Wheels and tyres pages 8 and 9
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This document discusses wheels and tires. It describes two main types of tire pressure monitoring systems that use either the ABS system or direct sensors in the wheel rims. It also discusses two types of run-flat tires that use thicker sidewalls or support rings to drive on a flat tire. Space saver tires are used to save space in the vehicle boot. Hub bearings can be ball, roller, taper roller, or plain bearings and are checked for wear by feeling for play.
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Wheels and tyres page 7
The document discusses tire safety legislation and proper tire inspection and wheel balancing. It notes that police have powers to prosecute drivers with illegal tires, including tires with tread depth less than 1.6mm or cuts over 25mm. A thorough tire inspection requires tools like a jack, tread gauge, and torch. An unbalanced wheel assembly can negatively impact a vehicle's handling, stability, and tire wear due to uneven centrifugal forces on the rotating assembly. Dynamic balancing is best for vehicles since it spins the wheel at high speeds to measure imbalance compared to static balancing.
1 wheels
The document summarizes wheels and tires. It discusses the requirements of automobile wheels, including being strong, balanced, lightweight, and easy to remove/mount. Standard wheels are steel, while some vehicles use aluminum or magnesium alloy wheels. Valve stems allow inflation/deflation and retain air. Wheel studs and nuts attach wheels to hubs using correct torque for safety. Common wheel types include steel, alloy, spoke, divided, and split rims. Custom wheels come in aluminum variants and differ in offset for handling characteristics.
Wheels and tyres page 2
The one-piece rim is commonly used today and has integral design features regardless of the material it is made from. The wheel rim must allow the tire to seal and maintain pressure while allowing easy mounting and removal. The well enables tire removal and replacement by allowing one bead to stretch into it. The flange prevents the tire from coming off the rim. Some rims have added safety ridges in the taper to stop tire detachment if a puncture occurs.
Wheels and tyres for automobile
Tyres have several key functions: providing contact with the road surface, acting as the primary suspension, and allowing vehicles to brake, accelerate and steer. They are made up of plies, beads, treads and sidewalls. Radial tyres have plies that run straight across from bead to bead, providing a stable footprint. Proper tyre pressure and tread depth are important to prevent aquaplaning, where a layer of water builds up between the tyre and road surface causing loss of traction.
Unit 3 : Wheels,Tyre and Braking System
The document discusses various components of vehicle wheels and tires. It describes pressed steel discs as the most popular type of wheel due to their strength, light weight, and low cost of mass production. It explains that a wheel assembly must sustain braking and other forces and lists its key components. The document also covers topics such as wheel balancing, tire sizing designations, tread patterns, inflation pressure, and types of tire wear caused by issues like improper camber alignment.
140860102043 2150202 wheels and rims
This document summarizes wheels and rims for automobiles. It discusses the essential functions of wheels in supporting a vehicle's weight and resisting side forces from turning. It describes common wheel types like disc wheels, wire wheels, and split wheels. Disc wheels are most commonly used in cars and trucks. Wire wheels are lighter and used in motorcycles and racing cars. The document also discusses rim types, including flat base and drop center rims, and provides references for further information.
Unit 4 suspension and brakes
The document discusses steering, brakes, and suspension systems. It describes two main types of steering gears: the pitman-arm type and rack-and-pinion type. It also lists various types of steering gear boxes. The suspension system section explains that springs, shock absorbers, and axles connect the vehicle chassis to the wheels and protect parts from road shocks. Various types of suspension springs, including leaf springs and coil springs, are identified. The document concludes by describing drum brakes, disc brakes, hydraulic brakes, pneumatic brakes, and anti-lock brakes.
Wheels and tyres page 1
The document discusses the requirements and design of road wheels. It notes that wheels must minimize air loss, transmit drive to the road, and be removable. It lists additional requirements like withstanding driving forces. The document describes different wheel rim designs like aluminum alloy, pressed steel, and wire spoke rims, noting advantages of each. It also defines types of rim designs like two-piece, three-piece, and split rims, providing details on each. Finally, it poses and answers questions about wheel requirements and checks.
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Wheels and tyres page 7
The document discusses tire safety legislation and proper tire inspection and wheel balancing. It notes that police have powers to prosecute drivers with illegal tires, including tires with tread depth less than 1.6mm or cuts over 25mm. A thorough tire inspection requires tools like a jack, tread gauge, and torch. An unbalanced wheel assembly can negatively impact a vehicle's handling, stability, and tire wear due to uneven centrifugal forces on the rotating assembly. Dynamic balancing is best for vehicles since it spins the wheel at high speeds to measure imbalance compared to static balancing.
1 wheels
The document summarizes wheels and tires. It discusses the requirements of automobile wheels, including being strong, balanced, lightweight, and easy to remove/mount. Standard wheels are steel, while some vehicles use aluminum or magnesium alloy wheels. Valve stems allow inflation/deflation and retain air. Wheel studs and nuts attach wheels to hubs using correct torque for safety. Common wheel types include steel, alloy, spoke, divided, and split rims. Custom wheels come in aluminum variants and differ in offset for handling characteristics.
Wheels and tyres page 2
The one-piece rim is commonly used today and has integral design features regardless of the material it is made from. The wheel rim must allow the tire to seal and maintain pressure while allowing easy mounting and removal. The well enables tire removal and replacement by allowing one bead to stretch into it. The flange prevents the tire from coming off the rim. Some rims have added safety ridges in the taper to stop tire detachment if a puncture occurs.
Wheels and tyres for automobile
Tyres have several key functions: providing contact with the road surface, acting as the primary suspension, and allowing vehicles to brake, accelerate and steer. They are made up of plies, beads, treads and sidewalls. Radial tyres have plies that run straight across from bead to bead, providing a stable footprint. Proper tyre pressure and tread depth are important to prevent aquaplaning, where a layer of water builds up between the tyre and road surface causing loss of traction.
Unit 3 : Wheels,Tyre and Braking System
The document discusses various components of vehicle wheels and tires. It describes pressed steel discs as the most popular type of wheel due to their strength, light weight, and low cost of mass production. It explains that a wheel assembly must sustain braking and other forces and lists its key components. The document also covers topics such as wheel balancing, tire sizing designations, tread patterns, inflation pressure, and types of tire wear caused by issues like improper camber alignment.
140860102043 2150202 wheels and rims
This document summarizes wheels and rims for automobiles. It discusses the essential functions of wheels in supporting a vehicle's weight and resisting side forces from turning. It describes common wheel types like disc wheels, wire wheels, and split wheels. Disc wheels are most commonly used in cars and trucks. Wire wheels are lighter and used in motorcycles and racing cars. The document also discusses rim types, including flat base and drop center rims, and provides references for further information.
Unit 4 suspension and brakes
The document discusses steering, brakes, and suspension systems. It describes two main types of steering gears: the pitman-arm type and rack-and-pinion type. It also lists various types of steering gear boxes. The suspension system section explains that springs, shock absorbers, and axles connect the vehicle chassis to the wheels and protect parts from road shocks. Various types of suspension springs, including leaf springs and coil springs, are identified. The document concludes by describing drum brakes, disc brakes, hydraulic brakes, pneumatic brakes, and anti-lock brakes.
Wheels and tyres page 1
The document discusses the requirements and design of road wheels. It notes that wheels must minimize air loss, transmit drive to the road, and be removable. It lists additional requirements like withstanding driving forces. The document describes different wheel rim designs like aluminum alloy, pressed steel, and wire spoke rims, noting advantages of each. It also defines types of rim designs like two-piece, three-piece, and split rims, providing details on each. Finally, it poses and answers questions about wheel requirements and checks.
Wheels and tyres page 3
The pneumatic tire was developed in 1888 by John Boyd Dunlop for bicycles but was quickly adapted for motor vehicles. Tires form the first part of the vehicle's suspension by cushioning it with air to absorb shocks from the road. Early tires used inner tubes but most modern tires are tubeless, which allows them to better seal air and self-seal when punctured. Tires must support the vehicle, provide adhesion, minimize rolling resistance, transmit drive, and absorb shock. The main tire types are radial and cross-ply tires, with radials having plies at 90 degrees to the bead for better road handling.
