This document discusses wheels and tires, comparing their key differences and properties. It provides details on:
- The main components and functions of tires, including absorbing shocks and providing traction.
- Desirable tire properties like non-skidding, cushioning, and noise reduction.
- Types of tires based on construction like tube, tubeless, cross-ply, and radial ply styles.
- Tubeless tires provide benefits like lighter weight and better cooling over tube styles.
- Proper tire maintenance through inflation checks and rotation extends tire life.
- Wheels must support weight and steering forces while being strong yet lightweight.
Khushin Lakshkar completed a summer internship at Khandelwal Motor Agencies in Mathura, where he studied wheels and tyres. His report discusses the differences and functions of wheels and tyres, describing tyre construction methods like tube and tubeless tyres. It also covers tyre properties, classifications including radial and bias ply construction, and maintenance like rotation and inspection. Wheel requirements and types including pressed steel, spoked, and light alloy wheels are also summarized.
Tyres and wheels play several important roles in vehicles. Tyres provide cushioning from rough roads, allow steering and braking, and provide traction through contact with the road surface. Proper tyre properties include good grip, low noise, load capacity, low rolling resistance, uniform wear, and shock absorption. Key tyre components include the tread, sidewalls, inner liner, and various reinforcement layers. Radial ply construction is now most common, providing benefits like reduced rolling resistance and improved handling. Wheels must be strong yet lightweight to support the vehicle and cope with road conditions while minimizing unsprung weight. Correct wheel balancing and secure mounting to the vehicle hub are also important.
Tyres and wheels have several important functions for vehicles. Tyres provide cushioning from rough roads, allow steering and braking, and provide traction through friction with the road surface. Wheels support the vehicle's weight and allow it to move. There are different types of tyre construction like bias ply, belted bias, and radial ply. Radial ply tyres offer advantages like reduced rolling resistance and better handling. Wheels are typically made of steel or aluminum and properly torqued fasteners are needed to securely attach the wheel to the vehicle.
Tyres have several key functions: providing contact with the road surface, acting as the primary suspension, and allowing vehicles to brake, accelerate and steer. They are made up of plies, beads, treads and sidewalls. Radial tyres have plies that run straight across from bead to bead, providing a stable footprint. Proper tyre pressure and tread depth are important to prevent aquaplaning, where a layer of water builds up between the tyre and road surface causing loss of traction.
Rolling resistance is the energy lost when an object rolls over a surface. It is caused by deformation of the object and surface and hysteresis losses. The rolling resistance coefficient varies based on factors like surface type, tire type and condition, speed, load, and inflation pressure. Different tire types include summer, winter, and all-season tires suited for different weather conditions. Tire construction, materials, tread patterns, and wheel type also impact rolling resistance. Minimizing rolling resistance improves fuel efficiency.
Wheels and tires are important components of vehicles that require safety precautions when working on. Tires provide cushioning between the vehicle and road and friction to allow the vehicle to operate. They are made of rubber and other materials. Wheels can be made of aluminum or magnesium alloys and must be strong enough to support the vehicle. Tire construction involves plies, belts, and treads. Radial tires have more flexible sidewalls than cross-ply tires. Tire markings provide information on size, load rating, and speed rating.
This document discusses different types of tires. There are two main types - tubed tires which have an inner tube, and tubeless tires which do not have an inner tube. Tubeless tires have advantages like lesser weight, better cooling, lower rolling resistance, and more comfortable ride.
The document also describes different tire constructions - cross-ply/bias ply tires which have fabric plies laid across each other at alternating angles, radial ply tires which have fabric arcs from bead to bead at 90 degree angles, and belted bias ply tires which have belt plies reinforced with wire. Radial ply tires provide benefits like better shock absorption and fuel efficiency compared to cross-ply tires.
Khushin Lakshkar completed a summer internship at Khandelwal Motor Agencies in Mathura, where he studied wheels and tyres. His report discusses the differences and functions of wheels and tyres, describing tyre construction methods like tube and tubeless tyres. It also covers tyre properties, classifications including radial and bias ply construction, and maintenance like rotation and inspection. Wheel requirements and types including pressed steel, spoked, and light alloy wheels are also summarized.
Tyres and wheels play several important roles in vehicles. Tyres provide cushioning from rough roads, allow steering and braking, and provide traction through contact with the road surface. Proper tyre properties include good grip, low noise, load capacity, low rolling resistance, uniform wear, and shock absorption. Key tyre components include the tread, sidewalls, inner liner, and various reinforcement layers. Radial ply construction is now most common, providing benefits like reduced rolling resistance and improved handling. Wheels must be strong yet lightweight to support the vehicle and cope with road conditions while minimizing unsprung weight. Correct wheel balancing and secure mounting to the vehicle hub are also important.
