis data can be reported on different bases depending on whether the moisture, ash, or mineral matter contents are excluded.
Surface miner
Surface miners are continuously operating mobile machines that cut consolidated soils and semi-solid rocks without drilling or blasting. They have a central cutting drum located between two crawler tracks that can be raised and lowered hydraulically. As the drum cuts the material, it is loaded onto on-board conveyors for transport and loading onto trucks. Surface miners allow for selective mining of coal seams and partings with less dilution and higher quality coal. They are well-suited for mining areas where blasting is prohibited and improve coal recovery.
Surface mining entry system
This document discusses different types of entry systems used in opencast mines. It describes single, double, triple, and spiral entry systems. Single entry systems are suitable for short pits up to 1000m with low production. Double entry systems are used for pits up to 1500-2000m with medium production. Triple entry systems have entries on both sides and in the center for large, high production pits over 2000m. Spiral entry systems are used for pits on hilltops or deep pits. The appropriate type of entry system depends on factors like pit length, production levels, transportation needs, and overall economics.
Coal Liquefaction
Coal liquefaction is a process that converts coal into liquid fuels like diesel or gasoline. There are two main types of coal liquefaction: direct and indirect. Direct liquefaction involves partially refining coal directly into synthetic crude oil, while indirect liquefaction first gasifies coal into syngas and then converts the syngas into liquid fuels using processes like Fischer-Tropsch or the Bergius process. Major countries investing in coal liquefaction include China, South Africa, and Australia. It offers benefits like energy security but also faces challenges of high costs and potential environmental impacts.
Coal Lectures Series Mining Technology Presentation
This document provides an introduction and overview of Dr. Andrew Cox's Coal Lectures Series. The series covers topics related to coal formation, properties, use as a fuel, mining technologies, markets, pollution control, and more. Dr. Cox and his colleagues at EIMR are available to provide lectures and teaching on these topics to universities and professional development courses both in the UK and internationally. Interested parties should contact Dr. Cox for more information. An introductory presentation on coal mining technologies is also included as an example of the type of material covered.
Continuous miner
The document discusses methods of underground coal mining using continuous miners. It describes how continuous miners are used in combination with shuttle cars to extract coal from underground seams through bord and pillar mining or pillar extraction methods. Bord and pillar mining involves driving headings into the coal seam to form pillars for extraction. Pillar extraction methods using continuous miners involve splitting or stripping pillars left from initial development. The document provides details on various pillar extraction techniques like pillar splitting, stripping, and split and fendering to remove remnant coal pillars. It notes the risks of roof falls and importance of experience when using these secondary extraction methods.
Spontaneous combustion of coal
Spontaneous combustion of coal is caused by its auto-oxidation reaction with oxygen when exposed to air, generating heat. If this heat is not dissipated, the coal's temperature will rise until it ignites. Several theories explain the mechanism, but it is generally accepted that coal absorbs oxygen physically at low temperatures, forming complexes that decompose and oxidize, releasing more heat. Factors like coal type, temperature, moisture, and oxygen availability affect whether combustion occurs. Coal mine fires have occurred historically around the world and continue to cause safety, economic and environmental issues.
coal bed methane (CBM)
Coal bed methane is a process that extracts natural gas from coal seams without mining the coal. Water is pumped into the underground coal seams to create fractures that allow the trapped methane gas to flow into wells drilled into the seams. The water and gas are then separately pumped up through the wells. While coal bed methane production avoids some mining costs and risks, it can negatively impact local groundwater and cause air pollution if not properly managed through water disposal and casing/cementing of wells.
Coal classification
Coal can be classified in several ways based on different parameters. Some common classification systems include:
1. Visual classification based on color, structure into categories like lignite, bituminous coal, and anthracite.
2. Proximate analysis classification using parameters like fixed carbon, volatile matter, and fuel ratio to categorize into types.
3. Ultimate analysis classification systems like Regnault-Grüner-Brosquet and Seyler's that classify based on carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen content.