Wheel & Tyre-Service,Repair & Overhaul
This document discusses wheel and tyre service, repair, and overhaul. It begins by introducing tyres and rims, describing their basic functions and components. It then discusses different types of tyres and their nomenclature systems. The document outlines the tyre construction process and different tread designs. It covers inspection and maintenance practices like checking inflation pressure and wear indicators. Finally, it briefly explains tyre rotation, wheel balancing, and bearing maintenance procedures.
Torsion bars suspension
Torsion bars are metal bars used in automobile suspension systems that perform the function of springs. One end of the bar is fixed to the vehicle frame, while the other end is attached to components like the axle or control arm. When forces from driving cause the attached components to twist the bar, it provides resistance like a spring, absorbing shocks from the road. Torsion bars offer benefits like a soft ride, long durability, easy adjustability of vehicle height, and a compact design requiring less interior space compared to coil springs. However, they do not provide progressive spring rates and ride quality can become harsh when adjusted to maximum height. Torsion bar suspension systems are commonly used on trucks, SUVs, and military vehicles.
Wheels Assembly
The wheel assembly consists of the hub, disc or spokes, rim, tyre & tube.Wheels is the important part of the vehicle. The vehicle can’t move on the road without wheels. “ The wheels are legs of the vehicle carry it to far off distance. The support of the whole weight of the vehicle & convert rotary motion into longitudinal one".
Suspension system
The document discusses the suspension system of an automobile. It provides definitions of key terms related to suspension systems such as camber, caster, jounce, and rebound. It describes the main components of a suspension system including springs, dampers, ball joints, tie rods, and track bars. It discusses different types of springs, dampers, and overall suspension systems. It provides details on independent suspension systems such as double wishbone and MacPherson strut types. The purpose of the suspension system is to isolate the vehicle from road shocks and maintain steering geometry.
Suspenstion
The suspension system connects a vehicle to its wheels using springs, shock absorbers, and linkages. It serves two main purposes - contributing to handling and braking, and protecting the vehicle and passengers from road shocks. Common suspension types include independent front suspensions like MacPherson struts and solid rear axles with leaf springs. Proper suspension provides cushioning, stability, and ride comfort while preventing excess body movement.
Tyre life 1.1
TYRE WEAR
Tidy shoes just don't give an appearance boost but also underline the ground grip; somewhat analogous to tyre in vehicles.
Rolling wheels have always been a very dynamic subject to deal with. Apart from regular maintenance of the vehicle, tyre wear is a major point of concern for every automotive owner . Its more dear in the commercial segment . Its second largest element of cost of operation after fuel . Truck , bus , fleet owners or any commercial vehicle driver - carrier - owner would always be keen on getting tyre life irrespective how he drives and loads .
A considerable research has been done in tyre tread wear with
respect to road friction but still the suspension parameters and
steering arrangements are in phase on development. There is no evidence to suggest that certain types of suspensions or steering arrangements have any particular adverse impact on tire life, it's more of a perception than factuality.
We are trying to build an analytical / illustrative module which
explains the appropriate relationship between all geometric parameters and tire life in particular irregular tyre wear. This is been accomplished by varying the geometric angles and tracing their effect on tread wear. Archard' theory been the base of this research work we have sorted some equations, but still some parameters are not accounted altogether. For ex., while calculating the varying toe and camber angles temperature or global contact points remain unaccounted. And still some uncertainties remain regarding the friction coefficients.
The objective is to build an model which can explain and hence suggest correction to reduce tyre wear and enhance life. While its complex with varying geometry under various speeds, loads & road condition .
All leads are appreciated.
Tires and wheels
The document discusses various aspects of tires and wheels, including their design and components, types of tires, defects to look for, how to read sidewall information, proper inflation and maintenance. It also covers topics like how ABS, stability control, and suspension work with tires to maximize traction. Tire pressure monitoring systems, wheel specifications, and the proper procedure for changing a tire are additionally explained.
Automobile suspension system
The document discusses various types of automobile suspension systems. It describes independent suspension systems that allow each wheel to move independently and non-independent systems where the wheels are attached to a solid axle. Common types of independent suspension include MacPherson strut suspension, wishbone suspension, and solid rear axle suspension. The document also covers suspension components like springs, shock absorbers, control arms, and sway bars. It provides advantages and disadvantages of different suspension types.
Unit 3 Suspension and Brakes System
This document provides a summary of topics related to suspension and brake systems that will be covered, including types of suspension linkages, springs, shock absorbers, and brakes. It discusses the objectives of suspension systems and defines sprung and unsprung mass. It describes various suspension components and types of suspension including independent and non-independent, as well as different suspension springs, air suspension systems, and hydraulic systems. It also summarizes drum brakes, disc brakes, hydraulic braking systems, servo brakes, ABS, and hand brakes.
Trailing arm
Trailing arm suspension uses an arm parallel to the vehicle's longitudinal axis to connect the wheel to the frame. A semi-trailing arm makes an angle with this axis. Trailing arms provide a rigid connection to the wheel with no camber change. A semi-trailing arm allows adjustment of roll center height and camber curve. Different bushing materials can be used, like Delrin nylon or POM, which provide durability and smooth movement while withstanding wear.
Suspension Systems & Components design & Analysis
The document discusses suspension systems and components. It outlines the objectives of suspension systems which include providing good ride and handling performance, ensuring steering control is maintained during maneuvering, and providing isolation from high frequency vibrations. It describes types of independent and dependent suspensions and components such as springs, dampers, wishbones. It covers analyses like mobility, kinematics and forces in suspension members for different load conditions. Different suspension configurations are discussed including MacPherson strut, double wishbone, solid axle leaf spring systems.
Tyres used in agricultural implements
This document provides information on different types of tires used in agricultural implements and the differences between radial and bias tires. It discusses solid tires, pneumatic tires including bias ply, bias belted and radial ply constructions. It then focuses on tires used in agricultural implements like tractors and implements. Finally, it details the differences between radial and bias tire constructions, components, and performance, noting that radials provide a softer ride, improved fuel economy, and longer tire life while bias tires sacrifice longevity but offer high load capacity at reduced cost.
Tyre rotation for automobile cars
Tyre rotation involves periodically shifting tyres to different wheel positions in order to promote even tread wear. Uneven wear occurs for various reasons, such as the front tyres bearing more weight and taking on steering duties. There are two main tyre rotation methods - four wheel rotation, where front and rear tyres swap positions in a cross pattern, and five wheel rotation where the spare tyre is also included in the rotation. Tyre rotation should be performed every 10,000km to maximize tyre life and performance.
A Presentation on Innovations in suspension mechanisms.
The changes involved in the field of Suspensions for better comfort and performance in different terrains.
Driveshafts
The document summarizes key components and functions of rear-wheel drive (RWD) and front-wheel drive (FWD) driveshafts. For RWD, it describes how universal joints and slip joints allow the driveshaft length and angle to change as the rear axle moves up and down. It also discusses phasing of joints to reduce speed fluctuations. For FWD, it outlines the major components including fixed and plunge constant velocity (CV) joints, and how they allow the driveshaft to bend during turning and change length when wheels move vertically.
3.1 suspension systems
The document discusses suspension systems in vehicles. It defines a suspension system as the system of springs, shock absorbers, and linkages that connect a vehicle to its wheels. Suspension systems serve two main purposes - contributing to a vehicle's handling and braking ability, and protecting the vehicle and passengers from damage caused by road conditions. The key components of a suspension system are described as control arms, ball joints, springs, and shock absorbers. Different types of springs and suspensions systems like independent suspensions and types of stub axles are also outlined.