Tyres and wheels have several important functions for vehicles. Tyres provide cushioning from rough roads, allow steering and braking, and provide traction through friction with the road surface. Wheels support the vehicle's weight and allow it to move. There are different types of tyre construction like bias ply, belted bias, and radial ply. Radial ply tyres offer advantages like reduced rolling resistance and better handling. Wheels are typically made of steel or aluminum and properly torqued fasteners are needed to securely attach the wheel to the vehicle.
Tyres have several key functions: providing contact with the road surface, acting as the primary suspension, and allowing vehicles to brake, accelerate and steer. They are made up of plies, beads, treads and sidewalls. Radial tyres have plies that run straight across from bead to bead, providing a stable footprint. Proper tyre pressure and tread depth are important to prevent aquaplaning, where a layer of water builds up between the tyre and road surface causing loss of traction.
Rolling resistance is the energy lost when an object rolls over a surface. It is caused by deformation of the object and surface and hysteresis losses. The rolling resistance coefficient varies based on factors like surface type, tire type and condition, speed, load, and inflation pressure. Different tire types include summer, winter, and all-season tires suited for different weather conditions. Tire construction, materials, tread patterns, and wheel type also impact rolling resistance. Minimizing rolling resistance improves fuel efficiency.
Wheels and tires are important components of vehicles that require safety precautions when working on. Tires provide cushioning between the vehicle and road and friction to allow the vehicle to operate. They are made of rubber and other materials. Wheels can be made of aluminum or magnesium alloys and must be strong enough to support the vehicle. Tire construction involves plies, belts, and treads. Radial tires have more flexible sidewalls than cross-ply tires. Tire markings provide information on size, load rating, and speed rating.
This document discusses different types of tires. There are two main types - tubed tires which have an inner tube, and tubeless tires which do not have an inner tube. Tubeless tires have advantages like lesser weight, better cooling, lower rolling resistance, and more comfortable ride.
The document also describes different tire constructions - cross-ply/bias ply tires which have fabric plies laid across each other at alternating angles, radial ply tires which have fabric arcs from bead to bead at 90 degree angles, and belted bias ply tires which have belt plies reinforced with wire. Radial ply tires provide benefits like better shock absorption and fuel efficiency compared to cross-ply tires.
Automobile or Automotive Tires:-
Functions (cushion and traction),
Parts (Beads, Body Plies, Tread, Sidewall, Liner, Belts) Overview of Tyre
Types ( All-terrain Tires, Mud tires, Winter Tires, All weather Tires, performance tires).
Load index and speed rating.
Designation and Dimension of Tires.
length width height diameter type of tires
tire construction :( Bias Ply Tires, Radial Tyres, Belted Bias Tires.)
Advantage and disadvantages of tires construction
Tube type tires
tubless tires
Difference between tubeless and tube type tires
Expiry date of tires
tyre problems
steering geometry leads tire problems
Under inflated tires
over inflated tires
proper inflated tires
Tubeless tires are designed in such a manner that the tire itself functions like a tube. The plies of the tire are similar whether it is a radial tire or a tubeless tire, but the difference is the presence of a inner lining layer that is made up of halogen butyl rubber such as chlorobutyl or bromobutyl rubber. This rubber has a special property of sealing any small puncture caused by a small nail or any other sharp object. This means that even if there is any mishap with a nail and a small puncture is caused by it, the tire seals the leakage itself by closing the leakage and the vehicle can cover distances up to 200 km without having to stop or getting the assistance of a mechanic to get the tire repaired.
The wheel assembly consists of the hub, disc or spokes, rim, tyre & tube.Wheels is the important part of the vehicle. The vehicle can’t move on the road without wheels. “ The wheels are legs of the vehicle carry it to far off distance. The support of the whole weight of the vehicle & convert rotary motion into longitudinal one".
John Dunlop invented the first pneumatic tire in 1888, replacing solid tires. Tires are black because UV stabilizers are added to rubber to absorb harmful UV rays. A tire consists of an outer cover and inner tube that is mounted over a wheel rim. Air inside the tube supports the vehicle's weight and provides cushioning. Desirable tire properties include being non-skidding, wearing uniformly, carrying loads, cushioning impacts, minimizing power consumption, keeping noise low, and maintaining balance.
The document discusses wheels, tires, and their components. It describes the materials and designs used for wheels, including steel, aluminum, and magnesium alloys. It explains the functions of tires, such as cushioning the ride and providing traction. Tire types include cross-ply and radial constructions. Radial tires have more flexible sidewalls and longer tread life than cross-ply tires. Tire markings provide information on load ratings and recommended inflation pressures.
The rear axle transmits power from the differential to the driving wheels. It consists of two half shafts connected by the differential. There are several types of rear axles, including semi-floating, full-floating, and three-quarter floating axles. Wheels are mounted on stub axles at the front and connected to the front axle via kingpins. Wheels can be pressed steel, wire, or light alloy. Tyres provide cushioning and allow the vehicle to grip the road. They consist of treads, sidewalls, beads, and other parts. Tyres can be tubed or tubeless and classified by carcass type as bias ply, belted bias, or radial ply.