4. National and international standards that use parameters like volatile matter, ash content, calorific value to systematically grade and code different coal types.
Core recovery
This document discusses core recovery methods used in drilling. It describes rotary core drilling where a tube with teeth is rotated to cut a cylindrical core sample from rock. Parameters for measuring core recovery include total core recovery and solid core recovery. Rock Quality Designation (RQD) is also discussed, which evaluates core pieces over 100mm in length. Technical factors like bent drilling equipment and geological factors like soft or fractured rock can negatively impact core recovery.
Coal bed methane with reference to india
Coal bed methane (CBM) refers to natural gas trapped in coal beds. CBM was previously considered a mining hazard but is now seen as a potential energy source. Global CBM production has increased in recent decades in countries like the US, Australia, and China. India has significant estimated CBM reserves of around 70 trillion cubic feet. While CBM development has faced challenges in India, it could help meet the country's growing energy demand and reduce reliance on imports. Enhanced recovery techniques using carbon dioxide injection may further increase CBM production potential in the future.
Flame safety lamp fsl
The document discusses the components and functioning of a flame safety lamp used for detecting methane gas in coal mines. It has an outer wire gauge and inner wire gauge to prevent flame from passing through, with a bonnet to protect the wire gauge. Fuels like kerosene and solvent are used. It works on the principle of preventing a flame from passing through the wire mesh to detect concentrations of methane gas and oxygen deficiencies through accumulation and percentage tests.
Design of Bord and Pillar method in coal mines
This document discusses the bord and pillar mining method. It begins by introducing bord and pillar mining and explaining that it involves driving parallel roads separated by coal pillars.
It then explains some key aspects of bord and pillar design, including that the optimal pillar size is critical to ensure stability without leaving too much coal behind. Pillar size needs to increase with depth and road width.
The document also provides details on factors that influence pillar design, such as seam strength and thickness, roof and floor conditions, extraction percentage, and depth. Formulas are presented for calculating pillar stress, strength, and safety factors.
Coal gasification
The document discusses coal gasification, including underground coal gasification (UCG) and surface coal gasification. UCG involves injecting oxygen and steam into underground coal seams to produce synthesis gas. Surface gasification involves exposing coal to steam and controlled oxygen on the surface. Both technologies produce a mixture of hydrogen, carbon monoxide, and other gases that can be used as fuel or processed further. The document examines the advantages of UCG such as accessing deep coal reserves and reduced environmental impacts compared to mining. It also discusses sourcing gasification technologies and the need for regulatory frameworks to allow gasification of coal resources.
Surface mining
surface mining introduction, methods, machinery used. this was presented by me in college. hope u guys make use of it.
Underground mining
Underground mining is used to access ores and minerals located far beneath the ground when surface mining is not economical. It involves digging into the ground to extract resources. Underground mining is used when the ore deposit is deep, the grade is high enough to mine profitably, or surface mining is not permitted or practical due to issues like nearby forests, rivers, or habitation. There are different methods used for hard rock mining, which involves metals, and soft rock mining, which involves minerals like coal. Accessing the ores requires removing overburden via vertical shafts, declines, or adits, and then excavating levels and stopes. Safety precautions like ventilation, supports, and equipment are needed.
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Underground coal gasification (UCG) is an industrial process that converts coal into a combustible gas without extracting the coal from the ground. It involves drilling wells into an unmined coal seam, injecting oxidants to ignite the coal and produce gas, and extracting the product gas through separate production wells. UCG offers advantages over traditional coal mining by avoiding large-scale soil removal and reducing environmental impacts after a site is exhausted. However, contaminants produced could potentially leach into groundwater, requiring careful site selection to prevent aquifer contamination.
