Introduction to Energy and environment

1. 1
Md. Mizanur Rahman
MEng(Sweden), PhD (Finland), CEng (UK),
Chartered Energy Engineer (EI, UK)
School of Mechanical Engineering
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia

2. Energy: Priority area for every country
in the 21st century
• Main ingredient for economic and
human development
• Lighting a room, keeping a hospital
open, running a factory, driving a car
– energy is at the heart of every day
life.
• A crucial factor for growth, economic
competitiveness and employment.
2

3. Energy sector
(exploration,
transformation
and use)
Emissions
(65%)
Global
warming
Climate
change
Drought, cyclone, tropical
storms, biodiversity loss,
sea level rise, Landscape
changing, sudden floods
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Causes
Consequences/effects
Water pollution
Air pollution
Soil pollution
Acid rain
Noise pollution
Sight pollution
Land degradation
Ocean system collapse-oil spills,
Run off chemicals, acid rain
Flora and fauna loss
Nuclear radioactive pollution
Wastes
Agriculture
Deforestation, Land
use change, Rice
cultivation, Livestock
farming Chemical
fertilizers
Industry
Chemical and process
industry
Building
Energy use
Commerce
Energy use
CO2, CH4, N2O, O3, CFC
Emissions
(35%)

4. Serving of energy (product or
service) is complex, because:
• Involves several forms
• Thermal, mechanical, electrical,
chemical energy
• Interacts with input from human and other
systems
• Networks, fuels, markets)
• Distributed over a wide geographic expanse
• Connected with several physical and non-
physical entities
• Environment and Climate
Serving of energy
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5. • Energy technology is a mechanical engineering branch
connected with several other disciplines (e.g. electrical,
economics, social science etc.)
• Deals with efficient and safe
– Extraction
– Conversion and
– Use of energy
Whilst taking into account environment, economics, and societal
issues
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6. Reserves running out
Fossil fuel
resources
Reserves
(2013)
Annual
consumption rate
Years to be fully
exhausted (y)
Natural Gas 209 trillion cubic
meter
3.5 trillion cubic
meter/y
50-60
Oil 1600 billion
barrels
30 billion barrels/y 50-60
Coal 1037 billion
tonne
7.5 billion tonne/y 100-140
Reference: http://www.worldenergy.org/wp-
content/uploads/2013/10/WEC_Resources_summary-final_180314_TT.pdf
Coal, oil and natural gas account for over 85% of global TPES.
 Fossil fuel reserve will be exhausted (oil 55, gas 56, coal 118 years).
 Environmental degradation and climate change.
 Growing demand
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TPES= Total primary energy supply

7. 7
 2010: Equivalent to 1.5
earth planet
 2030: Equivalent to 2.0
earth planets
 2050: >2.5 equivalent
earth planets
This means, in 2010 the
earth needs 1.5 yr. to
regenarate the resources
what we used in a year.
Source: http://www.footprintnetwork.org
Resource footprints
Main resources are land, water, plants etc.

8. 8
Malaysia overtakes its total
resource capacity limits in
1994
Source: http://www.footprintnetwork.org
Malaysia USA
World

9. 9
Fossil fuel-
related CO2
84%
Non-fossil-
related CO2
16%
CO2
76%
CH4
16%
N2O
6%
CFC
2%
Contribution of CO2 of total GHG emissions
(38 Gt/y out of total 49 Gt/y).
Contribution of fossil fuel-related CO2
of total CO2 emissions (32 Gt/y out of
38 Gt/y)
Total annual emission = 49 Gt/y

10. 10

11. 11
World energy use is constantly growing
1 toe = 41.86 GJ

12. Region
Population
without
electricity
(millions)
Traditional use of
biomass for cooking
Share of population
%
Africa 600 67
Sub-Saharan Africa 599 79
Developing Asia 615 51
India 306 66
Rest of developing Asia 309
Latin America 24 15
Middle East 19 4
OECD 1
World 1 258 38
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13. 13
• Smoke from the exhaust of bus, car, scooter
etc.
• Smoke billowing from factory chimney
• Fly ash generated by power plants etc.

14. 14
• Effluent outfalls from power generating plants,
factories, refineries , waste treatment plants etc.
• Residue of human, agriculture particles, fertilizers
pesticides etc.

15. 15
• The primary cause of acid rain is SOx (sulfur
dioxide) and NOx (nitrogen oxides).
• Most sulfur dioxides cause from power plants
that use coal as their fuel.
• Power plants that burns fossil fuels emit nitrogen
oxides.

16. 16
• Extraction of coal, oil, and gas from reservoirs
• Collapse of underground mines
• Pumping of water from underground sources etc.

17. 17
• Oil tanker leaks or sinks into the ocean
• Oil pipe leakage into the water bodies
• Equipment breaking down into water
• Oil mine accidents

18. 18
• Noise pollution are caused due to the vibration of
machinery used in industry and power plants ,transport
vehicles ,air planes etc.

19. 19
• For example, nearly 80
mammal species were found in
Malaysia's primary forests.
• While oil palm plantations
have only 11 or 12 species
• Similar species reductions
occur for insects, birds,
reptiles and soil
microorganisms.
• Use of poisons to eliminate
rats within oil palm
plantations, which also poison
other animals.

20. 20
• Land degradation is a process in which the value of the
biophysical environment is affected by a combination of human-
induced processes acting upon the land

21. • Energy domain faces
several major challenges:
– Environmental impacts
– Depletion of reserves
– Increasing demand
– Lack of access to
modern form of energy
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22. The term ‘sustainability’ has come to the scene as soon as
these challenges are recognized.
 What is sustainability?
Development that meets the needs of the present
without compromising the ability of future generations to
meet their own needs (Bruntland’s report to UN 1987).
√Development that cares three pillars (P)- planet
(environment), people (society), and profit (economy)
√Development that upholds three A’s- resource availability,
Resource accessibility and resource acceptability.
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23. 23

24. Major tools
• Energy efficiency
– efficiency in energy technologies, economics,
policy, management, planning etc.
• Utilization of renewable resources.
– technology, modeling, policy, economics, and
systems.
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25. 25
Ref:WEO 2012 p282

26. 26
Ref: Energy Efficiency Technologies: Overview Report World Energy Council 2013 P10
450 scenario relative to new policies scenario

27. 27
Exploration and production
(O&G), mining etc.
Processing/transportation
(LNG, GTL, CTL)
Transformation
Power generation,
refinery
Transmission and
distribution
Final use
Industry, building,
transport

28. Power plant
• Global average efficiency of coal fired plant is
approximately 34%.
• Whereas state-of the art efficiencies for coal
power plant is above 46%
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29.  Waste heat recovery
 Real time control
 Variable Speed Drivers for pumps and air coolers
 Improve thermal insulation
 Passive design 29

30. 30

31. • Effective energy management in industry will
increase energy efficiency significantly.
• Efficient building design can reduce
heating/cooling loss by 25 to 50% by-
Passive design
High-reflectivity
building materials
Utilizing thermal
mass
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32. 32
Integrated cogeneration and district
Energy Network
Co-generation/
Poly-generation

33. 20th century:
◘ Scientists discovered
◘ Engineers created
◘ Society inhales
21st Century:
Technology, Society, and environment
are the:
◘ Integral part of the
solutions
◘ Totally interdependent
◘ Blending together in new
ways
Engineering approaches to tackle 21st Century challenges
Conclusions
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