The document discusses stress, its nature, types, sources and effects. It describes the General Adaptation Syndrome which outlines the body's three stages in response to stress - alarm, resistance, and exhaustion. Stress can have emotional, physiological, cognitive, and behavioral effects and weaken the immune system. Coping strategies discussed include task-oriented, emotion-oriented, and avoidance-oriented approaches as well as relaxation techniques, meditation, biofeedback, exercise, assertiveness, time management, and rational thinking. Prolonged or high levels of stress can lead to illness.
personality traits are "enduring patterns of perceiving, relating to, and thinking about the environment and oneself that are exhibited in a wide range of social and personal contexts." A trait is what we call a characteristic way in which an individual perceives, feels, believes, or acts.
Trait theories are the following
Three trait theory
16 personality factor theory
Universal trait theory
Big five model
HEXACO model
Presentation based on Class 12 Chapter-4 Psychological Disorders. This ppt explains the first four major psychological disorders: Anxiety, OCD, PTSD, Somatic Disorders. This is based of CBSE and NCERT.
If you want more kindly mail or comment.
The historical development of Abnormal Psychology or Psychopathology is worth studying. The progressive as well as conservative steps have contributed to a balanced view of abnormal behavior.
Stress can be defined as any type of change that causes physical, emotional or psychological strain. Stress is your body's response to anything that requires attention or action. Everyone experiences stress to some degree. The way you respond to stress, however, make a big difference to your overall well-being.
personality traits are "enduring patterns of perceiving, relating to, and thinking about the environment and oneself that are exhibited in a wide range of social and personal contexts." A trait is what we call a characteristic way in which an individual perceives, feels, believes, or acts.
Trait theories are the following
Three trait theory
16 personality factor theory
Universal trait theory
Big five model
HEXACO model
Presentation based on Class 12 Chapter-4 Psychological Disorders. This ppt explains the first four major psychological disorders: Anxiety, OCD, PTSD, Somatic Disorders. This is based of CBSE and NCERT.
If you want more kindly mail or comment.
The historical development of Abnormal Psychology or Psychopathology is worth studying. The progressive as well as conservative steps have contributed to a balanced view of abnormal behavior.
Stress can be defined as any type of change that causes physical, emotional or psychological strain. Stress is your body's response to anything that requires attention or action. Everyone experiences stress to some degree. The way you respond to stress, however, make a big difference to your overall well-being.
Stress is the body’s physical and psychological response to a specific demand made of us or to an event in our life. In some cases it motivates and encourages us to complete a task we find difficult so that we can take pride in ourselves and what we achieve.
Stress is the body’s physical and psychological response to a specific demand made of us or to an event in our life. In some cases it motivates and encourages us to complete a task we find difficult so that we can take pride in ourselves and what we achieve.
STRESS. Medical Surgical Nursing ....pptxPatelVedanti
Stress is a normal human reaction that happens to everyone. In fact, the human body is designed to experience stress and react to it.
When you experience changes or challenges (stressors), your body produces physical and mental responses. That’s stress.
Stress responses help your body adjust to new situations.
Stress can be positive, keeping us alert, motivated and ready to avoid danger.
For example, if you have an important test coming up, a stress response might help your body work harder and stay awake longer.
But stress becomes a problem when stressors continue without relief or periods of relaxation.
Stress is the non specific response of the body to any kind of demand made upon it.
-Hans Selye, 1956
Stress is the arousal of mind and body in response to demands made upon them.
-Schafer, 2000
A stressor is any event, experience, or environmental stimulus that causes stress in an individual.
These events or experiences are perceived as threats or challenges to the individual and can be either physical or psychological.
Researchers have found that stressors can make individuals more prone to both physical and psychological problems, including heart disease and anxiety.
In psychology, researchers generally classify the different types of stressors into four categories:
Crises/Catastrophes,
Major Life Events,
Daily Hassles/Micro Stressors, And
Ambient Stressors.