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A thermal power station is a power plant in which the prime mover is steam driven. Water is heated, turns into steam and spins a steam turbine which drives an electrical generator. After it passes through the turbine, the steam is condensed in a condenser and recycled to where it was heated; this is known as a Rankine cycle. The greatest variation in the design of thermal power stations is due to the different fossil fuel resources generally used to heat the water. Some prefer to use the term energy center because such facilities convert forms of heat energy into electrical energy.[1] Certain thermal power plants also are designed to produce heat energy for industrial purposes of district heating, or desalination of water, in addition to generating electrical power. Globally, fossil fueled thermal power plants produce a large part of man-made CO2 emissions to the atmosphere, and efforts to reduce these are varied and widespread.
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Thermal power plant
The document describes the key components and processes involved in a typical coal-fired thermal power plant, including the boiler, turbine, condenser, coal handling equipment, and other auxiliary systems. It also provides diagrams to illustrate the general layout and flow of energy conversion from coal to steam to mechanical power to electricity. Additionally, it briefly mentions some major thermal power plants located in the state of Rajasthan, India.
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The document discusses carbon capture and storage (CCS) technologies. It describes the overall CCS process which involves capturing carbon dioxide at large stationary sources, transporting it, and storing it deep underground. It outlines different capture technologies like pre-combustion, post-combustion, and oxy-fuel combustion. It also discusses various storage options like depleted oil and gas reservoirs, unmineable coal seams, and deep saline formations. The document analyzes a case study of storing CO2 in Indian coal seams and concludes with a review of some techniques that are not economically viable for CCS and proposed alternative techniques.
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Session 2 module 2 coal properties and effect on cobustion
This document discusses how coal properties influence boiler design and operation. Key coal properties like moisture content, ash content, volatile matter, and sulfur content affect combustion performance, mill performance, boiler efficiency, slagging, fouling, ESP performance, and the life of boiler components. The furnace design must consider factors like fuel ratio, ash loading, heat release rates, and slagging/fouling characteristics. Indian coals generally have higher ash and moisture contents compared to international coals, which impacts the design of systems like mills and ESPs. The boiler engineer must carefully evaluate these coal properties to optimize boiler performance.
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The document discusses using alkaline industrial wastes for mineral carbon sequestration. It describes mineral carbon sequestration techniques like direct and indirect carbonation that react carbon dioxide with minerals. Potential waste materials that could be used include steel slag, mining waste, ash, alkaline paper mill waste, and cement waste due to their alkaline properties and calcium content. Experiments were conducted carbonating these wastes using a batch reactor with carbon dioxide, and results found considerable amounts of carbon dioxide could be captured through mineral carbon sequestration.
Gasifier Design.pptx
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Fluidized bed combustor
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Ucg 130430101518-phpapp02
Underground coal gasification (UCG) involves drilling wells into a coal seam and injecting oxidants to gasify the coal in situ. The resulting syngas is brought to the surface through a second well. UCG allows exploitation of deep and unminable coal reserves. It produces syngas with lower emissions than conventional coal and leaves radioactive ash underground. Recent projects demonstrate renewed interest from China, India, South Africa, and Australia in commercializing UCG.
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It describes the basic zones and reactions within the blast furnace to chemically reduce and physically convert iron oxides into liquid iron.