This document provides an overview of tire concepts and construction types. It discusses the basic functions of tires as cushions and traction providers between the road and wheel. It describes the main parts of tires including beads, body plies, tread, sidewalls, liners, and belts. It then summarizes the characteristics of bias ply tires, belted bias tires, and radial ply tires, noting that radial tires provide more flexible sidewalls and reduced rolling resistance. The document also reviews tire markings, load indexes, speed ratings, wear indicators, and common tire problems like feathering and cupping.
This seminar presentation discusses airless tires as an alternative to traditional pneumatic tires. It provides background on tire function and properties before explaining the key features of airless tires, such as spokes that flex to provide cushioning instead of air pressure. The presentation highlights advantages of airless tires like reduced weight and improved safety. It also notes future challenges like developing materials that can withstand various road conditions and developing airless tire designs optimized for use in space and on other planets.
The document provides an overview of disc brakes, including their history, main parts, materials, and operation. Disc brakes work by using brake pads that are squeezed against a circular brake disc connected to the wheel. When the brake pedal is pressed, pressure from the master cylinder causes the caliper to push the pads against the disc's spinning surface, creating friction to slow the wheel down. Disc brakes offer better braking power than drum brakes and are less affected by weather. However, they are more complex and expensive. The document discusses the various types of brake discs and pads used.
The document provides an overview of disc brakes, including their history, main parts, materials, and operation. Disc brakes work by using brake pads that are squeezed against a circular brake disc connected to the wheel. When the brake pedal is pressed, pressure from the master cylinder causes the caliper to push the pads against the disc's spinning surface, creating friction to slow the wheel down. Disc brakes offer better braking power than drum brakes and are less affected by weather. However, they are more complex and expensive. The document discusses the various types of brake discs and pads used.
The document provides an overview of disc brakes, including their history, main parts, materials, and operation. Disc brakes work by using brake pads that are squeezed against a circular brake disc connected to the wheel. When the brake pedal is pressed, pressure from the master cylinder causes the caliper to push the pads against the disc's spinning surface, creating friction to slow the wheel down. Disc brakes offer better braking power than drum brakes and are less affected by weather. However, they are more complex and expensive. The document discusses the various types of brake discs and pads used.
This document summarizes wheels and rims for automobiles. It discusses the essential functions of wheels in supporting a vehicle's weight and resisting side forces from turning. It describes common wheel types like disc wheels, wire wheels, and split wheels. Disc wheels are most commonly used in cars and trucks. Wire wheels are lighter and used in motorcycles and racing cars. The document also discusses rim types, including flat base and drop center rims, and provides references for further information.
This document provides information on different types of tires used in agricultural implements and the differences between radial and bias tires. It discusses solid tires, pneumatic tires including bias ply, bias belted and radial ply constructions. It then focuses on tires used in agricultural implements like tractors and implements. Finally, it details the differences between radial and bias tire constructions, components, and performance, noting that radials provide a softer ride, improved fuel economy, and longer tire life while bias tires sacrifice longevity but offer high load capacity at reduced cost.
The document summarizes different types of suspension systems used in automobiles. It describes the objectives of a suspension system which are to prevent road shocks from being transmitted to vehicle components, safeguard occupants from shocks, and preserve stability. It then discusses various spring systems including leaf springs, coil springs, and rubber springs. It also mentions shock absorbers, independent suspension systems, and specific types like wishbone and MacPherson strut suspensions.
This document provides information on rolling stock components and defects. It discusses wheels, suspension systems, and vehicle bodies. Specific wheel defects like thin flanges, worn roots, and flat tires are described. Suspension systems use springs, and defects in laminated and helical springs are covered. Buffers and their defects causing eccentric buffing forces are also summarized. The document provides details on maintenance limits and rejection criteria for various rolling stock components.
This document provides information on rolling stock components and defects. It discusses wheels, suspension systems, and vehicle bodies. Specific wheel defects like thin flanges, worn roots, and flat tires are described. Suspension systems use springs, and defects in laminated and helical springs are covered. The document also discusses wheel-axle measurements and tolerances. Buffers and their defects that can cause eccentric buffing forces are explained. Finally, the document briefly introduces bogies and the four main types used for goods stock.
The document provides information about tires, including:
1) John Dunlop invented the first pneumatic tire in 1888, replacing solid tires. Tires provide cushioning and friction to allow vehicles to move and steer while allowing brakes to stop the vehicle.
2) Tires are composed of many materials including rubber, steel, nylon, polyester and carbon black. Approximately 30% of a tire is rubber by weight.
3) Tires are made black by adding carbon black which absorbs harmful UV rays to protect the rubber. Tires have different parts including beads, body plies, tread, sidewalls, and liners.