Crises/Catastrophes
This type of stressor is unforeseen and unpredictable and, as such, is completely out of the control of the individual.
Examples of crises and catastrophes include: devastating natural disasters, such as major floods, earthquakes, wars, pandemics etc….
Though rare in occurrence, this type of stressor typically causes a great deal of stress in a person's life.
Major life events
Common examples of major life events include: marriage, going to college, death of a loved one, birth of a child, divorce, moving houses etc…
These events, either positive or negative, can create a sense of uncertainty and fear, which will ultimately lead to stress.
For instance, research has found the elevation of stress during the transition from high school to university, with college freshmen being about two times more likely to be stressed than final year students.
Research has found major life events are somewhat rare to be major causes of stress, due to its rare occurrences.
Daily Hassles/Microstressors
This category includes daily annoyances and minor hassles.
Examples include: making decisions, meeting deadlines at work or school, traffic jams, encounters with irritating personalities, etc.
Often, this type of stressor includes conflicts with other people.
Daily stressors, however, are different for each individual, as not everyone perceives a certain event as stressful.
For example, most people find public speaking to be stressful, nevertheless, a seasoned politician most likely will not.
Daily hassles are the most frequently occurring.
Types of Stress and Their Symptoms and Treatment sneharathod39
According to psychologists given that stress has been linked as a co-factor in 95% of all disorder processes, a keystone of holistic, alternative health and healing is learning how to effectively manage stress. This learning method or process starts with identifying five specific and important types of stress affecting you and how these stressors (that is, what demands a change from you) are showing up or manifesting as symptoms in your life.
Stress factors broadly fall into five types or categories: psycho-spiritual stress, acute stress, physical stress, chronic stress, and psychological stress.
Comparing stress levels in female doctors of selected public and private sect...Tapasya123
The health care industries have experienced profound changes, during the
past several decades. Doctors in health care profession and a major
component of health care delivery system is significantly affected by
changes in health care industry. Thus, they undergo tremendous stress in
their occupational life as well as their personal life. The present study was
aimed to focus to measure level of stress in female doctors of public and
private sector hospitals. For the present study, total sample was taken as
300 female doctors from public and private sector hospitals. Convenient
sampling technique was used to collect data through standardised selfmade
questionnaire. The result indicates that female doctors were working
in private sector hospitals are more stressed than female doctors were
working in public sector hospitals.
Why stress happens and how to manage it?luxuryperfume
stress is a natural feeling of not being able to cope with specific demands and events. However, stress can become a chronic condition if a person does not take steps to manage it.
These demands can come from work, relationships, financial pressures, and other situations, but anything that poses a real or perceived challenge or threat to a person’s well-being can cause stress.
Stress can be a motivator, and it can even be essential to survival. The body’s fight-or-flight mechanism tells a person when and how to respond to danger. However, when the body becomes triggered too easily, or there are too many stressors at one time, it can undermine a person’s mental and physical health and become harmful.
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.moosaasad1975
What are greenhouse gasses how they affect the earth and its environment what is the future of the environment and earth how the weather and the climate effects.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
2. CHAPTER AT A GLANCE
Stress is the process that occurs in response to situations or events (stressors) that
disrupt our physical or psychological functioning.
The General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) first reported by Hans Selye, describes
how are bodies to react to the effects of stress and include 3 distinct stages:
alarm, resistance and exhaustion.
Stressors can be major life events, such as death of spouse or daily hassles of
everyday life, such as receiving a minor traffic ticket or having to wait in line at a
grocery store.
Sources of work related stress include work overload and under load, role conflict
and performance appraisals. Even relatively low levels of stress may interfere with
task performance.
Prolonged exposure to high levels of stress may lead to illness. Regular,
moderately intense exercise promotes both physical and psychological health.
4. Nature of stress
Stress is described as the pattern of responses an organism makes to stimulus
event that disturbs the equilibrium and exceeds a person’s ability to cope.
