Verb Classification
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This document defines and provides examples of different types of verbs: 1. Transitive verbs take a direct object. Examples given are "eats an apple" and "is reading a book". 2. Intransitive verbs do not take an object. Examples given are "listens" and "is a nice girl". 3. Ditransitive verbs take a subject and two objects, a direct object and an indirect object. An example given is "Ahmed gave the students an exam". 4. Complex-transitive verbs require a direct object and another element like an object complement. Examples given are "kate thought john a fool" and "ray told the children a story".
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This document discusses several key concepts in generative grammar including X-bar theory, case theory, projection principle, adjuncts, and theta theory. It notes some limitations of X-bar theory and introduces concepts like case/caseless positions, the case filter, and how case theory addresses issues like why nouns and adjectives require prepositions when taking NP complements. It also defines key terms in theta theory like theta roles, theta grids, and the principles of theta theory regarding sisterhood and the theta criterion.
Ispravak midterm, uvodumorfo., nov12
This document discusses English verb tenses, aspects, and moods. It provides examples to illustrate concepts like finite and non-finite verb phrases, auxiliary vs main verbs, progressive and perfect aspects, and root vs epistemic meanings of modal verbs. Questions are included for students to analyze verb forms in example sentences, compare sentences using different verb constructions, discuss ambiguity, and translate a sentence into English. The document aims to teach students to properly identify and explain verb-related grammar points in English.
Passive voice, Relative Clauses, Causative, and Subordinating Conjungtion.
The document provides information on various English grammar topics including the passive voice, gerunds and infinitives, noun clauses, adjective clauses, adverb clauses, causatives, and coordinating conjunctions. It defines each topic and provides examples to illustrate their usage. Key details covered include the formation of the passive voice, functions of gerunds and infinitives, types of subordinate clauses and their usage, and how causatives are used to show indirect responsibility for an action.
Grammatical functions
This document discusses grammatical relations and functions including syntactic categories, subjects, objects, and modifiers. It explains the difference between syntactic categories and grammatical functions. Subjects, direct objects, indirect objects, predicative complements, and oblique complements are grammatical functions that are defined and examples are provided to illustrate each. Modifiers are also discussed as optional elements that specify manner, location, time or reason rather than complementing the verb.
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How to write a simple sentence.
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Verb Classification
- 2. Transitive verb Is the verb that is followed by a noun or pronoun that tells who or what Received the action of that verb. That noun or pronoun is called the Object Example 1: The boy is eating an apple ----> Apple = object -----> Transitive = eats Example 2: Lama is reading a book ----> a book = object ----> is reading = transitive
- 3. Intransitive Verb Are verbs that do not have objects. This means that the verb doesn't need more than the subject to fulfill the meaning Example 1: Ali listens Listens = intransitive because it is not followed by any object Example 2: Hala is a nice girl is = verb nice = adjective is = intransitive because it is followed by an adjective and not a noun
- 4. Ditransitive verb A ditransitive verb is a verb which takes a subject and two objects. According to certain linguistics considerations, these objects may be called direct and indirect, or primary and secondary. Another definition, A ditransitive verb is a type of verb that requires both a direct object and an indirect object in the sentence with it in order for the meaning of the sentence to be complete. This type of verb is typically used when something is being given or exchanged between two or more parties, as the something is the direct object and the receiver is the indirect object EG: ahmed gave the students an exam An exam is the direct object, what he gave, and ’the students ' is the indirect object, the person he gave it to.
- 6. This sentence can be also written Ahmed gave an exam to the students (to ) is a preposition in this example it has joined with NP the students to form PP. The PP here is function as io
- 7. Ditransitive verbs can be made passive: The passive forms of ditransitive verbs move one object into the subject position and leave the other in the original place. Usually, however, it is the indirect rather than the direct object that is moved. The students were given an exam by Ahmed.
- 8. Complex-transitive verb Another class of verb is the complex-transitive verb Definition: A verb that requires both a direct object and another object or an object complement. In another word a complementation in which an object is followed by another element that is not an object. The complement relates to the object, not the subject. The complement is therefore an OBJECT COMPLEMENT and the shorthand version is oC.
- 9. Examples: 1-kate thought john a fool two elements are obligatory to complete the verb phrase, in these cases, two noun phrases. 2- ray told the children a story. 3-kate thought john a fool. In (2) the NPs are functioning si iO ( the children) and dO (a story). In (3) the functions are dO (john) and oC (a fool). How can you tell the difference between the two types of verb? Easy a ditransitive verb is the indirect object to take the form of either an NP or PP. if a verb is ditransitive, then the noun phrase immediately following the verb functions as the iO.
- 10. 2-ray told a story to the children. 3-kate thought a fool to/for john. 4-kate put the cake in the oven 5-she gave a bone to the dog there is a similarity between a sentence with complex-transitive verb and a following structure NP+PP, and a sentence with a ditransitive verb and a following structure NP+PP. what is the difference between these examples? In the first example the prepositional phrase in the oven is an object complement (oC) and in the second, the PP to the dog is an indirect object(iO). As before, a PP which functions as an iO should be able to take the form if an NP. If you try it with the examples before the result are: 4-kate put the oven the cake. 5-she gave the dog a bone.
- 11. Thank you for listening PNU Literature department