This document discusses various hormonal contraceptive methods including subcutaneous injectables like Depo-Provera, subcutaneous implants like Implanon, intrauterine devices (IUDs), condoms, sustained release implants like Zoladex, vaginal creams and pessaries, and transdermal patches. It provides details on the definition, mechanism of action, examples, administration sites, and advantages and disadvantages of each method.
Jadella Implant is a form family planning which comes in two silicon rods,implan subdermal Over the years it release progestin to prevent ovulation thus prevent pregnancy
Jadella Implant is a form family planning which comes in two silicon rods,implan subdermal Over the years it release progestin to prevent ovulation thus prevent pregnancy
A suppository is a drug delivery system that is inserted into the rectum (rectal suppository), vagina (vaginal suppository) or urethra (urethral suppository), where it dissolves or melts and is absorbed into the blood stream. They are used to deliver both systemically and locally acting medications.
methods used as contraception include guidelines, contraindications, side effects, and effectiveness.
intrauterine devices
condoms
diaphragm/cervical cap
cervical sponge
spermicide
progestrone only bills ( in the different froms)
combined hormonal therapy
emergency contraception
Similar to Tut 3412 dosage form design for hormonal products (2011) (20)
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
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The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
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NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
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Hemodialysis: Chapter 3, Dialysis Water Unit - Dr.Gawad
Tut 3412 dosage form design for hormonal products (2011)
1. Dr Liesl Brown
Mrs Liza-Marie Schutte
Department of Pharmacy
University of Limpopo (Medunsa Campus)
Module 3.4: Endocrine and Reproductive Pharmacy (2011)
4. Sub-cutaneous injectables
Definition: SC drug administration = where drugs are injected into the
subcutaneous layer of the skin. This is the easiest and least painful of
injection to administer
Injected into loose connective and adipose tissue immediately
underneath the skin (drug absorption slower and < predictable
compared to IM route)
Volume injected: not exceeding 1 ml
Injection sites:
Abdomen, upper back, upper arms, lateral upper hips
Route used when drugs can not be taken orally (drugs more rapidly and
predictably absorbed compared to the oral route)
Drug distribution – affected by:
Site of injection
Body temperature
Age of patient
Degree of massaging the injected site
Examples:
-Insulin
-Choriogonadotrophin alpha (Ovidrel)
-Chorionic gonadotrophin (Pregnyl)
-Human menopausal gonadotrophin
(Menopur)
8. Subcutaneous hormonal implants
Definition: Implants: solid dosage form which is inserted under the skin
by a small surgical insertion e.g. HRT/contraceptive
• Very small pellets (dense tablet, normally spherical) composed of drug
substance only
• 2-3mm in diameter
• Prepared in aseptic manner to be sterile
• Inserted into body tissues by surgical procedures
• In tissue they are very slowly absorbed over a period of months
9. Subcutaneous hormonal implants
Progesterone only-contraceptives (not available
in SA)
Releases levonorgestrel over period of 5 years
and
Etonorgestrel (active metabolite of desogestrel) over 3 years
Testosterone implant (male hypogonadism):
adequate hormone levels up to 4-5 months
10. Norplant Implants (not available in SA)
Set of 6 small, plastic capsules (size: matchstick)
Placed under woman’s upper arm skin
Contains a progestin (slow release) and no oestrogen
Efficacy: 5 years or longer
MOA:
Thicken cervical mucus (makes it difficult for sperm to pass through)
Stops ovulation in ½ menses cycles (after 1 year of use)
Will not work in disrupting an existing pregnancy
Advantages:
+ Effective 24 hours after insertion
+ Fertility returns immediately after capsules are removed
+ Increased sexual enjoyment (no interruptions)
Disadvantages:
- Pain upon insertion
- Client cannot start/stop use on her own
- Discomfort (upon and after insertion and removal)
11. Implanton® (1 rod
in stead of 6)
Implanon, a new
implant (Progestin-only
hormone implant -
releases hormone for
prevention of
pregnancy for 3 years)
-uses only 1 rod and is
easier to insert and
remove than Norplant
implants (not available
in SA)
12.