Eustress is the level of stress that is good for you and is one of a person’s best
assets for achieving peak performance and managing minor crises.
Distress is latter manifestation of stress that causes our body’s wear and tear.
Strain is reaction to external stressors.
Hans Selye, the father of modern stress research, defined stress as “the non
specific response to any demand” that is, regardless of the cause of the threat, the
individual will respond with the same physiological pattern of reactions.
5. CAUSE
• External or internal stressor
INTERNAL STATE
• Biological and psychological
reactions leading to stress
experience (coping, defense)
RESULT (STRESS
REACTION)
• Challenge to be overcome or
illness/stress
PSYCHOLOGICAL MEANING OF STRESS
6. COGNITIVE THEORY OF STRESS
An individual’s response to
a stressful situation largely
depends upon the
perceived events and hoe
they are interpreted or
appraised.
Lazarus has distinguished
between two types of
appraisals:-
Primary appraisal and
Secondary appraisal.
7. Suppose a non-stop heavy rain suddenly pours at your place. You might think that the
heavy rain is not important, since you don’t have any plans of going somewhere today.
Or, you might say that the heavy rain is good, because now you don’t have to wake up
early and go to school since classes are suspended. Or, you might see the heavy rain as
stressful because you have scheduled a group outing with your friends.
After answering these two questions, the second part of primary cognitive appraisal is
to classify whether the stressor or the situation is a threat, a challenge or a harm-loss.
When you see the stressor as a threat, you view it as something that will cause future
harm, such as failure in exams or getting fired from job. When you look at it as a
challenge, you develop a positive stress response because you expect the stressor to
lead you to a higher class ranking, or a better employment.
On the other hand, seeing the stressor as a “harm-loss” means that the damage has
already been experiences, such as when a person underwent a recent leg amputation,
or encountered a car accident
Primary Appraisal
8. Secondary appraisals
Secondary appraisals involve those feelings related to dealing with the stressor or
the stress it produces. Uttering statements like, “I can do it if I do my best”, and “If
this way fails, I can always try another method” indicates positive secondary
appraisal.
In contrast to these, statements like, “I can’t do it; I know I will fail”, “I will not do it
because no one believes I can” and, “I won’t try because my chances are
low” indicate negative secondary appraisal.
Although primary and secondary appraisals are often a result of an encounter with
a stressor, stress doesn’t always happen with cognitive appraisal.
9. Signs and Symptoms of Stress
Response to stress varies depending upon personality
of an individual. Every person has his or her own
pattern of stress response.
Warning signs of stress vary from individual to
individual depending upon intensity.
Physical symptoms of stress can be palpitation or
sweating, emotional symptoms can be confusion and
irritability which are manifested in behavioral
symptoms such as withdrawal or restlessness.
If any of these symptoms are left unresolved, they
may lead to suicide, burn out, a psychological
disorder or a medical disease.
12. Physical and Environmental Stress: Physical stresses are caused when we overexert
ourselves physically, lack a nutritional diet, suffer an injury or fail to get enough
Environmental stresses are caused by air pollution, crowding, noise, heat of the
summer, winter cold or disasters such as fire, or natural disasters such as earthquake,
floods, draughts, land-slides, volcanic eruption etc.
Psychological Stress: This is caused by
a) Frustration
b) Conflicts
c) Internal Pressures
d) Social Pressures
Social Stress: These result from our interaction with other people, such as death or
illness in the family, strained relationship, trouble with neighbor etc. for example
attending a party could be stressful for a person who is introvert and staying at
for a person who is party lover.
13. Sources of Stress
The various sources are:
• Life events – changes due to life events such as
moving into new house, break up of a long
term relationship cause stress.
• Hassles – happenings in our daily lives such as
noisy surroundings, commuting, quarrelsome
neighbors cause stress.
• Traumatic events – Effects of extreme events
such as fire, train, or road accident, robbery,
earthquake persist as symptoms of anxiety,
flashbacks, dreams and intrusive thoughts.