1 suspension
The document discusses different components of a vehicle's suspension system. It begins by defining sprung mass and unsprung mass. Sprung mass refers to parts of the vehicle supported by the suspension, like the body and frame. Unsprung mass includes components below the suspension like wheels. The document then covers various types of springs used in suspension systems, including leaf springs, coil springs, rubber springs, and torsion bars. It also discusses shock absorbers and their purpose of controlling spring motion. Finally, the key functions of a suspension system are outlined as isolating the vehicle from road shocks and providing stability, comfort, and road handling ability.
Transmission systems
This document discusses various components of vehicle transmission systems including clutches, gearboxes, differentials, and rear axles. It describes 10 types of clutches including friction, centrifugal, and electromagnetic clutches. It outlines 3 types of manual gearboxes and discusses automatic gearboxes including hydromatic and torque converter types. The document also covers differentials, rear axle configurations like semi-floating and full-floating, and rear axle drives such as Hotchkiss and torque tube drives.
Wheel And tyres
Khushin Lakshkar completed a summer internship at Khandelwal Motor Agencies in Mathura, where he studied wheels and tyres. His report discusses the differences and functions of wheels and tyres, describing tyre construction methods like tube and tubeless tyres. It also covers tyre properties, classifications including radial and bias ply construction, and maintenance like rotation and inspection. Wheel requirements and types including pressed steel, spoked, and light alloy wheels are also summarized.
Tyres
This document discusses the key components and functions of automobile tires. It describes the different types of tire casings, including cross-ply, radial, and belted bias ply tires. Radial tires provide advantages like greater shock absorption, lower rolling resistance, and better steering characteristics compared to cross-ply or bias ply tires. The document also outlines the various materials used in tire construction, factors that affect tire life, common tire issues, and the tire manufacturing process.
Wheel Alignment
Wheel alignment involves adjusting the camber, caster, and toe of a vehicle's wheels to optimize handling and reduce tire wear. Camber refers to the tilt of the wheel when viewed from the front. Caster involves the tilt of the steering axis when viewed from the side. Toe refers to the difference in distance between the front and rear of each tire. Adjusting these parameters improves returnability of the steering, stability, and compensates for the coning effect of tires during turns.
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Wheels and tyres page 3
The pneumatic tire was developed in 1888 by John Boyd Dunlop for bicycles but was quickly adapted for motor vehicles. Tires form the first part of the vehicle's suspension by cushioning it with air to absorb shocks from the road. Early tires used inner tubes but most modern tires are tubeless, which allows them to better seal air and self-seal when punctured. Tires must support the vehicle, provide adhesion, minimize rolling resistance, transmit drive, and absorb shock. The main tire types are radial and cross-ply tires, with radials having plies at 90 degrees to the bead for better road handling.
Wheel & Tyre-Service,Repair & Overhaul
This document discusses wheel and tyre service, repair, and overhaul. It begins by introducing tyres and rims, describing their basic functions and components. It then discusses different types of tyres and their nomenclature systems. The document outlines the tyre construction process and different tread designs. It covers inspection and maintenance practices like checking inflation pressure and wear indicators. Finally, it briefly explains tyre rotation, wheel balancing, and bearing maintenance procedures.
Torsion bars suspension
Torsion bars are metal bars used in automobile suspension systems that perform the function of springs. One end of the bar is fixed to the vehicle frame, while the other end is attached to components like the axle or control arm. When forces from driving cause the attached components to twist the bar, it provides resistance like a spring, absorbing shocks from the road. Torsion bars offer benefits like a soft ride, long durability, easy adjustability of vehicle height, and a compact design requiring less interior space compared to coil springs. However, they do not provide progressive spring rates and ride quality can become harsh when adjusted to maximum height. Torsion bar suspension systems are commonly used on trucks, SUVs, and military vehicles.
Wheels Assembly
The wheel assembly consists of the hub, disc or spokes, rim, tyre & tube.Wheels is the important part of the vehicle. The vehicle can’t move on the road without wheels. “ The wheels are legs of the vehicle carry it to far off distance. The support of the whole weight of the vehicle & convert rotary motion into longitudinal one".
Suspension system
The document discusses the suspension system of an automobile. It provides definitions of key terms related to suspension systems such as camber, caster, jounce, and rebound. It describes the main components of a suspension system including springs, dampers, ball joints, tie rods, and track bars. It discusses different types of springs, dampers, and overall suspension systems. It provides details on independent suspension systems such as double wishbone and MacPherson strut types. The purpose of the suspension system is to isolate the vehicle from road shocks and maintain steering geometry.
Suspenstion
The suspension system connects a vehicle to its wheels using springs, shock absorbers, and linkages. It serves two main purposes - contributing to handling and braking, and protecting the vehicle and passengers from road shocks. Common suspension types include independent front suspensions like MacPherson struts and solid rear axles with leaf springs. Proper suspension provides cushioning, stability, and ride comfort while preventing excess body movement.
Tyre life 1.1
TYRE WEAR
Tidy shoes just don't give an appearance boost but also underline the ground grip; somewhat analogous to tyre in vehicles.
Rolling wheels have always been a very dynamic subject to deal with. Apart from regular maintenance of the vehicle, tyre wear is a major point of concern for every automotive owner . Its more dear in the commercial segment . Its second largest element of cost of operation after fuel . Truck , bus , fleet owners or any commercial vehicle driver - carrier - owner would always be keen on getting tyre life irrespective how he drives and loads .
A considerable research has been done in tyre tread wear with
respect to road friction but still the suspension parameters and
steering arrangements are in phase on development. There is no evidence to suggest that certain types of suspensions or steering arrangements have any particular adverse impact on tire life, it's more of a perception than factuality.
We are trying to build an analytical / illustrative module which
explains the appropriate relationship between all geometric parameters and tire life in particular irregular tyre wear. This is been accomplished by varying the geometric angles and tracing their effect on tread wear. Archard' theory been the base of this research work we have sorted some equations, but still some parameters are not accounted altogether. For ex., while calculating the varying toe and camber angles temperature or global contact points remain unaccounted. And still some uncertainties remain regarding the friction coefficients.
The objective is to build an model which can explain and hence suggest correction to reduce tyre wear and enhance life. While its complex with varying geometry under various speeds, loads & road condition .
All leads are appreciated.
Tires and wheels
The document discusses various aspects of tires and wheels, including their design and components, types of tires, defects to look for, how to read sidewall information, proper inflation and maintenance. It also covers topics like how ABS, stability control, and suspension work with tires to maximize traction. Tire pressure monitoring systems, wheel specifications, and the proper procedure for changing a tire are additionally explained.
Automobile suspension system
The document discusses various types of automobile suspension systems. It describes independent suspension systems that allow each wheel to move independently and non-independent systems where the wheels are attached to a solid axle. Common types of independent suspension include MacPherson strut suspension, wishbone suspension, and solid rear axle suspension. The document also covers suspension components like springs, shock absorbers, control arms, and sway bars. It provides advantages and disadvantages of different suspension types.
Unit 3 Suspension and Brakes System
This document provides a summary of topics related to suspension and brake systems that will be covered, including types of suspension linkages, springs, shock absorbers, and brakes. It discusses the objectives of suspension systems and defines sprung and unsprung mass. It describes various suspension components and types of suspension including independent and non-independent, as well as different suspension springs, air suspension systems, and hydraulic systems. It also summarizes drum brakes, disc brakes, hydraulic braking systems, servo brakes, ABS, and hand brakes.
Trailing arm
Trailing arm suspension uses an arm parallel to the vehicle's longitudinal axis to connect the wheel to the frame. A semi-trailing arm makes an angle with this axis. Trailing arms provide a rigid connection to the wheel with no camber change. A semi-trailing arm allows adjustment of roll center height and camber curve. Different bushing materials can be used, like Delrin nylon or POM, which provide durability and smooth movement while withstanding wear.