13. Site of
administration for
sc hormonal
implants
Six thin, flexible capsules
filled with levonorgestrel
(LNG) that are inserted just
under the skin of a woman’s
upper arm
18. Sustained- release implants
Zoladex® implant
Contains goserelin acetate a synthetic analogue of LHRH
Thus it acts as a potent inhibitor of pituitary gonadotropin
secretion
Used in males for prostate cancer
10.8 mg implant: release continues over 12 weeks
3.6 mg implant: 28 days
19. Deep intramuscular contraceptive
injections
Parenteral contraceptives: Progesterone-only
contraceptives (POPs)
Medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA), administered 12
weekly, e.g. Depo-Provera®
or
Norethisterone enanthate (DNET-EN), administered 8
weekly, e.g. Nur-Isterate®
21. Deep intramuscular
contraceptive injections
Medroxyprogesterone acetate is insoluble in water
If administered IM a depot or reservoir of the drug is formed
The long apparent half-life and long duration of action result from
the slow absorption of the drug from the injection site as a result of
the slow dissolution of the drug from this depot
Concentrations achieved within 24 hours of administration is
sufficiently high to provide almost immediate protection against
pregnancy
The concentration of drug increases for approximately three weeks
Peak concentration of 1 to 7 ng/ml is reached
Concentration drops to 0.2 ng/ml 5-6 months after administration
Up to 6 months may be required for fertility to return
22. Deep intramuscular contraceptive
injections
Advantages
+Very effective (99 %)
+Does not interfere with the process of love making
+No daily pill-taking
+No oestrogen side-effects
Side effects
-Heavy, prolonged periods / absent periods (may be an
advantage)
-Headaches
-Weight gain
-Delayed return of fertility
23. Deep intramuscular contraceptive
injections
Contraindications for use in women:
Undiagnosed abnormal vaginal bleeding
Hormone- dependent cancer
Migraine sufferers
Liver problems or a history of thrombosis
Risk factors for osteoporosis
24. Intrauterine device (IUD)
Definition: Is a form of birth control that involves an object placed in the
uterus to prevent fertilization of the egg by sperm, inhibit tubular transport
and prevent implantation of the blastocyst into the endometrium
Long term
Small, safe and highly effective
Small, T-shaped device wrapped in copper/contains hormones
Inserted into the vagina (dr)
Plastic string tied to the end of the device hangs down through the cervix
into the vagina (use string to check if IUD is in place and also to remove
IUD - dr)
Types:
Inert/unmedicated (um-IUD) (USA, aka IUDs)
Hormonally based/medicated (m-IUD) (UK aka IU system)
Type 1: PE plastic with progesterone/progestogen attached to the stalk of the
IUD
Type 2: PE plastic and reservoir of progesterone/progestogen (levonorgestrel)
25. Intrauterine device (IUD)
Inert/unmedicated (um-IUD) (USA, aka IUDs)
Made of plastic (polyethylene, PE)
PE plastic and copper
PE plastic and a copper base surrounding the PE plastic (copper can be either
single sleeves or wound onto IUD
Effective, 3-5 (??10) years
MOA: Copper is toxic to sperm
Fallopian tubes produce fluid (WBCs, copper ions, enzymes and prostaglandins)
that kills sperm
26. Intrauterine device (IUD)
Hormonally based/medicated (m-IUD) (UK aka IU system)
Type 1: PE plastic with progesterone/progestogen attached to the stalk of the
IUD
The progesterone/progestogen is surrounded by a silica membrane which results
in a controlled rate of release of the progesterogen/progestogen
Effective: 5 years
Type 2: PE plastic and reservoir of progesterone/progestogen (levonorgestrel)
Mirena®
Effective : 5 years
MOA: prevents fertilisation of the egg
Prevents fertilisation by damaging/killing sperm
Makes the mucus thick and sticky (sperm cannot get to uterus)
Thick growth of the endometrium (results in a lining that is a poor place for a
fertilised egg to implant/grow)
Hormone: progesterone (levonorgestrel): reduces menstrual bleeding and cramping
27. An example of a
Mirena® IUD
Mirena is a new type of IUD
that gradually releases the
progestin levonorgestrel.
Progestin-releasing IUDs
make menstruation lighter
and less painful. Mirena has
been approved for 5 years of
use in more than 100
countries.
