Noam Chomsky introduced the concept of generative grammar in the 1950s, which explores the relationship between surface structure and deep structure in language. The document discusses syntactic theories and transformation rules, illustrating how different sentence structures maintain the same underlying meaning. Additionally, it outlines various syntactic symbols and their meanings, emphasizing the mathematical nature of syntactic analysis.

1. Syntax

2. Productive & Generative Infiniteness Recursiveness

3. Noam Chomsky

4. Etymology : Noam Chomsky , the American linguist, introduced the concept of generative grammar in the 1950s. One of the most influential syntactic theories in the 20 th C. He adopted the term from mathematics.

7. This is the horse and the hound and the horn That belonged to the farmer sowing his corn That kept the cock that crowed in the morn That waked the priest all shaven and shorn That married the man all tattered and torn That kissed the maiden all forlorn That milked the cow with the crumpled horn That tossed the dog that worried the cat That killed the rat that ate the malt That lay in the house that Jack built.

8. Surface structure Deep structure Form Meaning

9. Lexical (polysemy) one word, several meanings: bank, present, book.. Syntactic / structural Sentence can be interpreted in many ways An American history teacher.

11. Looking at sentence structures as a mathematic equation/ function (dynamic) using the symbols of syntactic description instead of tree diagrams.

12. S = sentence PN = proper noun Art = article NP = noun phrase * = ungrammatical sequence = consists of ( ) = optional constituent { } = only one of these constituents N = noun V = verb Adv = adverb VP = verb phrase Pro = pronoun Adj = adjective Prep = preposition PP = prepositional phrase

13. It is a rule that takes one structure as an input and then outputs (produces) another structure. Derived from the pharse structural rules.

14. Structural Analysis (SA) The structure of the input Structural Change (SC) The structure of the output

15. The man painted the wall . (input) (deep) The wall is painted by the man . (output) (surface) transformation

16. I am as strong as him. I am not stronger than him. Deep structure Surface structure same different

17. The bag is too heavy for me to carry. The bag is so heavy that I cannot carry it. Deep structure Surface structure same different

18. “ I like photography”, she said. (deep) She said she liked photography. (surface)

19. I turned the TV on. I turned on the TV.

20. Imperative form (removing the subject) Do your homework. Exclamations Jeez! My God! Hurray! Boo! Yikes!

21. S NP VP V NP Adv

22. S NP VP V NP Adv Adv

23. Provide one more superficially distinct sentence which would each have the same underlying structure . No one could deny that she is pretty. Sara is not the tallest girl in the class. He drove too fast for the police to catch.

24. Mai Mustafa Fouad Ra’fat Ali 3 rd year, General Roll No: 40 English Dept. Faculty of Education Alex Uni