4) There are different types of tire constructions including bias
This document discusses the structure, properties, types, and functions of tires. It begins by defining a tire as a cylindrical component made of multiple layers that provides traction, supports vehicle load, absorbs shocks, and enables smooth driving. It then describes the main parts of a tire including the tread, sidewall, bead, plies, belts, and inner liner. The document goes on to explain the main types of tires such as tube tires, tubeless tires, and differences in carcass construction including cross-ply, radial, and bias ply styles. It finishes by listing the key functions of tires and providing diagrams of standard tire dimensions and specifications.
The document discusses different types of wheels and tires used in vehicles. It describes pressed steel wheels which are inexpensive but allow air flow to cool brakes. Wire spoke wheels are lighter and stronger due to a hub connected to the rim with wires. Cast alloy wheels are made of lightweight metals with ribs that strengthen the wheel. Radial tires have belts and plies that run straight across, making them more stable and fuel efficient with longer life compared to bias ply tires which have plies at angles.
Tyres are ring-shaped components that surround a wheel's rim to transfer a vehicle's load from the axle to the ground and provide traction. The first practical pneumatic tire was invented in 1888 by John Boyd Dunlop. Materials used to make tires include rubber and metal. Tires support the vehicle, provide cushioning, transmit forces, and provide grip for traction and handling. Common tire types include summer, winter, all-season, and all-terrain tires.
This document discusses Computer Integrated Manufacturing (CIM) systems and their implementation. It provides context on CIM, noting that while adopting CIM practices can make a company innovative, improper implementation can be costly. It then describes a simulation of a CIM network for a large corporation to analyze quality of service tradeoffs. The network hierarchy is described, running from manufacturing cells at the lowest level up to the corporation layer. Details are given on the cell layer and how cells utilize machines controlled by computers to perform manufacturing tasks.
The document discusses several key specifications and angles related to vehicle suspension geometry:
Caster angle is the angle between the vertical line and the kingpin center line and provides self-centering action and straight line stability. Camber angle is the inward or outward tilt of the wheel and lowering steering effort. Toe angle is the symmetric angle between the wheels and vehicle axis and provides straight line stability while increasing tire wear with more toe. Thrust angle occurs when the rear wheel has improper alignment and can cause the vehicle to pull in the direction away from the thrust line. Turning radius is determined by track, wheelbase, and average steering angle and describes the circle made by the outside wheels when turning fully.
Automobile or Automotive Tires:-
Functions (cushion and traction),
Parts (Beads, Body Plies, Tread, Sidewall, Liner, Belts) Overview of Tyre
Types ( All-terrain Tires, Mud tires, Winter Tires, All weather Tires, performance tires).
Load index and speed rating.
Designation and Dimension of Tires.
length width height diameter type of tires
tire construction :( Bias Ply Tires, Radial Tyres, Belted Bias Tires.)
Advantage and disadvantages of tires construction
Tube type tires
tubless tires
Difference between tubeless and tube type tires
Expiry date of tires
tyre problems
steering geometry leads tire problems
Under inflated tires
over inflated tires
proper inflated tires
Tubeless tires are designed in such a manner that the tire itself functions like a tube. The plies of the tire are similar whether it is a radial tire or a tubeless tire, but the difference is the presence of a inner lining layer that is made up of halogen butyl rubber such as chlorobutyl or bromobutyl rubber. This rubber has a special property of sealing any small puncture caused by a small nail or any other sharp object. This means that even if there is any mishap with a nail and a small puncture is caused by it, the tire seals the leakage itself by closing the leakage and the vehicle can cover distances up to 200 km without having to stop or getting the assistance of a mechanic to get the tire repaired.
The wheel assembly consists of the hub, disc or spokes, rim, tyre & tube.Wheels is the important part of the vehicle. The vehicle can’t move on the road without wheels. “ The wheels are legs of the vehicle carry it to far off distance. The support of the whole weight of the vehicle & convert rotary motion into longitudinal one".
John Dunlop invented the first pneumatic tire in 1888, replacing solid tires. Tires are black because UV stabilizers are added to rubber to absorb harmful UV rays. A tire consists of an outer cover and inner tube that is mounted over a wheel rim. Air inside the tube supports the vehicle's weight and provides cushioning. Desirable tire properties include being non-skidding, wearing uniformly, carrying loads, cushioning impacts, minimizing power consumption, keeping noise low, and maintaining balance.
The document discusses wheels, tires, and their components. It describes the materials and designs used for wheels, including steel, aluminum, and magnesium alloys. It explains the functions of tires, such as cushioning the ride and providing traction. Tire types include cross-ply and radial constructions. Radial tires have more flexible sidewalls and longer tread life than cross-ply tires. Tire markings provide information on load ratings and recommended inflation pressures.
The rear axle transmits power from the differential to the driving wheels. It consists of two half shafts connected by the differential. There are several types of rear axles, including semi-floating, full-floating, and three-quarter floating axles. Wheels are mounted on stub axles at the front and connected to the front axle via kingpins. Wheels can be pressed steel, wire, or light alloy. Tyres provide cushioning and allow the vehicle to grip the road. They consist of treads, sidewalls, beads, and other parts. Tyres can be tubed or tubeless and classified by carcass type as bias ply, belted bias, or radial ply.