28. An example of an
IUD containing
levonorgestrel and
copper
An intrauterine device (IUD)
is a small, plastic, T-shaped
device that is inserted into
the uterus to prevent
pregnancy. IUDs contain
copper or the hormone
levonorgestrel (LNg). Plastic
strings tied to the end of the
IUD hang down through the
opening of the uterus
(cervix) into the vagina.
30. An example of a
single cylinder IUD
that is anchored in
the fundus of the
uterus
Frameless IUDs, such as
GyneFix, do not have the
plastic T-shaped frame of
conventional IUDs. Instead,
they consist of several copper
cylinders tied together on a
string. The device is
anchored 1 centimeter deep
into the fundus of the uterus.
31. Other dosage forms: Condoms
Definition:
A male condom is a sheath, or covering, made of
latex/(polyurethane/lamb cecum) materials, made to fit over a man’s
erect penis to prevent his sperm of being expelled into an orifice of
another person (e.g. vagina), thereby preventing pregnancy
A female condom is a latex/polyurethane sheath or covering, which is
placed into the vagina to prevent sperm from entering a woman’s
vagina/uterus, thus preventing pregnancy
MOA: Cover the cervix or the penis to block sperm from entering the cervical
canal
32. Other dosage forms: Condoms
Advantages:
+Prevents STIs and HIV/AIDS
+Easily obtainable and comes in a variety of sizes and types
+Enables males to take responsibility in preventing pregnancy and STIs
+Easy to use
+Immediately effective
Disadvantages:
-Latex and lubricant allergy
-Interruption in love making process
-Male erection needed
-Embarrassment (purchase, use, put on/take off)
Efficacy: 10 - 15 pregnancies per 100 women per year as typically used
33. Manufacturing of condoms
Lamb cecum (‘skin’ condoms)
New Zealand – raises large numbers of sheep – primary sources of
lamb cecum
Manufacturing stays the same since Schmid 1st manufactured
condoms
Cecums are washed, defatted and salted
Polyurethane condoms
Female (expensive: $3 vs $0.64 for male condom)
Male condoms (new advances, 1994)
Just as strong as latex (female condom 40x stronger than latex)
1/10 as thick as latex condom
Recommended for latex sensitive persons
Latex condoms
34. Step 2:
Compounding
Step 3:
Storage
Step 4:
Dipping
Step 5:
Tumbling
Step 6:
Testing
Step 7:
Packaging
Step 1:
Collection of
raw material
Rubber trees (Brazil, SA Asia, West Africa)
Collect sap (containing latex)
Latex = emulsion or dispersion of small
rubber particles in water
Latex condoms (end product) also
contains:
-Antifungal/antibacterial agents
-ZnO2 and sulfur (vulcanization agent)
-K-laurate (stabilizer)
-Ammonia (anticoagulant)
-Antioxidants
-Preservatives and pigments
-Add to the shelve
life of latex
-Makes rubber less
biodegradable
(trash rather than
toilet)
35. Step 2:
Compounding
Step 3:
Storage
Step 4:
Dipping
Step 5:
Tumbling
Step 6:
Testing
Step 7:
Packaging
Step 1:
Collection of
raw material
Ingredients added that must bind to
the rubber particles in the latex
Chemical additives are added to
make a paste and mix this with the
liquid latex
Done: -Strength
-Reliability
-Lower allergenic potential
36. Step 2:
Compounding
Step 3:
Storage
Step 4:
Dipping
Step 5:
Tumbling
Step 6:
Testing
Step 7:
Packaging
Step 1:
Collection of
raw material
Content is then loaded into drums
for 7 days
-vulcanized (heated) chemically to
strengthen rubber bonds
-so that the O2 (in the mixture (can
escape)
37. Step 2:
Compounding
Step 3:
Storage
Step 4:
Dipping
Step 5:
Tumbling
Step 6:
Testing
Step 7:
Packaging
Step 1:
Collection of
raw material
Belt drags and rotates glass
rods/mandrels through a series of
dips into the latex compound
Done:
-Latex is evenly spread (repeat x2-3)
-After each dip the latex is hot air dried so
that:
completes the chemical reactions and
ensures strength and stability
Ring of latex at the base of each
condom is made
-makes condoms thick
enough
-dries water (> water,
thinner condom)
38. A continuous line of clean
glass formers are dipped into
the latex, where they become
coated. The formers are
rotated to ensure the latex is
evenly spread.