Suspension Systems & Components design & Analysis
The document discusses suspension systems and components. It outlines the objectives of suspension systems which include providing good ride and handling performance, ensuring steering control is maintained during maneuvering, and providing isolation from high frequency vibrations. It describes types of independent and dependent suspensions and components such as springs, dampers, wishbones. It covers analyses like mobility, kinematics and forces in suspension members for different load conditions. Different suspension configurations are discussed including MacPherson strut, double wishbone, solid axle leaf spring systems.
Tyres used in agricultural implements
This document provides information on different types of tires used in agricultural implements and the differences between radial and bias tires. It discusses solid tires, pneumatic tires including bias ply, bias belted and radial ply constructions. It then focuses on tires used in agricultural implements like tractors and implements. Finally, it details the differences between radial and bias tire constructions, components, and performance, noting that radials provide a softer ride, improved fuel economy, and longer tire life while bias tires sacrifice longevity but offer high load capacity at reduced cost.
Tyre rotation for automobile cars
Tyre rotation involves periodically shifting tyres to different wheel positions in order to promote even tread wear. Uneven wear occurs for various reasons, such as the front tyres bearing more weight and taking on steering duties. There are two main tyre rotation methods - four wheel rotation, where front and rear tyres swap positions in a cross pattern, and five wheel rotation where the spare tyre is also included in the rotation. Tyre rotation should be performed every 10,000km to maximize tyre life and performance.
A Presentation on Innovations in suspension mechanisms.
The changes involved in the field of Suspensions for better comfort and performance in different terrains.
Driveshafts
The document summarizes key components and functions of rear-wheel drive (RWD) and front-wheel drive (FWD) driveshafts. For RWD, it describes how universal joints and slip joints allow the driveshaft length and angle to change as the rear axle moves up and down. It also discusses phasing of joints to reduce speed fluctuations. For FWD, it outlines the major components including fixed and plunge constant velocity (CV) joints, and how they allow the driveshaft to bend during turning and change length when wheels move vertically.
3.1 suspension systems
The document discusses suspension systems in vehicles. It defines a suspension system as the system of springs, shock absorbers, and linkages that connect a vehicle to its wheels. Suspension systems serve two main purposes - contributing to a vehicle's handling and braking ability, and protecting the vehicle and passengers from damage caused by road conditions. The key components of a suspension system are described as control arms, ball joints, springs, and shock absorbers. Different types of springs and suspensions systems like independent suspensions and types of stub axles are also outlined.
1 suspension
The document discusses different components of a vehicle's suspension system. It begins by defining sprung mass and unsprung mass. Sprung mass refers to parts of the vehicle supported by the suspension, like the body and frame. Unsprung mass includes components below the suspension like wheels. The document then covers various types of springs used in suspension systems, including leaf springs, coil springs, rubber springs, and torsion bars. It also discusses shock absorbers and their purpose of controlling spring motion. Finally, the key functions of a suspension system are outlined as isolating the vehicle from road shocks and providing stability, comfort, and road handling ability.
Transmission systems
This document discusses various components of vehicle transmission systems including clutches, gearboxes, differentials, and rear axles. It describes 10 types of clutches including friction, centrifugal, and electromagnetic clutches. It outlines 3 types of manual gearboxes and discusses automatic gearboxes including hydromatic and torque converter types. The document also covers differentials, rear axle configurations like semi-floating and full-floating, and rear axle drives such as Hotchkiss and torque tube drives.
Wheel And tyres
Khushin Lakshkar completed a summer internship at Khandelwal Motor Agencies in Mathura, where he studied wheels and tyres. His report discusses the differences and functions of wheels and tyres, describing tyre construction methods like tube and tubeless tyres. It also covers tyre properties, classifications including radial and bias ply construction, and maintenance like rotation and inspection. Wheel requirements and types including pressed steel, spoked, and light alloy wheels are also summarized.
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Tyres
This document discusses the key components and functions of automobile tires. It describes the different types of tire casings, including cross-ply, radial, and belted bias ply tires. Radial tires provide advantages like greater shock absorption, lower rolling resistance, and better steering characteristics compared to cross-ply or bias ply tires. The document also outlines the various materials used in tire construction, factors that affect tire life, common tire issues, and the tire manufacturing process.
Wheel Alignment
Wheel alignment involves adjusting the camber, caster, and toe of a vehicle's wheels to optimize handling and reduce tire wear. Camber refers to the tilt of the wheel when viewed from the front. Caster involves the tilt of the steering axis when viewed from the side. Toe refers to the difference in distance between the front and rear of each tire. Adjusting these parameters improves returnability of the steering, stability, and compensates for the coning effect of tires during turns.
Alignment Settings Wheel Camber & Caster
Wheel alignment settings like camber, caster, and toe are important for vehicle performance and tire wear. Camber refers to the tilt of the wheel - positive camber improves stability while negative camber is better for cornering. Caster helps the vehicle steer in a straight line. Toe alignment involves pointing the wheels slightly inward (toe-in) or outward (toe-out), which affects steering and tire wear. These settings need periodic adjustment and depend on the vehicle type and intended use.
Wheels and tyres page 4
The document discusses different types of tires - radial and cross-ply tires. Radial tires provide better fuel efficiency, handling, and longer lifespan compared to cross-ply tires. It is illegal and dangerous to mix radial and cross-ply tires on the same axle of a vehicle due to their differing characteristics, as it can cause loss of control. The document recommends using all radial tires or putting radial tires on the rear axle and cross-ply tires on the front axle if mixing the two types.
Modular Architectures: What they are why do they matter now.
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Modular architecture addresses both these problems. It is not a novel thought or an isolated architectural style, but a structured way to refactor, rather restructure the code to make the systems easier to understand, extend and adopt to the new paradigms. The focus of Modular Architecture is the structural and physical design.
Press-on Tyres by Royal Tyres Private Limited Chennai
Started to create milestones, we Royal Tyres Private Limited marked our presence in the year 1992 and operates in the manufacturing/servicing of Mold On Wheels, Super Elastic Tyres, Trolley Tyres, Non-Marker Tyre, Mold-on Wheel Tyres since 19 years. Our quality services/products have always won us many appreciations from our clients. Our spontaneous performance and confident approach in offering the excellent range of Mold On Wheels, Super Elastic Tyres, Trolley Tyres, Non-Marker Tyre, Mold-on Wheel Tyres, Press-on Tyres that has made us to deepen our roots in the market. We Royal Tyres Private Limited breathe with the aim to satisfy our clients with our smart products/services. We are a unit of highly experienced professionals who all contribute best of their potentials to offer high efficiency.
Tyres and tubes
This document provides information about tyres and tubes for students. It discusses the construction of tyres, including treads, patterns, markings and ratings. It also covers the latest trends like run-flat and airless tyres. The document recommends safety measures for tyres such as checking for proper inflation and balancing to prevent hydroplaning. It concludes with reinforcing the importance of tyre safety and maintenance.
Alignment for car
The document discusses various aspects of wheel alignment, including caster, camber, toe, steering axis inclination, and toe-out on turns. It provides details on:
1) The purpose and effects of positive and negative caster and how it is adjusted.
2) The purpose and effects of positive and negative camber and manufacturer recommendations.
3) The purpose of toe settings for rear-wheel drive and front-wheel drive vehicles and how toe is adjusted.
Wheel alignment
The document discusses various wheel alignments and their effects on vehicle performance. It defines caster as the angle of the steering pivot, camber as the tilt of the tire, and toe as the alignment of wheels parallel to each other. It recommends negative camber for fast driving to improve grip, and positive camber for slow driving to balance tire wear. Toe-in is described as wheels pointing slightly inward, while toe-out has them pointing outward, with each alignment impacting tire wear. Proper alignment is said to improve mileage, tire life, and steering performance.
4 independed suspension system
This document describes five main types of independent suspension systems: 1) MacPherson strut, 2) Wishbone, 3) Vertical guide, 4) Trailing link, and 5) Swinging half axles. It provides details on each system, including components, how they function, advantages and disadvantages. For example, it explains that the MacPherson strut system uses a lower wishbone and strut with shock absorber/coil spring to position the wheel. This system provides maximum engine compartment space and is commonly used in front-wheel drive cars.