This document provides an overview of tire concepts and construction types. It discusses the basic functions of tires as cushions and traction providers between the road and wheel. It describes the main parts of tires including beads, body plies, tread, sidewalls, liners, and belts. It then summarizes the characteristics of bias ply tires, belted bias tires, and radial ply tires, noting that radial tires provide more flexible sidewalls and reduced rolling resistance. The document also reviews tire markings, load indexes, speed ratings, wear indicators, and common tire problems like feathering and cupping.
This seminar presentation discusses airless tires as an alternative to traditional pneumatic tires. It provides background on tire function and properties before explaining the key features of airless tires, such as spokes that flex to provide cushioning instead of air pressure. The presentation highlights advantages of airless tires like reduced weight and improved safety. It also notes future challenges like developing materials that can withstand various road conditions and developing airless tire designs optimized for use in space and on other planets.
The document provides an overview of disc brakes, including their history, main parts, materials, and operation. Disc brakes work by using brake pads that are squeezed against a circular brake disc connected to the wheel. When the brake pedal is pressed, pressure from the master cylinder causes the caliper to push the pads against the disc's spinning surface, creating friction to slow the wheel down. Disc brakes offer better braking power than drum brakes and are less affected by weather. However, they are more complex and expensive. The document discusses the various types of brake discs and pads used.
The document provides an overview of disc brakes, including their history, main parts, materials, and operation. Disc brakes work by using brake pads that are squeezed against a circular brake disc connected to the wheel. When the brake pedal is pressed, pressure from the master cylinder causes the caliper to push the pads against the disc's spinning surface, creating friction to slow the wheel down. Disc brakes offer better braking power than drum brakes and are less affected by weather. However, they are more complex and expensive. The document discusses the various types of brake discs and pads used.
The document provides an overview of disc brakes, including their history, main parts, materials, and operation. Disc brakes work by using brake pads that are squeezed against a circular brake disc connected to the wheel. When the brake pedal is pressed, pressure from the master cylinder causes the caliper to push the pads against the disc's spinning surface, creating friction to slow the wheel down. Disc brakes offer better braking power than drum brakes and are less affected by weather. However, they are more complex and expensive. The document discusses the various types of brake discs and pads used.
This document summarizes wheels and rims for automobiles. It discusses the essential functions of wheels in supporting a vehicle's weight and resisting side forces from turning. It describes common wheel types like disc wheels, wire wheels, and split wheels. Disc wheels are most commonly used in cars and trucks. Wire wheels are lighter and used in motorcycles and racing cars. The document also discusses rim types, including flat base and drop center rims, and provides references for further information.
This document provides information on different types of tires used in agricultural implements and the differences between radial and bias tires. It discusses solid tires, pneumatic tires including bias ply, bias belted and radial ply constructions. It then focuses on tires used in agricultural implements like tractors and implements. Finally, it details the differences between radial and bias tire constructions, components, and performance, noting that radials provide a softer ride, improved fuel economy, and longer tire life while bias tires sacrifice longevity but offer high load capacity at reduced cost.
The document summarizes different types of suspension systems used in automobiles. It describes the objectives of a suspension system which are to prevent road shocks from being transmitted to vehicle components, safeguard occupants from shocks, and preserve stability. It then discusses various spring systems including leaf springs, coil springs, and rubber springs. It also mentions shock absorbers, independent suspension systems, and specific types like wishbone and MacPherson strut suspensions.
This document provides information on rolling stock components and defects. It discusses wheels, suspension systems, and vehicle bodies. Specific wheel defects like thin flanges, worn roots, and flat tires are described. Suspension systems use springs, and defects in laminated and helical springs are covered. Buffers and their defects causing eccentric buffing forces are also summarized. The document provides details on maintenance limits and rejection criteria for various rolling stock components.
This document provides information on rolling stock components and defects. It discusses wheels, suspension systems, and vehicle bodies. Specific wheel defects like thin flanges, worn roots, and flat tires are described. Suspension systems use springs, and defects in laminated and helical springs are covered. The document also discusses wheel-axle measurements and tolerances. Buffers and their defects that can cause eccentric buffing forces are explained. Finally, the document briefly introduces bogies and the four main types used for goods stock.
The document provides information about tires, including:
1) John Dunlop invented the first pneumatic tire in 1888, replacing solid tires. Tires provide cushioning and friction to allow vehicles to move and steer while allowing brakes to stop the vehicle.
2) Tires are composed of many materials including rubber, steel, nylon, polyester and carbon black. Approximately 30% of a tire is rubber by weight.
3) Tires are made black by adding carbon black which absorbs harmful UV rays to protect the rubber. Tires have different parts including beads, body plies, tread, sidewalls, and liners.