After drying, the formers are
dipped for a second time.
39. Step 2:
Compounding
Step 3:
Storage
Step 4:
Dipping
Step 5:
Tumbling
Step 6:
Testing
Step 7:
Packaging
Step 1:
Collection of
raw material
Mandrels travel through a tunnel oven
-vulcanize the condoms
Condoms are removed and washed
Placed in a special tumble drier
Remove
-odours
-allergens
-pathogens
Condoms
coated with
talc/cornstarch,
silica or
magnesium
carbonate
-prevent it
sticking
together
-easier to unroll
40. Step 2:
Compounding
Step 3:
Storage
Step 4:
Dipping
Step 5:
Tumbling
Step 6:
Testing
Step 7:
Packaging
Step 1:
Collection of
raw material
Tested after several days
Batches are made and tested
1. Inflation test 2. Water leakage
test
41. Step 2:
Compounding
Step 3:
Storage
Step 4:
Dipping
Step 5:
Tumbling
Step 6:
Testing
Step 7:
Packaging
Step 1:
Collection of
raw material
Tested after several days
Batches are made and tested
1. Inflation test
Most important test because
it tests the elasticity and burst
strenght
(NB: determines a parameter
of the condom’s ability not to tear during sex)
Stretched beyond 1.5 cubic feet (size of a watermelon)
International latex standard: 18 litres
42. Inflation tests measure how
much air a condom can hold
-- and how far it can stretch -
- before it breaks.
43. Step 2:
Compounding
Step 3:
Storage
Step 4:
Dipping
Step 5:
Tumbling
Step 6:
Testing
Step 7:
Packaging
Step 1:
Collection of
raw material
Tested after several days
Batches are made and tested
2. Water leakage test
Condoms are filled with 300 ml
of water and inspected for pin-
sized holes by rolling it over blotter
paper
as well as electronically
-mandrel is mounted on a stainless steel charged
mandrel
-mandrel is then passed over a soft conductive brush
If there is pinholes, a circuit will be established and the
machine will reject the condom
44. Water leakage test –
condoms are filled with 300
ml of water and inspected for
pin-sized holes
45. Step 2:
Compounding
Step 3:
Storage
Step 4:
Dipping
Step 5:
Tumbling
Step 6:
Testing
Step 7:
Packaging
Step 1:
Collection of
raw material
Condoms that have passed the tests
rolled
Lubricant/spermacide added by a meter pump (last
step)
Condom sandwiched between 2 layers of laminated foil
Top wrap is added to the foiling process
Put on conveyor belt - exterior packaging (box)
Lubricated condoms - silicone
Spermicidally lubricated condoms -
nonoxynol-9 (N9), in the lubricant
!! amount of N9 used in condoms
- little effect during sexual activity
-Since it can cause vaginal
irritation - make s disease transfer
more likely, it can
do more harm than good
46. Step 2:
Compounding
Step 3:
Storage
Step 4:
Dipping
Step 5:
Tumbling
Step 6:
Testing
Step 7:
Packaging
Step 1:
Collection of
raw material
Condoms that have passed the tests
rolled
Lubricant/spermacide added by a meter pump (last step)
Condom sandwiched between 2 layers of laminated foil
Top wrap is added to the foiling process
Put on conveyor belt
-exterior packaging (box)
Packaging done:
-air out
-UV light out
-square better
than triangular
(less damage)
Expiry date: 5
years
47. Step 2:
Compounding
Step 3:
Storage
Step 4:
Dipping
Step 5:
Tumbling
Step 6:
Testing
Step 7:
Packaging
Step 1:
Collection of
raw material
Durex:
-Water leak testing: Sample of over 2,000,000 condoms per month
-Air inflation test: International latex standard: 18 L. Durex min. latex
standard: 22 L. Typically Durex condoms will expand to 40 L. Sample of
ca. 500,000 condoms per month
If the condoms fail on any of the tests the entire batch –
which can be up to 432,000 condoms - is discarded!
48. This is when any lubricant
and flavoring that’s going to
be used is injected into the
foil at the same time.
49. Testing of a male
polyurethane
condom
At a manufacturing plant in
Colombia, a technician tests
the Unique brand
polyurethane condom.