Mktg Strats Tyre Industry
The document discusses the tyre manufacturing industry in India using Porter's Five Forces model. It notes that the industry faces high competition, cost pressures, and increasing raw material costs despite growing demand. The top 5 companies control over 80% of production. Bargaining power of suppliers is high due to few suppliers and lack of substitutes, while buyers have moderate-to-high power. Potential entrants face very high barriers to entry due to the capital intensive nature and risks. Threat of substitutes is currently low but increasing.
Product Architecture
The document discusses product architecture, which is the arrangement of functional elements into physical chunks or modules that make up the core building blocks of a product. It notes that product architecture is determined early in the development process and impacts factors like manufacturing cost, product evolution, and more. The document provides examples of modular versus integral architecture and walks through establishing the architecture for a sample desk jet printer.
Quality control and inspection of tyres
The document discusses quality control and inspection processes for tires. It describes the structure of tires and key manufacturing steps like compounding, component separation, tire building, and curing. Important inspection steps are outlined like pre-production, materials, production, visual, weight and measurement, and final inspections. Key parameters tested are rolling resistance, balance, and high speed performance. Standards like ISO are referenced.
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The document summarizes the components and functions of an automobile steering system. It describes the key parts that transfer motion from the steering wheel to the front wheels, including the steering column, gearbox, linkage, and rack-and-pinion assembly. It also explains the purposes of the steering system to control direction, maintain effort levels, absorb shocks, and allow for suspension movement, while highlighting common steering system types like recirculating ball, rack-and-pinion, and hydraulic power steering.
Tyre Management Services / Fleet Management Services
TechnoFleet is a team of engineers with a rich experience in Information Technology, Tyre and Transport industry.
We understand that your fleet is at the heart of your business and your daily challenge is to deliver your goods, your passengers and your services to your clients.
Our mission is to support you in your day-to-day challenges; maximizing your vehicle’s up-time so that your fleet is always mobile.
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This document discusses Tweel tires, which are non-pneumatic tires that do not use air. Tweels use flexible polyurethane spokes connected to a hub to support an outer rim and absorb shocks like traditional pneumatic tires. The document covers the design, materials, applications and advantages of Tweels over pneumatic tires, such as increased fuel efficiency, elimination of puncture risks, and recyclability of materials. Tweels are used on small vehicles and military vehicles where their durability is beneficial compared to pneumatic tires.
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This document provides training materials for automotive sales consultants on basic automotive technology. It begins with the purpose and goal of the training, which is to enable consultants to understand and explain vehicle specifications and terminology to customers. It then covers the anatomy and systems of automobiles including rear-wheel drive, four-wheel drive, and front-wheel drive vehicles. It describes the power train system including the engine, fuel system, transmission components, and wheels. It also covers running and comfort systems. Specific engine topics covered include two-stroke vs four-stroke engines, diesel vs gasoline, carbureted vs fuel injected, and engine parameters that impact efficiency.
Steering geometry 8
There are five key steering geometry angles that describe the angular relationship between suspension and steering parts: camber, caster, king pin inclination, and toe in/toe out on turns. Camber is the angle between the vertical line and center line of the tire when viewed from the front. Caster tilts the kingpin center line toward the front or back from vertical. King pin inclination is the angle between the kingpin center line and vertical when viewed from the front. Toe in/toe out refers to whether the front of the wheel points inward or outward from the centerline of the vehicle. Ackermann steering geometry arranges the linkages so that the inner and outer wheels can turn through different angles during
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This document provides information about antifriction bearings and bearing lubrication. It discusses how rolling bearings use balls or rolling elements to minimize friction between bearing rings. It also describes how grease and oil are used as lubricants, with grease being preferred for applications where continuous oil supply is not possible. Grease provides lubrication, prevents corrosion and seals out dirt. The document discusses EHD lubrication principles for rolling bearings and explains how grease properties and NLGI grades are selected based on the application and operating conditions.
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The document discusses vehicle suspension systems. It defines suspension as the system that connects a vehicle to its wheels using springs, dampers, and linkages. Suspension serves two purposes - contributing to handling and braking safety while keeping occupants comfortable by isolating them from road bumps and noise. The goals of handling and comfort must be balanced in suspension tuning. Modern suspensions are mostly independent, with each wheel able to move independently. Key suspension components include springs, dampers, control arms, ball joints, and other linkages. Suspension design focuses on providing a smooth ride while maintaining steering and handling control.
Suspension system
The suspension system connects a vehicle to its wheels and serves two main purposes - contributing to handling and braking safety while also providing a comfortable ride by isolating the vehicle from road bumps and noise. An effective suspension balances these goals. Most modern vehicles use independent front and rear suspension systems with springs, shock absorbers, and linkages to enable each wheel to move independently without affecting the others, improving both ride and handling. The suspension aims to separate the energy of vertical wheel movements from the vehicle body.
Suspension, steering & braking system
The document provides an overview of suspension, steering, and braking systems for automobiles. It discusses the different types of suspension systems including rigid axle, independent suspension, and McPherson strut suspension. It also describes shock absorbers, steering gears and geometry, power steering, automatic transmission, wheel alignment, hydraulic and air brakes. The key components and purposes of each system are outlined.
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Wheels and tires are important components of vehicles that require safety precautions when working on. Tires provide cushioning between the vehicle and road and friction to allow the vehicle to operate. They are made of rubber and other materials. Wheels can be made of aluminum or magnesium alloys and must be strong enough to support the vehicle. Tire construction involves plies, belts, and treads. Radial tires have more flexible sidewalls than cross-ply tires. Tire markings provide information on size, load rating, and speed rating.
Machine tools and tools used in automobile repairing workshop.
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How differential works
The document summarizes the key components and functioning of a differential assembly. It describes the main parts like the pinion gear, ring gear, differential case, and rear axles. It explains how the differential transfers power from the driveshaft to the wheels while allowing them to rotate at different speeds during turns. The document also briefly discusses hypoid gears, limited-slip differentials, transaxles, universal joints, and common differential problems.
suspension system.ppt
The suspension system connects a vehicle to its wheels using springs, shock absorbers, and linkages. It serves two purposes - contributing to handling and braking while also protecting the vehicle and cargo from road shocks. There are two main types of suspension systems - rigid/non-independent and independent. Rigid suspension connects both sides of the axle together while independent suspension allows each wheel to move independently. Common components of suspension systems include coil springs, shock absorbers, control arms, and sway bars which help provide cushioning, stability, and ride comfort.
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The document discusses wheel bearings, including their types, parts, inspection, and service procedures. It describes the symptoms of defective wheel bearings, such as noise and looseness. The summary explains how to inspect non-drive wheel bearings, including cleaning and packing them with new grease before reinstallation. Special attention is paid to properly adjusting the spindle nut during reinstallation.
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The document discusses wheel bearings, including the types of antifriction bearings used in automotive applications and their components. It describes ball bearings, roller bearings, tapered roller bearings, and sealed front wheel drive bearings. It also covers bearing inspection procedures, greases used for lubrication, and seals used to prevent lubricant leakage and contamination.
Bearing and it's applications
Bearing is a mechanical element that drives relative motion to only the desired motion. It helps in reducing the friction between the moving parts. Let's dig into each type of bearing and its uses to get a wider vision.
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This document provides an overview of automobile suspension systems. It discusses the main components of a suspension system including springs, shock absorbers, and linkages. It explains the purpose of suspension systems is to support the vehicle's weight while cushioning the ride and maintaining proper tire position. It describes the working principles of springs and shock absorbers, discussing how springs absorb movement and shocks dampen oscillations. It also provides details on spring rates and the dynamics of how suspension systems work when vehicles encounter bumps in the road.