14. STRESSORS
TYPES
Environmental,
Psychological and Social
DIMENSIONS
Intensity, Duration,
Complexity, Predictability
RESOURCES
PHYSICAL
Money, medical care, etc.
PERSONAL
Skills and Coping styles
SOCIAL
Support networks,
Professional help
PERSON
CHARACTERISTICS
PHYSIOLOGICAL PSYCHOLOGICAL CULTURAL
STRESS
APPRAISALS
PHYSIOLOGICA
L RESPONSE
BEHAVIOURAL
RESPONSE
EMOTIONAL
RESPONSE
COGNITIVE
RESPONSE
16. Emotional effects
Those suffering from stress experience mood
swings, show decreasing confidence, suffer from
feelings anxiety, depression or increased physical
and psychological tension.
17. Physiological effects
Under stress there is an increased production of
hormones such as adrenaline and cortisol. Those
hormones produce marked changes in heart rate,
blood pressure levels, metabolism and physical
activity.
Changes such as release of epinephrine or non –
epinephrine, slowing down of the digestive system,
expansion of air passages in the lungs and constriction
of blood vessels also occur.
18. Cognitive effects
Cognitive effects of stress are poor
concentration and reduced short term
memory capacity.
Behavioral effects
These include disrupted sleep patterns,
increase absenteeism and reduced
work performance.
19. GENERAL ADAPTATION SYNDROME
Alarm reaction : The presence of a stressor leads to
activation of the adrenal pituitary- cortex system. This
triggers the release of hormones producing the stress
response. Now the individual is ready for flight or
flight.
Resistance stage : Under prolonged stress, the para-
sympathetic nervous system calls for more cautious
use of the body’s resources in which the organism
makes efforts to cope with the threat.
Exhaustion stage : Continued exposure to the same
stressor or additional stressors drains the body of its
resources and leads to the third stage of exhaustion.
The physiological systems involved in alarm reaction
and resistance become ineffective and susceptibility to
stress–related diseases increase.
20. Stress and Immune system
Release of stress hormones results in weakening of our immune system thus
affecting mental and physical health. Weakened immune system has a serious
effect on the individual's’ health.
Stress can affect natural killer cytotoxicity, which is of major importance in the
defense against various infections and cancer.
Reduced levels of natural killer cell cytotoxicity have been found in people who are
highly stressed, including students facing important examinations, bereaved
persons and those who are severely depressed.
Individuals may have panic attacks or show obsessive behaviors, mood swings or
phobias.
These individuals have feelings of hopelessness which is worsened by injury or
disease.
21.
22. COPING WITH STRESS
Three coping strategies given by Endler and Parker are:-
• Task-oriented strategy– This involves using alternative courses of action for
coping. For example, scheduling your time better or using better methods to
solve problems.
• Emotion-oriented strategy– This involves venting feelings of anger and frustration
or deciding that nothing can be done to change things. For example, to stop
worrying.
• Avoidance-oriented strategy– This involves denying or minimizing the
seriousness of the situation. It involves conscious suppression of stressful thoughts
and their replacement by self–protective thoughts. Examples of this are watching
TV, phone up a friend or try to be with other people.
25. ASSERTIVENESS
Assertiveness is a
behavior or skill
that helps to
communicate
clearly and
confidently, our
feelings needs,
wants and
thoughts.
TIME
MANAGEMENT
Managing time
helps to relieve
pressure,
organizing our life
and thus leading a
balance life.
RATIONAL
THINKING
This involves
challenging your
distorted thinking
and irrational
beliefs, driving out
potentially
intrusive negative
anxiety-provoking
thoughts and
making positive
statements.
SELF CARE
This involves
keeping
ourselves
healthy and
relaxed which
prepares us
physically
and
emotionally
to tackle the
stress of
everyday life
LIFE SKILLS WHICH HELP IN MEETING TH CHALLENGES OF SCHOOOL
LIFE