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EM-Unit-IV- case hardening
Hardenability refers to a steel's ability to transform to martensite and achieve hardness through quenching. The Jominy end quench test measures hardenability by water quenching one end of a cylindrical steel sample, then measuring hardness gradients. Higher hardenability allows deeper and more even hardening through slower quenches like oil quenching. Case hardening methods like carburizing add carbon to the surface, inducing a hard case over a tough core. Common methods include pack, liquid, and gas carburizing as well as cyaniding, nitriding, and carbonitriding. Thermal methods like flame and induction hardening rapidly heat and quench localized surfaces. Case hardening
Case Hardening
Hardenability refers to a steel's ability to transform to martensite and achieve hardness through quenching. The Jominy end quench test measures hardenability by water quenching one end of a cylindrical steel sample, then measuring hardness levels at intervals from the quenched end. Higher hardness indicates more martensite formation and better hardenability. Case hardening processes like carburizing add carbon to the surface of low-carbon steels to create a hard case while leaving the core tough. Common methods include pack, liquid, and gas carburizing, as well as cyaniding, nitriding, and carbonitriding. Flame and induction hardening also locally harden surfaces through rapid
Case hardening
Hardenability refers to a steel's ability to transform to martensite and achieve hardness through quenching. The Jominy end quench test measures hardenability by water quenching one end of a cylindrical steel sample, then measuring the hardness profile. Higher hardness indicates more martensite formation. Case hardening methods like carburizing add carbon to the surface, inducing a harder case over a softer core. Common methods include pack, liquid, and gas carburizing as well as cyaniding, nitriding, and carbonitriding. Thermal methods like flame and induction hardening rapidly heat the surface and quench to harden. Case hardening increases wear resistance, improves strength-to
Case hardening
Hardenability refers to a steel's ability to transform to martensite and achieve hardness through quenching. The Jominy end quench test measures hardenability by water quenching one end of a cylindrical steel sample, then measuring hardness levels at intervals from the quenched end. Higher hardness indicates more martensite formation and better hardenability. Case hardening processes like carburizing add carbon to the surface of low-carbon steels to create a wear-resistant case while leaving the core tough. Common methods include pack, liquid, and gas carburizing, as well as cyaniding, nitriding, and carbonitriding. Flame and induction hardening also locally harden surfaces
2 case hardening
Hardenability refers to a steel's ability to transform to martensite and achieve hardness through quenching. The Jominy end quench test measures hardenability by water quenching one end of a cylindrical steel sample, then measuring hardness levels at intervals from the quenched end. Higher hardness indicates more martensite formation and better hardenability. Case hardening processes like carburizing add carbon to the surface of low-carbon steels to create a wear-resistant case while leaving the core tough. Common methods include pack, liquid, and gas carburizing, as well as cyaniding, nitriding, and carbonitriding. Flame and induction hardening also locally harden surfaces
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Underground Coal Gasification
- 1. •Coal and its Types •Underground Coal Gasification •Process Flow Diagrams
- 3. UCG PRINCIPLES & ESSENTIALS • Underground Coal Gasification (UCG) converts coal into a gaseous form (syngas) through the same chemical reactions that occur in surface gasifiers • The economics of UCG look promising as capital expenses should be considerably less than surface gasification Essentials • Site location -biggest issue • Coal characteristics–operations • Technologies
- 4. • Flexibility in commercial use • Superior environmental profile • Lower cost • No SOx, NOx • Converts unminable coal • Encourages low rank coal (sub-bituminous/lignite) • No coal washing
- 5. How does UCG work? • Step1: Find the coal • Step2: Drill the boreholes • Step3: Link the boreholes • Step4: Ignite the coal • Step5: Inject O2 and steam • Step6: Extract the syngas
- 6. UCG Across The Globe
- 8. 2/ Combustion Zone Oxidation zone exothermic Temperature rising Coal consumed C+O2 CO2 C+1/2 O2 CO 2CO+O2 2 CO2 CH4+O2 CO2+2H2O 3/ Gasification Zone Reduction zone Endothermic Temperature falling until reactions stop no more coal consumed C+CO2 2 CO H2O+C CO+H2 4/ Reduction Zone Gas transport zone Lower temperature Shift conversion reaction reduces heat value of gas CO+H2O CO2+H2 methanation C+2 H2 CH4 General Gasification Zones in Burn Cavity along burn direction Initiation of cavity using counter current flow1/ De-volatilization zone 4 3 2 1 Adapted from
- 9. Recent Developments in UCG Controlled Retractable Ignition Point (CRIP) Source: Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., Vol. 48, No. 17, 2009
- 10. Steam Raw Syngas Cyclone ASU WHB Water Steam Absorber Clean Syngas 50% MDEA Rich Solvent Knockout drum Heat Exchanger Water Vent Recove Sectio Water Ash Heat Exchanger Compressor Water P-36 10