Basic bearing technology
Basic Bearing Technology document provides an overview of bearing fundamentals:
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- Bearing components include an inner ring, outer ring, rolling elements, and a cage. The cage holds the rolling elements and provides space for lubrication.
- Bearings can experience radial, axial or combined loads. Internal clearance is maintained to account for fits, tolerances and thermal expansion. The load zone is the area where load
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The document summarizes the key components and functions of vehicle suspension and braking systems. It discusses the purpose of suspension systems in isolating the vehicle from road shocks. It describes common suspension types like leaf springs, coil springs, torsion bars, and air suspension. It also explains key braking system components like drums, discs, master cylinders, and anti-lock braking systems. The document provides an overview of how different suspension and braking technologies work to provide vehicle stability, ride comfort, and safety.
Unit 2 : Suspension System
The document provides information on vehicle suspension systems. It discusses the key components of a suspension system including springs, dampers, and linkages. The goals of a suspension system are to contribute to vehicle handling/braking performance while keeping occupants comfortable by isolating them from road bumps and noise. The suspension supports the vehicle's weight, provides a smooth ride, and protects the vehicle from damage. Common types of suspension systems include dependent systems that link the two wheels and independent systems where each wheel can move independently. Key aspects like sprung mass, unsprung mass, suspension types, and springs are also summarized.
Bearings.pdf
This document discusses bearings, including their classification, types, installation, selection, and life estimation. It covers:
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The document provides instructions for installing and removing SKF 623 single row deep groove ball bearings. It discusses cleaning and preparing the bearing, housing, and shaft before installation. It describes pressing or heating bearings for interference fits on shafts or in housings. Lubrication with grease after installation is also covered. For removal, it recommends using pullers and presses to remove bearings from shafts or housings while avoiding damage.
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Machine tools and tools used in automobile repairing workshop.
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Wheels and tyres page 6
The document discusses tyre sizes and aspect ratios. It explains that tyre sizes are denoted by a series of numbers on the sidewall. Today, tyres often have different widths and heights, and this size differentiation is expressed as an aspect ratio. The aspect ratio is the ratio of the tyre's height compared to its width, expressed as a percentage. The document provides an example tyre size and explains what each number in the size designation represents, such as width, aspect ratio, rim diameter, load index, and speed rating. It also discusses causes of different tyre wear problems like under inflation and over inflation.
Wheels and tyres page 5
Tyres have a load index rating that indicates their load carrying capacity, with a higher number meaning a greater capacity. They also have a speed rating using letters, with higher letters indicating a higher maximum safe speed. Using a tyre with too low a load or speed rating could cause overloading or overheating and result in failure like a blowout. Tread wear indicators are used to visually check the tread depth remains above the minimum legal limit.
Ignition systems page 13
A stroboscopic timing lamp is used to check ignition timing. Mechanical contact breaker distributors don't stay accurate for long, wear out quickly, and require frequent servicing. An engine with over-retarded ignition can run after being switched off or overheat, while one with over-advanced ignition causes detonation and poor running. Ignition coils use mutual induction to step up the voltage from 12V to the higher voltage needed to create a spark.
Ignition systems page 12
Ignition maps stored in an ignition ECU contain factory programmed ignition timing settings for different engine speeds and loads. During engine design, manufacturers calculate the optimal timing for power, economy, and other factors. Graphs show timing advance curves for mechanical distributors and electronic ignition maps. Ignition maps provide more accurate timing across conditions than mechanical distributors, improving performance and economy. The latest ignition systems use individual coils for each cylinder, generating over 40,000 volts for better running and starting.
Ignition systems page 11
Distributorless ignition systems utilize special coils instead of a distributor to deliver sparks. Each coil fires alternately to produce sparks for two cylinders simultaneously, with one spark igniting normally and the other being "wasted" in the exhaust stroke cylinder where it has no effect. Programmed ignition systems use an ECU to alter ignition timing based on engine speed and load conditions stored in maps to match a wide range of operating conditions.
Ignition systems page 10
Spark plugs ignite the fuel mixture in an engine. They produce a high-voltage spark that jumps the air gap between the electrodes, igniting the petrol and air. The insulator and ceramic materials allow the spark plug to withstand the high voltages and temperatures involved. The plug reach must be correctly sized so the spark can jump the gap to ignite the fuel without damaging the piston. Different plug designs alter the heat path to suit various engine applications.
Ignition systems page 9
The high tension leads connect the distributor cap to the spark plugs and coil. They are highly insulated wires to keep the high voltage inside and reduce radio interference. There are three common types of high tension leads: copper core, graphite core, and reactive cable. It is important that the spark does not leak to earth before reaching the spark plug, otherwise the plug will not fire the fuel mixture. Spark tracking can cause an engine to not run by providing a path for the spark to leak to earth instead of jumping the spark plug gap.
Ignition systems page 8
The optical pulse generator consists of a shutter connected to a distributor shaft cam. When the distributor rotates, the shutter interrupts a light beam between a light emitting diode and photo transistor. This produces a signal that is passed to the control module to determine engine speed and position. The control module amplifies and switches the primary signal from the trigger systems and can vary the dwell angle. It is located near the distributor to simplify wiring and improve reliability.
Ignition systems page 7
The document discusses different ignition system trigger types. It describes three main types of pulse generators: Hall effect, inductive, and optical. The inductive type works by inducing an alternating current in a coil from a rotating iron magnet rotor. The faster the rotor spins, the higher the frequency and voltage output. The Hall effect type uses a magnet and Hall chip, where the magnetic flux is diverted away from the chip by a passing vane, turning the chip on and off. It provides a timing signal to a transistor that switches the primary circuit.
Ignition systems page 6
The ignition timing must be advanced to allow time for the fuel to fully combust before maximum cylinder pressure is reached slightly after top dead center. As engine speed increases, the crankshaft rotates through each cycle faster, so the ignition timing needs to be advanced earlier in the cycle using a centrifugal advance mechanism. At lower engine speeds and partial throttle openings, vacuum control is used to further advance the timing for complete combustion with a weaker air-fuel mixture that burns more slowly.
Ignition systems page 5
The document discusses dwell angle, which is the amount of degrees of rotation of the distributor cam that the contact breaker points are closed. A typical dwell angle setting for a four cylinder engine is approximately 50 degrees. It provides an example of a four cylinder vehicle with a dwell angle of 50 degrees, in which the points would be open for 160 degrees and closed for 200 degrees per rotation. It asks how many cylinders an engine with four cams on the rotor would have, and notes it would be four cylinders. The document discusses issues that can occur with too large or too small of an air gap at the contact breaker points. It also lists three disadvantages of contact breaker points compared to a modern electronic ignition system.
Ignition systems page 4
Contact breaker points are no longer used in modern vehicles but can still be found in some older vehicles. Contact breaker points are used to switch the primary circuit of the ignition coil on and off, causing the magnetic field to collapse rapidly and inducing a high voltage in the secondary circuit. Modern vehicles do not use this system because the mechanical contact breaker points have a limited lifespan and are replaced by electronic ignition systems which do not wear out.
Ignition systems page 3
The document discusses ignition coils and ballast resistors. It provides details on how ignition coils work, producing high voltage sparks from a lower primary voltage using electromagnetic induction. It notes that ignition coil output is influenced by primary voltage, contact points, and winding conditions. A ballast resistor is used to offset the battery drain from starting, maintaining sufficient primary voltage for good sparking when starting. It works by bypassing the resistor once the engine is running to provide full battery voltage to the primary coil winding.
Ignition systems page 2
The ignition system has two circuits: the primary and secondary. The primary circuit charges and discharges the coil. This discharge induces a high voltage in the secondary circuit, which creates the spark at the spark plug. To jump a 0.6mm air gap requires 2000-3000 volts, while inside an engine cylinder requires over 8000 volts. Higher compression engines may require up to 20,000 volts. The vehicle's 12 volt system steps up the voltage through mutual induction in the coil, where a magnetic field built up in the primary windings collapses rapidly into the secondary windings, discharging high voltage to the spark plug.