Polyurethane condoms have
a longer shelf life than latex
condoms.
50. Condoms – Quality Control
Class II Medical Devices (FDA)
Inspection once every 2 years
Condom dipping machines may not stop (clogged and rusted)
Measurements:
Length: 150-200 mm
Width: 47-54 mm
Thickness: 0.03-0.09 mm (most condoms range: 0.002 and 0.0024 mm)
Weight: not > 2 g
Tensile strength: 15 000 pounds psa
Elongation before breakage: 625%
Checks: cracking, molding, drying/sticking latex
Lots will not pass:
> 4% failure with respect to the above dimensions
2.5% with respect to tensile strength and elongation
0.4% due to leakage
51. Condoms – Quality Control
Class II Medical Devices (FDA)
Inspection once every 2 years
Condom dipping machines may not stop (clogged and rusted)
Measurements:
Length: 150-200 mm
Width: 47-54 mm (when laid flat)
Thickness: 0.03-0.09 mm (most condoms range: 0.002 and 0.0024 mm)
Weight: not > 2 g
Tensile strength: 15 000 pounds psa
Elongation before breakage: 625%
Checks: cracking, molding, drying/sticking latex
Lots will not pass:
> 4% failure with respect to the above dimensions
2.5% with respect to tensile strength and elongation
0.4% due to leakage
52. Condoms – Quality Control
Class II Medical Devices (FDA)
Inspection once every 2 years
Condom dipping machines may not stop (clogged and rusted)
Measurements:
Length: 150-200 mm
Width: 47-54 mm
Thickness: 0.03-0.09 mm (most condoms range: 0.002 and 0.0024 mm)
Weight: not > 2 g
Tensile strength: 15 000 pounds psa
Elongation before breakage: 625%
Checks: cracking, molding, drying/sticking latex
Lots will not pass:
> 4% failure with respect to the above dimensions
2.5% with respect to tensile strength and elongation
0.4% due to leakage
53. Condoms – Quality Control
Class II Medical Devices (FDA)
Inspection once every 2 years
Condom dipping machines may not stop (clogged and rusted)
Measurements:
Length: 150-200 mm
Width: 47-54 mm
Thickness: 0.03-0.09 mm (most condoms range: 0.002 and 0.0024 mm)
Weight: not > 2 g
Tensile strength: 15 000 pounds psa
Elongation before breakage: 625%
Checks: cracking, molding, drying/sticking latex
Lots will not pass:
> 4% failure with respect to the above dimensions
2.5% with respect to tensile strength and elongation
0.4% due to leakage
54. Female condom
The female condom is up to 95% effective. But it can sometimes slip or
split when used incorrectly
Advantages:
+No side effects
+Can help protect against STIs, including HIV/AIDS
+Can be put in anytime before sex
Disadvantages:
-Putting them in can interrupt sex
-Some people claim condoms reduce sensitivity during sex
-Not widely available
57. How to use a male condom
Always follow the instructions in the condom pack.
Check the expiry date on the condom wrapper before
you use it. Tear the wrapper open from the serrated
edge and handle the condom carefully, as it can be
damaged by fingernails and sharp objects like
jewellery and body piercings.
58. Either of you can put the
condom on the erect penis.
Just make sure you put the
condom on before you have
any sexual activity. This helps
to prevent an unplanned
pregnancy and the possibility
of catching sexually
transmitted infections.
59. Check the roll is on the
outside. If it’s on the inside,
the condom is inside out.
Squeeze the teat end of the
condom so there’s no air
trapped inside.
60. Still squeezing the teat, put
the condom on top of the
penis and roll it down with
your other hand. If it starts to
roll back up during sex, just
roll it back down again
straight away. If it comes off,
stop and put a new condom
on.
61. Soon after ejaculation, and
while the penis is still erect,
the condom should be held
firmly in place at the base of
the penis before withdrawal.
Then just take it off, wrap it
in a tissue and put it in the
bin. Please don’t flush it
down the toilet.
