The document discusses semantics and syntax in linguistics. It defines thematic roles like agent, theme, goal, and location that describe the semantic relations between verbs and nouns in sentences. Examples are given of how the boy is the agent in "the boy found a red brick" and the brick is the theme. It also discusses how semantics and syntax interact based on rules like the theta-criterion. Exceptions to rules are covered like anomalies, metaphors, and idioms which break semantic rules but are still used in language.
This slidecast is based on a presentation at an open online course on Critical Literacies, organised by Stephen Downes and Rita Kop as part of a Canadian project on Personal Learning Environments. The presentation looks at pragmatics and learning contexts in education.
Compositional and Lexical Semantics differ in its varied approach and principles associated with each idea. These will be discussed in this presentation along with ambiguity, anomaly, tautologies, contradictions, entailment, etc.
Grammar Proficiency - Phrases and Clausessession 3.pptxNafisaHaque7
Grammar Proficiency can be acquired by knowing the nuances of Grammar'.From the rule of substitute reduce split to knowing the parts of speech is crucial.
The key lies in the function .How is it used is important.Thata decides whether a word would be a verb or a verbal.
This document is about sentence structure. How a sentence is formed? What are the proper ways to form a sentence. Different patterns to make a correct sentence form.
This video is related to pronoun. What is a pronoun? Types of pronoun. Personal Pronoun, Relative Pronoun, Interrogative Pronoun, Indefinite Pronoun, Pronoun examples, Possessive Pronouns, Reflexive Pronouns, and detail explanation on Pronoun
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
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2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
3. 5.3 Sentential Semantics
• Apart from parts of speech ( eg. N, V, Adj, Adv )
that are used to syntactically categorized a
particular element of a clause or sentence, a
certain element in a sentence can also be
described semantically in terms of semantic
categories, called “ thematic roles”
4. Thematic Roles
• The relations of noun phrase subject of the sentence depend
on the meaning of particular verb.
• For example
• The boy found a red brick
• NP “ the boy “ called “agent”
• The boy is a “ doer” of the action of finding
5. • The boy found a red brick
•The NP “a red brick” is the “theme” and
undergoes the action
6. • Part of the meaning “ find” is that its subject and
direct object
• Subject of find is called “ agent”
• Direct object of find is called “ theme”
7. Goal
• The noun phrases within a verb phrase whose head is
the verb PUT have a relation of theme and GOAL.
• In the VP “ put the red brick on the wall”
• The red brick is a theme and on the wall is GOAL
8. Other thematic roles
Thematic role description example
Agent The one who performs an action Joyce ran
Theme The one or thing that undergoes an action Mary called Bill
Location The place where an action takes place It rains in Spain
Goal The place where an action is directed Put the cat on the porch
Source The place from which an action originates He flew from Iowa to Idaho
Instrument The meaning by which an action is performed Jo cuts hair with razor
Experiencer One who perceives something Helen heard Robert play the
piano
Causative A natural force that causes a change The wind damage the roof
Possessor One who has something The tail of the dog got caught in
the door.
9. • Thematic roles are the same in sentence that are
paraphrases. In these both sentences
• The dog bit the stick
• The stick was bitten by the dog
The dog is the agent and the stick is the theme
10. The examples illustrate the fact that English
allows many different thematic roles.
•The hotel forbids dogs.
The hotel has the thematic role of location
11. The Theta-Criterion
• A universal principle has been proposed call the Theta-criterion,
a particular thematic role may occur only once in a
sentence.
• For example ;
• The boy opened the door with the key with lock-pick.
12. Sentential Meaning
• The meaning of the sentences is built. In part, from
meaning of noun phrases and verb phrases. Adverbs
may add to or qualify the meaning.
• For example;
• The boy found the ball yesterday “ adv. Of time”
• It specify a time component to the meaning of the
sentence.
13. The truth of sentences
• The sense of a declarative sentence permits you to know
under what circumstances that sentence is true. Those
“circumstance” are called the TRUTH condition of the
sentence.
For example
In the world as we know it, the sentence;
The declaration of Independence was signed in 1776 “ true”
The declaration of Independence was signed in 1976 “ false”
We compare the with the real world or historical fact
14. Paraphrase
• Two sentences are phrases if they have the same truth
conditions.
• For example
• The horse threw the rider
• The rider was thrown by the horse
15. Entailment
• Sometimes knowing the truth of one sentence entails or
necessarily implies the truth of another sentence. For
example;
• Corday assassinated Marat
• Then we know that it is true that Marat is dead.
16. Contradiction
Contradiction is negative entailment, that is, where the
truth of one sematic necessarily implies the falseness of
another sentence.
Elizabeth II is Queen of England.
Elizabeth II is a man.
If the first sentence is true, the second is necessarily
false. This relationship is called CONTRADICTION
because the truth of one sentence contradicts the truth
of the other.
17. When semantics and syntax meet
• Syntax is concerned with how words are combined to form
phrases and sentences; semantics is concerned with what
these combinations mean. The theta-criterion. The semantic
constraint that no thematic role may occur more than once
has the effect of restricting the NPs and PPs that may follow
the verb in a verb phrase.
18. When Passive Do Not Work
• The relationship between actives and passives is
based on syntax structure. However, some active
sentences do not have a well-formed passive
counterpart.
19. For example;
• John resembles Bill
• The book cost ten dollars
• Cannot undergo the passive transformation to give
• “ Bill was resembled by John “
• “Ten dollars was cost by the book”
20. Pronouns and Coreferentiality
• Another example of how syntax and semantic interact has to
do with reflexive pronouns, such as herself or themselves.
The meaning of a reflexive pronouns always refers back to
some antecedent. In Jane bit herself, herself refers to Jane.
Syntactically, reflexive pronouns and their antecedents must
occur within the same S in the phrase structure tree.
21. Compare the phrase structure tree of
Jane bit herself with that of
Jane said that herself slept.
• S S
NP VP NP VP
Jane V NP Jane V NP
bit pronoun said that S
herself NP VP
pronoun V
herself slept
22. When rules are broken
• The rules of language are not laws of nature. Only by a
“miracle” can the law of nature be broken, but the rules of
language are broken every day by everybody.
23. 3 kinds of rule violation
•Anomaly
•Metaphor
•idioms
24. Anomaly: No sense and Nonsense
• Don’t tell me of a man’s being able to talk sense;
everyone can talk sense.
Can he talk nonsense?
William Pitt
25. For example;
• My brother is an only child.
• You might think that he was making a joke or that he
did not know the meaning of the words he was using.
It is strange or anomalous, but it is certainly an English
sentence. It conforms to all the grammatical rules of
the language.
26. Uninterpretable
• Other English sentences make no sense at all because they
include words that have no meaning.
• Jabberwocky is probably the most famous poem in which
most content words have no meaning. They do not exist in the
lexicon of the grammar.
27. Metaphor
• Sometimes the breaking of semantic rules can be used convey
a particular idea.
• Wall have ears
• It is a certainly anomalous, but it can interpreted as meaning
• “ you can be overheard even when you think nobody is
listening.
28. Idioms
• Knowing a language includes knowing the
morphemes, simple words, compound words, and
their meanings. In addition it means knowing fixed
phrases, consisting of more than one word, with
meaning that cannot be inferred from the meanings of
the individual words. The usual semantic rules for
combining meanings do not apply. Such expressions
are called “IDIOMS”
29. Idioms
• For example
• Sell down the river
• Eat my hat
• Let their hair down
• Cut it out
30. • Many Idioms may have originated as metaphorical
expressions that established themselves in the language and
became frozen in their form and meaning.