Ignition systems page 1
The document discusses ignition systems for internal combustion engines. It explains that the main purpose of an ignition system is to provide a spark in the combustion chamber towards the end of the compression stroke to ignite the air-fuel mixture. It outlines the two main categories of ignition systems with camshaft-driven distributors: contact breaker point systems and contactless electronic systems. The contact breaker system uses a mechanical switch to operate the ignition coil, while the electronic system uses electrical components. It also includes diagrams of a four-cylinder coil ignition system and questions about the functions of its components.
Cables page 111 in book
The selection of cables and insulation for vehicles depends on the voltage and current to be carried. Cables are often bundled together in a harness for easier installation and to reduce breakage risks. Individual cables are color-coded to identify their path. Cable thickness determines current capacity, with a 0.30mm cable rated for 0.5 amps. Starter motors convert electrical to mechanical energy to crank the engine. They typically use inertia or pre-engagement designs.
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7:个人信誉贷款加10分
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我们所定的价格是非常合理的，而且我们现在做得单子大多数都是代理和回头客户介绍的所以一般现在有新的单子 我给客户的都是第一手的代理价格，因为我想坦诚对待大家 不想跟大家在价格方面浪费时间
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Cat Plein, Development & Communications Director of Forth, gave this presentation at the Forth and Electrification Coalition CFI Grant Program - Overview and Technical Assistance webinar on June 12, 2024.
原版制作(澳洲WSU毕业证书)西悉尼大学毕业证文凭证书一模一样
学校原件一模一样【微信：741003700 】《(澳洲WSU毕业证书)西悉尼大学毕业证文凭证书》【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
【主营项目】
一.毕业证【q微741003700】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
一比一原版(UMich毕业证)密歇根大学|安娜堡分校毕业证如何办理
UMich毕业证成绩单【微信95270640】（密歇根大学|安娜堡分校毕业证成绩单本科学历）Q微信95270640(补办UMich学位文凭证书)密歇根大学|安娜堡分校留信网学历认证怎么办理密歇根大学|安娜堡分校毕业证成绩单精仿本科学位证书硕士文凭证书认证Seneca College diplomaoffer,Transcript办理硕士学位证书造假密歇根大学|安娜堡分校假文凭学位证书制作UMich本科毕业证书硕士学位证书精仿密歇根大学|安娜堡分校学历认证成绩单修改制作，办理真实认证、留信认证、使馆公证、购买成绩单，购买假文凭，购买假学位证，制造假国外大学文凭、毕业公证、毕业证明书、录取通知书、Offer、在读证明、雅思托福成绩单、假文凭、假毕业证、请假条、国际驾照、网上存档可查！
文凭办理流程：
1客户提供办理信息：姓名生日专业学位毕业时间等（如信息不确定可以咨询顾问：微信95270640我们有专业老师帮你查询）；
2开始安排制作毕业证成绩单电子图；
3毕业证成绩单电子版做好以后发送给您确认；
4毕业证成绩单电子版您确认信息无误之后安排制作成品；
5成品做好拍照或者视频给您确认；
6快递给客户（国内顺丰国外DHLUPS等快读邮寄）。
7完成交易删除客户资料
高精端提供以下服务：
一：密歇根大学|安娜堡分校密歇根大学|安娜堡分校毕业证假文凭全套材料从防伪到印刷水印底纹到钢印烫金
二：真实使馆认证（留学人员回国证明）使馆存档
三：真实教育部认证教育部存档教育部留服网站可查
四：留信认证留学生信息网站可查
五：与学校颁发的相关证件1:1纸质尺寸制定（定期向各大院校毕业生购买最新版本毕,业证成绩单保证您拿到的是鲁昂大学内部最新版本毕业证成绩单微信95270640）
A.为什么留学生需要操作留信认证?
留信认证全称全国留学生信息服务网认证,隶属于北京中科院。①留信认证门槛条件更低,费用更美丽,并且包过,完单周期短,效率高②留信认证虽然不能去国企,但是一般的公司都没有问题,因为国内很多公司连基本的留学生学历认证都不了解。这对于留学生来说,这就比自己光拿一个证书更有说服力,因为留学学历可以在留信网站上进行查询!
B.为什么我们提供的毕业证成绩单具有使用价值？
查询留服认证是国内鉴别留学生海外学历的唯一途径但认证只是个体行为不是所有留学生都操作所以没有办理认证的留学生的学历在国内也是查询不到的他们也仅仅只有一张文凭。所以这时候我们提供的和学校颁发的一模一样的毕业证成绩单就有了使用价值。他们熟识起来还成了无话不谈的好朋友可惜快乐的时光总是太短太匆忙有一次当他们在楼下捉迷藏时一根长竹竿居然穿越安全网从高空砸下不偏不倚重重地砸在小伙伴阿新稚嫩的肩上父亲再也不让山娃上工地玩了有一天因为过于思念小伙伴山娃还偷偷地跑到工地上去找去唤无奈小伙伴们全不知去向当山娃折好只纸鹤让父亲转交阿新时父亲哽咽了摆摆手说阿新早回老家疗伤去了当山娃追问缘何不留在城里疗伤时父亲沉默了好久才幽幽地说城里开支大没不
一比一原版(WashU文凭证书)圣路易斯华盛顿大学毕业证如何办理
一模一样【微信：176555708】【(WashU文凭证书)圣路易斯华盛顿大学毕业证成绩单Offer】【微信：176555708】（留信学历认证永久存档查询）采用学校原版纸张、特殊工艺完全按照原版一比一制作（包括：隐形水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠，文字图案浮雕，激光镭射，紫外荧光，温感，复印防伪）行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备，十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，业务范围有加拿大、英国、澳洲、韩国、美国、新加坡，新西兰等学历材料，包您满意。
【业务选择办理准则】
一、工作未确定，回国需先给父母、亲戚朋友看下文凭的情况，办理一份就读学校的毕业证【微信：176555708】文凭即可
二、回国进私企、外企、自己做生意的情况，这些单位是不查询毕业证真伪的，而且国内没有渠道去查询国外文凭的真假，也不需要提供真实教育部认证。鉴于此，办理一份毕业证【微信：176555708】即可
三、进国企，银行，事业单位，考公务员等等，这些单位是必需要提供真实教育部认证的，办理教育部认证所需资料众多且烦琐，所有材料您都必须提供原件，我们凭借丰富的经验，快捷的绿色通道帮您快速整合材料，让您少走弯路。
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
→ 【关于价格问题（保证一手价格）
我们所定的价格是非常合理的，而且我们现在做得单子大多数都是代理和回头客户介绍的所以一般现在有新的单子 我给客户的都是第一手的代理价格，因为我想坦诚对待大家 不想跟大家在价格方面浪费时间
对于老客户或者被老客户介绍过来的朋友，我们都会适当给一些优惠。
选择实体注册公司办理，更放心，更安全！我们的承诺：可来公司面谈，可签订合同，会陪同客户一起到教育部认证窗口递交认证材料，客户在教育部官方认证查询网站查询到认证通过结果后付款，不成功不收费！
Charging and Fueling Infrastructure Grant: Round 2 by Brandt Hertenstein
Brandt Hertenstein, Program Manager of the Electrification Coalition gave this presentation at the Forth and Electrification Coalition CFI Grant Program - Overview and Technical Assistance webinar on June 12, 2024.