4) There are different types of tire constructions including bias
This document discusses the structure, properties, types, and functions of tires. It begins by defining a tire as a cylindrical component made of multiple layers that provides traction, supports vehicle load, absorbs shocks, and enables smooth driving. It then describes the main parts of a tire including the tread, sidewall, bead, plies, belts, and inner liner. The document goes on to explain the main types of tires such as tube tires, tubeless tires, and differences in carcass construction including cross-ply, radial, and bias ply styles. It finishes by listing the key functions of tires and providing diagrams of standard tire dimensions and specifications.
The document discusses different types of wheels and tires used in vehicles. It describes pressed steel wheels which are inexpensive but allow air flow to cool brakes. Wire spoke wheels are lighter and stronger due to a hub connected to the rim with wires. Cast alloy wheels are made of lightweight metals with ribs that strengthen the wheel. Radial tires have belts and plies that run straight across, making them more stable and fuel efficient with longer life compared to bias ply tires which have plies at angles.
Tyres are ring-shaped components that surround a wheel's rim to transfer a vehicle's load from the axle to the ground and provide traction. The first practical pneumatic tire was invented in 1888 by John Boyd Dunlop. Materials used to make tires include rubber and metal. Tires support the vehicle, provide cushioning, transmit forces, and provide grip for traction and handling. Common tire types include summer, winter, all-season, and all-terrain tires.
This document discusses Computer Integrated Manufacturing (CIM) systems and their implementation. It provides context on CIM, noting that while adopting CIM practices can make a company innovative, improper implementation can be costly. It then describes a simulation of a CIM network for a large corporation to analyze quality of service tradeoffs. The network hierarchy is described, running from manufacturing cells at the lowest level up to the corporation layer. Details are given on the cell layer and how cells utilize machines controlled by computers to perform manufacturing tasks.
The document discusses several key specifications and angles related to vehicle suspension geometry:
Caster angle is the angle between the vertical line and the kingpin center line and provides self-centering action and straight line stability. Camber angle is the inward or outward tilt of the wheel and lowering steering effort. Toe angle is the symmetric angle between the wheels and vehicle axis and provides straight line stability while increasing tire wear with more toe. Thrust angle occurs when the rear wheel has improper alignment and can cause the vehicle to pull in the direction away from the thrust line. Turning radius is determined by track, wheelbase, and average steering angle and describes the circle made by the outside wheels when turning fully.
Process planning determines the most efficient way to manufacture a part from raw materials to the final product. It identifies the necessary manufacturing processes, sequence of operations, tools, and equipment based on the design, available resources, and quality requirements. The output is a process plan that specifies all required production steps and parameters to efficiently convert the raw materials into the finished part.
The document discusses various parameters related to vehicle suspension geometry including caster angle, camber angle, steering axis inclination, toe angle, thrust angle, turning radius, suspension height, and power steering. Caster angle controls self-centering and straight line stability. Camber angle affects steering effort and grip. Toe angle impacts stability and tire wear. Thrust angle controls direction of travel. Turning radius depends on track width and wheelbase. Power steering assists steering of heavy vehicles.
The document discusses various components that make up automobile steering systems. It describes common steering system types including recirculating ball steering gears, rack-and-pinion steering, and hydraulic power steering. It also discusses steering linkages, alignment angles, and power steering diagnosis. The purpose of a steering system is to transfer the motion of the steering wheel to the front wheels to allow the vehicle to follow the desired direction.
A semi-centrifugal clutch uses both clutch springs and centrifugal force from weighted levers to transmit power from the engine to the clutch shaft. At low engine speeds, clutch springs engage the clutch to transmit power. At high speeds, weighted levers fly outward due to centrifugal force and exert pressure on the pressure plate, firmly engaging the clutch. This reduces the need for stiffer springs and makes clutch operation easier for the driver.
The document discusses frames and chassis in vehicles. It defines a chassis as consisting of the engine, powertrain, brakes, steering, and wheels mounted on a frame. There are three main types of frames: conventional frames with a separate load-bearing frame and body; semi-integral frames with stiffer mountings that share some load with the frame; and integral or unitized frames where the underbody and body shell are welded into a single load-bearing unit without a separate frame. The document also discusses different frame sections and loads acting on vehicle frames.
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Fleet management these days is next to impossible without connected vehicle solutions. Why? Well, fleet trackers and accompanying connected vehicle management solutions tend to offer quite a few hard-to-ignore benefits to fleet managers and businesses alike. Let’s check them out!
Ever been troubled by the blinking sign and didn’t know what to do?
Here’s a handy guide to dashboard symbols so that you’ll never be confused again!
Save them for later and save the trouble!
The Octavia range embodies the design trend of the Škoda brand: a fusion of
aesthetics, safety and practicality. Whether you see the car as a whole or step
closer and explore its unique features, the Octavia range radiates with the
harmony of functionality and emotion
3. TYRES
• A cushion provided with wheel.
• It consists of mainly the outer cover i.e. the tyre proper and the tube
inside.
• The tube assembly is mounted over the wheel rim.
• Air inside the tube that carries the entire load and provides the cushion.