63. Vaginal dosage forms
Formulation:
Tablets, capsules, pessaries, solutions, sprays, foams,
creams, ointments
Due to low moisture environment (in the vagina) –
additives are used to improve e.g. disintegration of
vaginal tablets
Bicarbonate + an organic acid which results in CO2 release
Filler: lactose (converted by vaginal flora to lactic acid,
resulting in a pH of 4-4.5
Vaginal pessaries
Prepared with: glycerol-gelatin bases (tolerated well)
PE glycols – less common (irritation)
Fatty excipients (not used much)
64. Vaginal creams and pessaries
Definition: Pessaries: solid dosage forms for vaginal
insertion. They are used for both local and systemic effects
Administration
Mainly used for local effects (Trichomonas/Candida)
Some drugs are administered for systemic effects
Some drugs have a higher BA compared to the oral route (drug
immediately enters the systemic circulation without passing the
metabolizing liver)
Vagina well suited for absorption for systemic effects (vast network of
blood vessels)
Few drugs are administrated via this route
Oestrogens and prostaglandin analogues (creams or hydrogels)
Progesterone (vaginal suppository/pessary)
65. Vaginal creams and pessaries (cont)
Canesten® VC and pessaries
Use to control vaginal infections
Contains clotrimazole
66. Vaginal creams and pessaries (cont)
Cirone® vaginal gel
Progesterone 90mg/application (8%)
For infertility due to inadequate luteal phase
Dosage: 1 application daily, starting after
documented ovulation or on day 18-21 of cycle.
67. Vaginal creams and pessaries (cont)
Cyclogest® pessary
Progesterone 200mg
For corpus luteum insufficiency
Dosage: insert 200mg pessary daily; may be
increased to 400mg BD
68. Vaginal creams and pessaries (cont)
Orthoforms®
Pessaries use for contraception
69. Transdermal patches
Device which releases drug to the skin at a controlled
rate well below the maximum that the tissue can accept.
Thus, the device, not the stratum corneum, controls the
rate at which drug diffuses through the skin.
70. Transdermal patches (cont)
Claimed advantages
Variables influenced by gut absorption e.g. changes in pH along GI
tract, food/fluid intake, stomach emptying time and intestinal motility
are eliminated
Drug enters systemic circulation directly, eliminating ‘first past’ effect
Controlled, constant drug administration.
This continuity may permit the use of drugs with short half-lives and
improve patient compliance
Transdermal route can use drugs with low therapeutic index
71. Transdermal patches (cont)
Evra® contraceptive patch
• Contains norelgestromin 6 mg, ethinylestradiol
0.6mg which delivers norelgestromin 150 µg and
ethinylestradiol 20 µg in 24 hours
• Apply first patch on day 1 of
menstruation. Patch is effective
immediately
• Apply a new patch weekly for three
consecutive weeks (i.e. on days
1, 8 and 15) followed by one week
patch-free (days 22-28)
• Commence the next patch cycle after
no more than 7 patch-free days
73. Transdermal patches (cont)
Evorel Conti® patch for hormone replacement therapy
Suitable for woman with a uterus
Contains estradiol hemihydrate 3.2 mg, norethisterone
acetate 11.2 mg
Release in 24 hours: estradiol 50µg, norethisterone
acetate 170 µg
Apply twice weekly without interuption to clean, dry, intact
skin of the trunk below the waist (not to breasts). Do not
apply twice in succession to the same site
74. References
Aulton, M.E. (editor). Pharmaceutics. The Science of Dosage form
Design. 2007. London: Churchill Livingstone
Desai, A., Lee, M., Gibaldi’s Drug Delivery Systems in
Pharmaceutical Care. 2007. Maryland: American Society of health-
System Pharmacists
Hatcher, R.A., et al. The Essentials of Contraceptive Technology.
2001. Baltimore: John Hopkins Population Information Program
Websites
http://www.pharmainfo.net/reviews/development-fabrication-and-evaluation-transdermal-
drug-delivery-system-review
http://informahealthcare.com/doi/abs/10.1081/DDC-100105179
http://info.k4health.org/pr/m19/m19chap2.shtm
lhttp://www.netdoctor.co.uk/sex_relationships/facts/contraceptiveinjection.htm
http://www.rxlist.com/drug-slideshows/article.htm
http://home.intekom.com/pharm/hmr/cyclogst.html (SA electronic package inserts)
http://www.bing.com/images/search?q=transdermal+patch&form=QBIR#