按照学校原版(UniSA文凭证书)南澳大学毕业证快速办理
咨询办理【(UniSA毕业证书)南澳大学毕业证】【176555708微信号】未毕业成绩单、外壳、offer、留信学历认证（永久存档真实可查）采用学校原版纸张、特殊工艺完全按照原版一比一制作（包括：隐形水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠，文字图案浮雕，激光镭射，紫外荧光，温感，复印防伪）行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备，十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，业务范围有加拿大、英国、澳洲、韩国、美国、新加坡，新西兰等学历材料，包您满意。
【我们承诺采用的是学校原版纸张（纸质、底色、纹路），我们拥有全套进口原装设备，特殊工艺都是采用不同机器制作，仿真度基本可以达到100%，所有工艺效果都可提前给客户展示，不满意可以根据客户要求进行调整，直到满意为止！】
【业务选择办理准则】
一、工作未确定，回国需先给父母、亲戚朋友看下文凭的情况，办理一份就读学校的毕业证【微信176555708】文凭即可
二、回国进私企、外企、自己做生意的情况，这些单位是不查询毕业证真伪的，而且国内没有渠道去查询国外文凭的真假，也不需要提供真实教育部认证。鉴于此，办理一份毕业证【微信176555708】即可
三、进国企，银行，事业单位，考公务员等等，这些单位是必需要提供真实教育部认证的，办理教育部认证所需资料众多且烦琐，所有材料您都必须提供原件，我们凭借丰富的经验，快捷的绿色通道帮您快速整合材料，让您少走弯路。
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
留信网服务项目：
1、留学生专业人才库服务（留信分析）
2、国（境）学习人员提供就业推荐信服务
3、留学人员区块链存储服务
→ 【关于价格问题（保证一手价格）】
我们所定的价格是非常合理的，而且我们现在做得单子大多数都是代理和回头客户介绍的所以一般现在有新的单子 我给客户的都是第一手的代理价格，因为我想坦诚对待大家 不想跟大家在价格方面浪费时间
对于老客户或者被老客户介绍过来的朋友，我们都会适当给一些优惠。
选择实体注册公司办理，更放心，更安全！我们的承诺：客户在留信官方认证查询网站查询到认证通过结果后付款，不成功不收费！
EV Charging at MFH Properties by Whitaker Jamieson
Whitaker Jamieson, Senior Specialist at Forth, gave this presentation at the Forth Addressing The Challenges of Charging at Multi-Family Housing webinar on June 11, 2024.
快速办理(napier毕业证书)英国龙比亚大学毕业证在读证明一模一样
学校原件一模一样【微信：741003700 】《(napier毕业证书)英国龙比亚大学毕业证》【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
【主营项目】
一.毕业证【q微741003700】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
原版制作(Exeter毕业证书)埃克塞特大学毕业证完成信一模一样
学校原件一模一样【微信：741003700 】《(Exeter毕业证书)埃克塞特大学毕业证》【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
【主营项目】
一.毕业证【q微741003700】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
Catalytic Converter theft prevention - NYC.pptx
Understanding Catalytic Converter Theft:
What is a Catalytic Converter?: Learn about the function of catalytic converters in vehicles and why they are targeted by thieves.
Why are They Stolen?: Discover the valuable metals inside catalytic converters (such as platinum, palladium, and rhodium) that make them attractive to criminals.
Steps to Prevent Catalytic Converter Theft:
Parking Strategies: Tips on where and how to park your vehicle to reduce the risk of theft, such as parking in well-lit areas or secure garages.
Protective Devices: Overview of various anti-theft devices available, including catalytic converter locks, shields, and alarms.
Etching and Marking: The benefits of etching your vehicle’s VIN on the catalytic converter or using a catalytic converter marking kit to make it traceable and less appealing to thieves.
Surveillance and Monitoring: Recommendations for using security cameras and motion-sensor lights to deter thieves.
Statistics and Insights:
Theft Rates by Borough: Analysis of data to determine which borough in NYC experiences the highest rate of catalytic converter thefts.
Recent Trends: Current trends and patterns in catalytic converter thefts to help you stay aware of emerging hotspots and tactics used by thieves.
Benefits of This Presentation:
Awareness: Increase your awareness about catalytic converter theft and its impact on vehicle owners.
Practical Tips: Gain actionable insights and tips to effectively prevent catalytic converter theft.
Local Insights: Understand the specific risks in different NYC boroughs, helping you take targeted preventive measures.
This presentation aims to equip you with the knowledge and tools needed to protect your vehicle from catalytic converter theft, ensuring you are prepared and proactive in safeguarding your property.
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Wheels and tyres pages 8 and 9
- 1. Wheels and tyres Pages 8 and 9
- 2. Objectives All of you will: • Identify, name and label components associated with tyre pressure monitoring, hub bearings and run flat tyres Most of you will: • Explain the operation of components associated with tyre pressure monitoring, hub bearings and run flat tyres Some of you will: • Predict symptoms of worn or damaged components associated with tyre pressure monitoring, hub bearings and run flat tyres
- 3. Tyre pressure monitoring systems (TPMS)
- 4. There are two main types of TPM systems in use today, one system uses the ABS system and the other uses a series of sensors fitted to the inside of the tyre rim and a receiver unit nearby.
- 5. Describe with the aid of a drawing how the ABS operated TPM system works:
- 7. • As the ABS system monitors wheel speeds if the speeds are different the ECU can recognise that the wheel circumference is smaller – signifying a flat tyre
- 8. What should be observed when working with the system shown below? • This is called ‘direct tyre pressure monitoring’
- 9. • Direct tyre pressure monitors have sensors fitted to the inside of the wheel rims (part of the valve). • They can be easily damaged when replacing tyres
- 10. There are two main types of run flat tyres. State the difference between the two main types:
- 11. • One type is known as a self supporting run flat. This type has a thicker sidewall to enable the strength to support the weight of the vehicle in the event of a puncture.
- 12. • The other type is an auxiliary supported run flat tyre. They use an additional support ring inside special wheel rims.
- 13. Some manufacturers supply a space saver tyre instead of a full size spare today, why are space savers used? • To save space in the boot, especially if the ‘real’ wheels are wide. • They would probably save the manufacturer money too.
- 14. What needs to be observed when using a space saver tyre? • There are speed and distance restrictions placed on the space savers. • i.e. how far and how fast you can drive
- 15. It is common for a hub to be supported by two hub bearings, an inner and an outer.
- 16. Name the different types of bearing than are in use: • Ball bearings • Double ball bearings • Roller bearings • Taper roller bearings • Double taper roller bearings
- 17. Label the bearings: • Double ball bearing
- 19. • Roller bearing (parallel roller)
- 20. • Double taper roller bearing
- 21. What is the difference between a plain bearing and a roller bearing?
- 22. Roller • A bearing that uses cylindrical rollers in between the inner and outer race
- 23. Plain bearing • A plain bearing has no rolling components. The load can be spread over a broad area which means great loads can be supported. This is a plain bearing
- 24. What is the difference between axial and radial loads?
- 25. Radial loading • It is load applied to a bearing or shaft at 90 degrees to the bearing or shaft
- 26. Axial loading • Axial loading is load applied to a bearing along its axis.
- 27. How is a hub bearing checked for wear? • The weight is removed from the bearing • The bearing is checked for wear both radially and axially by manipulating the hub and feeling for play. • Play can be measured using a DTI • Road test and listen for noise when cornering
- 28. Objectives All of you will: • Identify, name and label components associated with tyre pressure monitoring, hub bearings and run flat tyres Most of you will: • Explain the operation of components associated with tyre pressure monitoring, hub bearings and run flat tyres Some of you will: • Predict symptoms of worn or damaged components associated with tyre pressure monitoring, hub bearings and run flat tyres
Editor's Notes
- Indirect TPMS works be reading data from the existing ABS sensors to calculate pressure loss based on pre stored values and rotation of other wheels. For the system to operate you must “set” the system after you have pumped up the tyres to the correct values, press the TPMS button (has an exclamation mark on it) until a beep is heard. At this point the system is in learn mode and depending on how straight the road is will learn the tyre parameters over the next few hours (generally 5-15 minutes before the system will trigger). The formula used by both first and second generation Indirect TPMS explains why they will only alert after 25% of pressure has been lost. The system will not give a warning if two tyres are equally underinflated on the same side or same axle or when all four tyre pressures are equally low and will alert only when the pressure drop is greater than 25% (the second generation is slightly more accurate due to the use of another sensor).