• Deal with the worst possible forces, shocks and other parameters and also
absorb most of the shocks thus providing a smooth ride.
• Modern tyre consist of an inflatable rubber ring fitted round the wheel.
• Vehicles activities such as acceleration, vehicle control and braking occurs
through the tyres and their contact on the road surface.
4. Function Of Tyre
• To support the vehicle load.
• To provide cushion against shock.
• To transmit driving and braking forces to the road.
• To provide cornering power for smooth steering.
• It must be strong enough to carry loads and resist damage.
• It must have a long lifetime and run smoothly.
• Must meet all the requirement of all weather conditions and on all surfaces
without overheating.
• It must provide good road grip for traction, cornering, accelerating and
braking.
5. Desirable Properties
• NON SKIDDING :-Tread pattern on the tyre must be suitably designed
to permit the least amount of skidding.
• UNIFORM WEAR :-To maintain the non-skidding property, the wear
on the tyre tread must be uniform. The ribbed pattern on the tyre
help to accomplish this.
• LOAD CARRYING:-Tyre material and the design must be able to
ensure that the tyre is able to sustain stresses developed in all
conditions.
• CUSHIONING :- Tyre should be able to absorb small high frequency
vibration set up by the road surface and thus providing cushioning
effect.
6. Desirable Properties
• POWER CONSUMPPTION :- The automotive tyre absorb some power
due to friction between the tread rubber and the road surface and
also due to hysteresis loss on account of the tyre being continuously
fixed release, should be least as less as possible.
• TYRES NOISE :- Tyre noise may be in the form of definite pattern sing,
a sequel, or aloud sound, Should be minimum.
• BALANCING :- As a rotating part of automobile, must be balance
statically and dynamically. Absence of balance give rise to peculiar
oscillation called wheel tramp and wheel wobble.
7. Classification of Tyres
On basis of Construction
Conventional Tyre
Tubeless Tyre
On basis of Carcass or Skelton
Cross Ply Tyre
Radial Ply Tyre
Belted-Bias Tyre
8. Conventional Tube Tyre
• Consists of two main parts i.e. the Carcass and the Tread.
• Carcass is the basic structure taking mainly the various loads and
consist of a number of plies wound in a particular fashion from the
cords of rayon or any other suitable material.
9. Conventional Tube Tyre
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• The sidewall is a protective rubber coating on the outside of the tyre
carcass and is designed to resist cutting, abrasion, and cracking.
• To prevent the tyre from being thrown off from the rim, the plies are
attached to the two rings of bundles of bronze coated high tension
steel wire strands insulated with rubber.
• A radial load tyre normally has one such bundle in the lead whereas a
cross ply tyre for off road use may have two or three bundles.
10. • Don’t need separate tube in luau the air which is under immense
pressure is filled in the tyre itself for this purpose a non-return valve is
fitted to the rim.
• Based on the construction, almost similar to tubed tyre except lined
on inside with a special air retaining liner made of halogenated
rubber like Bromo-butyl or Chloro-butyl for better performance.
• Major difference between the tubed tyre and the tubeless tyre lies in
the bead area of the tyre.
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11. Tube Tyre vs. Tubeless Tyre
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12. Excellence of Tubeless Tyre over Tube Tyre
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• LESSER UN-SPRUNG WEIGHT :- Lighter compared to tubed tyre, reduces
wheel bounce and un-sprung weight overall it saves fuel.
• BETTER COOLING :- In case of tubed tyres, the heat associated with the
compressed air has to passed though the tube material i.e. rubber which is
a good conductor of heat. The absence of tube makes it possible for the
heat to be transferred to the atmosphere directly resulting in better cooling
ultimately increasing the life time of the tyre.
• COMFORTABLE RIDE :- Tubeless tyre absorb shock and vibration are
absorbed at the tyre level thus making the ride softer, less noisy and more
comfortable.
• SLOWER LEAKAGE OF AIR :- The inner liner in the tubeless tyre is not
stretched like the tube it retains the air better resulting in its slower
leakage.
13. Excellence of Tubeless Tyre over Tube Tyre
• SIMPLE ASSEMBLY :- Tubeless tyre only the tyre has to be fitted to the rim
making it invulnerable to punctured during its operation.
• LESSER ROLLING RESISTANCE :- Rolling resistance in the tubeless tyre is less
compared to the tubed based tyre, tubeless tyre sidewall is more mobile as
there is no internal tube to generate heat and friction. This also helps the
tyre to remain cooler by eliminating the risk of generating heat.
• IMPROVED SAFETY :- In the presence of hole in the tyre it can be repaired
simply by plugging whereas in case of conventional tubed tyres it is time
consuming as the whole tyre has to be remove for repair. A tubeless tyre
retains the air pressure for a long period even when it is punctured by a
nail provided, placed at the same position. Thus the risk of being punctured
is greatly reduced promoting reduce accident or improved safety.
14. Cross-Ply Tyre
• Ply cords are woven at angle of 30 to 40 degree to the tyre axis.
