This document discusses Type A, B, and C personalities. Type A individuals are aggressive, impatient, and constantly striving for more. They are at risk for stress-related health issues. Type B personalities are relaxed, patient, and easy-going. Type C personalities suppress emotions and avoid conflict. The document also discusses personality hardiness and its relationship to stress resistance. Research found those with hardy personalities experience less stress impact. While Type A/B theory was influential, it is an oversimplification and better models are needed to predict health conditions. Effective intervention considers an individual's personality patterns and mechanisms.

1. Type A
and Type B
Personality
Nayab Arshad
Roll no. 1263

2. Personality has been conceptualized as a pattern of
behavior that includes attributes, traits and
mannerism distinguishing one individual from
another.
Introduction

3. Theoretical Background
 Meyer Friedman and Ray Rosenman
(1974)
 Two distinct patterns of personality traits
 The type B – Common
 Type A – Outliers

4. The Type A Personality
“An action-emotion complex that can be
observed in any person who is aggressively
involved in a chronic, incessant struggle to
achieve more and more in less and less time.”
(Friedman and Rosenman, 1974)

5. Underlying Defense Mechanism
Compensation

6. Hard work and
Overachievement
Try to
account
for
insecuritie
s
Low
self‐estee
m

7. Characteristics Of Type A
Personality

8. Problems associated with Type A
Personality
 Aggression
 Hypertension
 Heart Disease
 Job Stress
 Social Isolation

9. Assessment
Personality type test by Dr. Howard Glazer

10. Management of Type A
Characteristics
 Behavioral Strategies
i. Breathing Exercises
ii. Self management training
iii. Gardening
 Cognitive Strategies
i. Journaling
ii. Thought diaries
iii. Written ventilation
iv. Problem solving training
v. Constructive alternativism

11.  Strategies for others to deal with type A
individuals
i. Assertiveness
ii. Conflict resolution techniques
iii. Healthy boundaries

12. Type B individuals are
patient, relaxed, and easy-
going, generally lacking any
sense of urgency. They are
often described as apathetic
and disengaged by
individuals with Type A or
other personality types.
Type B Personality

13. Characteristics of Type B
Personality
Calmness
Creativity
Job
satisfaction
Emotional
stability
Compassion
Even
temperament

14. Management of Type B Personality
 Motivation building
 Collaboration
 Social acceptance

15. Individuals with type C
personality pattern have
difficulty expressing emotion
and tend to suppress
emotions. Such individuals
display pathological niceness,
conflict avoidance,
high social desirability,
over compliance and over
patience.
Type C Personality

16. Underlying defense mechanism
 Pathological niceness

17. Characteristics of Type C
Personality
Vigilance
Sophistication
Concern
Concrete

18. Management of Type C
Personality
 Cognitive restructuring
 Detail-oriented tasks
 Autonomy to solve complex challenges
 Data-driven activities

19. Personality Hardiness
A set of personality characteristics that
allow the individual to defend against the
negative effects of stress

20. The 3 C’s of hardiness
 Control
 Commitment
 Challenge

21. Research into the ‘hardy’
personality
 To investigate whether a ‘hardy’ personality
impacts on an individuals ability to defend
against the negative effects of stress
Findings
 Hardy personality type is linked to stress
levels
 Defends against the negative effects of stress
 Encourages resilience and helps an individual
to cope with stress (Kobasa, 2006).

22. Empirical Research on Type A/B Theory
 Friedman & Rosenman (1976) - longitudinal study
to test hypothesis that type A personality predicts
incidents of heart disease.
 Type A participants were twice as likely to develop
heart disease as Type B’s
 Type A behavior makes individuals more prone
to stress-related illnesses.
(Friedman & Rosenman, 1976)

23. Critical Evaluation
 Description of complex human experiences within
narrowly defined parameters.
 Type A behavior is not a good predictor of coronary
heart disease.
 A much more sophisticated model is needed to
predict coronary heart disease.

24. Conclusion
 The distinction of type A and B personality - not
entirely supported by professionals
 Significant in terms of the characteristics that can
help understand the underlying mechanisms
 Effective intervention plans, keeping in view
pattern of individuals dealt in the spectrum of
health psychology.

25. References
Baum, T. A. Revenson & J. E. Singer (Eds.) Handbook of Health
Psychology. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
Friedman, M. (1996). Type A Behavior: Its Diagnosis and Treatment.
New York, Plenum Press (Kluwer Academic Press), pp. 31 ff.
McLeod, S. A. (2011). Type A Personality. Retrieved on April 26th, 2015
from http://www.simplypsychology.org/personality-a.html.
Scott, E. (2004). How To Soften Type A Traits. Retrieved on April 26th,
2015 from
http://stress.about.co/od/understandingstress/a/type_a_person_2.ht
ml.
Type A and Type B personality theory Retrieved on April 26th, 2015
from http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=463058306.

26. Thank You