• Two layers that runs in opposite direction however the cords are not
woven like warp because that would lead to the rubbing of the two
layer that would lead to heat generation which would damage the
tyre material.
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15. RADIAL PLY TYRE
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• Ply cords run in the radial direction i.e. in the direction of the tyre
axis.
• Over this runs a number of breaker strips in the circumferential
direction.
• The material for breaker strip must be flexible and inextensible so
that no change of circumference takes place with change in the
amount of inflation.
• The inextensible breaker provides the direction stability and the belt
increase the rigidity of the tread thereby improving its resistance over
cut and other effects.
17. BELTED BIAS TYRE
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• Combination of both the radial and cross ply type.
• Basic construction is the bias ply over which run a number of breaker
belts .
• The belt improve the characteristic of the bias ply to a large extent
1. The stresses in the carcass are restricted and the tread area is
stabilized due to belts thus results in reduction of tread scrubbing
and ultimately increase the life of the tyre.
2. The breaker belt hold the tread flatter against the road surface
thus causing increase of traction and safety
3. The belt increase the resistance of the tyre to cut and puncture.
19. Maintenance of Tyres
• Most important is to maintain proper inflation pressure. Both the under
inflation and over inflation results in unsatisfactory performance of the
vehicle.
• Two important steps for maintenance
1. TYRE ROTATION
2. TYRE INSPECTION
• TYRE ROTATION :- Tyre rotation in such a way that the tyres does not run in
the same position for more than a specified mileage say 5000 to 10000
miles. Rotation equalise wear and minimises the noise of the tyre. The tyre
must be rotated in a definite pattern and the same pattern must be carried
out after every rotation.
20. Maintenance of Tyres
• TYRE INSPECTION :- A Regular inspection of the tyre for wear is
mandatory in Order to get the optimum performance out of the tyre.
• Tyre tread should not wear out to a depth less than 1.6 mm. This
wear should be even through the tread.
• Tyres have tread wear bands which appear when the tread depth
reduces to less than 1.6 mm. When these bands appear on the tyres
in two or more adjacent groves the tyre should be replaced.
• The tyre should not only be inspected for tread wear but also for side
wear and damage.
21. WHEELS
• Wheels along with the tyre has to take the vehicle load, provide a
cushioning effect and cope with the steering control.
• Various requirement of an automobile requirement are:
1. Strong enough to perform the above functions.
2. Balanced both statically and dynamically.
3. Possible to remove or stand the vehicle wheel easily.
4. As lightest as possible so that the un-sprung weight is least.
5. Easy to clean, easy to wash and be of good quality.
22. WHEELS
6. Should not deteriorate with age and weathering. If material is
vulnerable to corrosion, must be given suitable protective
treatment.
7. must be of maximum strength to take the weight road shocks,
driving torque and must be able to compensate all sorts of load
varying in magnitude and direction.
8. must be strong enough to resist local deformation or when it hits
a road kerb or any other obstacle.
23. TYPES OF AUTOMOBILES WHEELS
1. PRESSED STEEL DISC
2. WHEELS WITH STEELWIRE SPOKES
3. LIGHT ALLOY CASTING WHEELS.
24. PRESSED STEEL DISC
• Most popular and most used types of wheel.
• Strong, light, stiff and resistant to accidental damage.
• Can be manufacture in mass at a very economical low cost.
• These type of wheel has two pressings namely the rim and the disc
member wielded together.
25. WIRE SPOKE WHEELS
• Oldest in design but remained in use largely because of light weight and
strong construction but costly.
• Rim attached to the hub through wire spokes.
• Much stronger in tension and transmit all the forces to the rim.
• Spoke has very little resistance to the bending, fastened so that complex
loads coming on the wheels are resolved into tensile load evenly
distributed among the adequate number of spokes.
• The stress and loads faced by car wheel are very complex, more critical in
cases such as accelerating, braking and cornering and when such action is
required. More often the spokes have different sets to take the
acceleration, braking and weight forces.
• Also able to take the side thrust during cornering by having a triangular
pattern.
27. LIGHT ALLOY CAST WHEEL
• made from casting of light alloys of aluminium and magnesium.
• Wider rims and radial ribs, also acts as angled spokes to provide
strength and air circulation.
• Construction avoids any sharp lines and angles to improve strength.
• Disadvantages over the other two, specially use in racing car.
• Aluminium and magnesium are usually.
28. LIGHT ALLOY CAST WHEEL
• Light in weight.
• Heavier sections can be used to improve the stiffness of the wheel and
result in better stress distribution.
• Rims with larger area can be used, results in the use of wider tyres with
less diameter, an absolute advantage in racing car since the lower centre of
gravity and wider tyres result in better road grip particularly during
cornering.
• Better conductor of heat and hence heat dissipation from tyres and brakes
is improved.
• Only corrosion is the main problem, chemically sensitive to salt spray and
need regular checking and inspection for corrosion.