Tuning Nanoscale Surface Roughness and Smoothness of Nanocellulose Film via Spray Coating
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We recently reported a new method to prepare smooth nanocellulose (NC) films [1] by spraying the nanocellulose onto a smooth and polished surface and then allowing the film to dry in air. Spraying has a notable advantage such as contour coating and contactless coating with the base substrate. The basis weight and thickness of the NC film is tailorable by adjusting NC suspension in spraying process. NC film prepared via spray coating has unique two-sided surface roughness with the surface in contact with the surface much smoother than the air-contact side. The surface roughness is one of the controlling parameter in barrier performance of the NC film and alterations in surface roughness switches the wettability. The RMS roughness of the two surfaces investigated by Optical Profilometry was found to be 2087 nm on the rough side and 389 nm on the spray coated side, respectively. The spray coated NC film has ultra-high smoothness on the side exposed to the polished stainless steel surface. The factors including the size of cellulose fibrils and surface smoothness of base surface that control the roughness of the film are currently being investigated and will be discussed in the presentation. The surface smoothness requirements for substrate applications in SERS and printed electronics will also be discussed.
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Presentation
1. The document discusses the development of a composite nonwoven filter for pre-filtration of textile effluents using nanotechnology.
2. The filter is made of polyethersulfone nanofibers spread over a polyester nonwoven fabric. Testing showed the composite filter was able to remove 75% of particles from textile dyeing effluent.
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Recyclability of Spray Coated Smooth Nanocellulose films as a potential susta...
Recyclability of Spray Coated Smooth Nanocellulose films as a potential susta...Kirubanandan Shanmugam
Synthetic packaging materials are neither reprocessable, renewable nor biodegradable barrier and also difficult to recycle into useful products. While cellulose-based packaging is widely known as a renewable, reprocessable, recyclable and biodegradable material it has limited air and water vapour barrier properties. Nanocellulose (NC) has the potential to become a renewable alternative to plastic packaging barrier layers but its recyclability has not been reported. This investigation is focused on the production of spray-coated nanocellulose (NC) films and its recyclability via dispersion in water and vacuum filtration to form sheets again. Physical properties such as barrier performance and strength of NC films have been evaluated pre- and post- recycling. The recycled films retained 80% of tensile strength and significant barrier performance although the H2O vapour permeability (WVP) approximately doubled, increasing to 9.83 x 10-11 g.m-1.s-1 Pa-1, providing comparable values with for most synthetic packaging. SEM micrographs reveal no fibre agglomeration at the micro level and no damage to the fibres during recycling. The retained strength and barrier properties and facile reprocessability of the spray coated NC film promises a sustainable and recyclable alternative to conventional packaging, providing a sustainable platform for packaging industries.Bami l i 2018 kiru tech seminor
This document provides an outline and background for a PhD thesis on engineering nano-cellulose films and composites via spray coating. The introduction discusses applications and gaps in knowledge regarding nano-cellulose. The structure of the PhD will involve developing a flexible spray coating process to prepare strong, dense nano-cellulose films and investigate their barrier properties. Chapters will explore controlling film properties, recycling smooth films, adding inorganic nanoparticles, and tuning surface roughness. The research aims to develop a scalable technology for applications like printed electronics using a flexible laboratory spray coating method.
Time-resolved mirrorless scintillation detector @ AAPM2018
Time-resolved mirrorless scintillation detector
This slides were presented on AAPM 2018
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Nanocomposites via spray coating
This document summarizes research on developing nanocellulose-nano clay composites for barrier applications via spray coating. Key points include:
- Nanocellulose and various nanoclays (Closite Na+, Ca++, 116) were used to create composites via spray coating and solvent casting/filtration.
- Spray coating allows for more rapid preparation of composite films compared to traditional methods.
- Composites showed low air and water vapor permeability, with permeability decreasing with increased nanoclay content and homogenization.
- Permeability of spray coated composites was comparable or better than synthetic polymers like PVC and LDPE.
- Further analysis of composite structure and properties was planned to
Improvement of Surface Roughness of Nickel Alloy Specimen by Removing Recast ...
In this investigation, experimental work and computational work are combined to obtain
improvement in the surface roughness of nickel alloy specimen, the machining is carried out by means
of CNC wire electric discharge machining (WEDM). Brass wire is used as the tool electrode and nickel
alloy (Inconel600) is used as the work piece material. The machining parameters such as Pulse-On time
(Ton), Pulse-Off time (Toff), Peak Current (Ip), and Bed speed are considered as input parameters for this
project. Surface roughness and Recast layer are considered the output parameters. The experiments
with the pre-planned set of input parameters are designed based on Taguchi’s orthogonal array. The
surface roughness is measured using stylus type roughness tester and the thickness of the Recast layer
is measured using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). The results obtained from the experiments are
fed to the Minitab software and optimum input parameters for the desired output parameters are
identified. The software uses the concept of analysis of variance (ANOVA) and indicates the nature of
effect of input parameters on the output parameters and confirmation is done by validation
experiments. Once the recast layer thickness is obtained Chemical Etching and abrasive blasting is
performed in order to remove the recast layer and again the surface roughness is measured by using
stylus type roughness tester. Finally from the obtained results it was found that there was significant
improvement in the Surface roughness of the nickel alloy material. In addition using regression
analysis this work is stimulated by computational method and the results are obtained.
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(Public) se 2000-presentation_20140120
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The document summarizes S.Kirubanandan's PhD research on developing functional materials using nano-cellulose and spray coating. The research aims to rapidly prepare nano-cellulose sheets and composites using spray coating and study their mechanical and barrier properties. Preliminary results show spray coating can produce uniform, smooth nano-cellulose sheets with controlled thickness and basis weight. Future work involves preparing nanoclay/nano-cellulose and nanoparticle/nano-cellulose composites and coating nano-cellulose onto base sheets to develop high performance barrier materials through a scalable spray coating process.
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Spray coating – a rapid method for preparation of free-standing nanocellulose...
Spray coating – a rapid method for preparation of free-standing nanocellulose...
Barrier Properties And Recyclability of Spray Coated Nanocellulose Sheet
Barrier Properties And Recyclability of Spray Coated Nanocellulose Sheet
Recyclability of Spray Coated Smooth Nanocellulose films as a potential susta...
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Time-resolved mirrorless scintillation detector @ AAPM2018
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LIGA(E)11111111111111111111111111111111111111111.ppt
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Improvement of Surface Roughness of Nickel Alloy Specimen by Removing Recast ...
Improvement of Surface Roughness of Nickel Alloy Specimen by Removing Recast ...
Improvement of Surface Roughness of Nickel Alloy Specimen by Removing Recast ...
Improvement of Surface Roughness of Nickel Alloy Specimen by Removing Recast ...
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Nanocellulose based functional material using spraying
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Kirubanandan worked on developing, constructing, and operating an Oscillatory Flow Reactor as part of his master's research program from 2012-2013. He designed and built the experimental setup, integrating components, collecting data using LabView, and performing experiments to analyze oscillatory flow and mixing at mini scales. Kirubanandan evaluated the reactor's performance, compared it to other mixers, and published results in engineering journals to contribute to process intensification research on oscillatory flow technology.
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This document summarizes the graduate engineering work of developing an alternative process for extracting Omega-3 PUFAs using a miniaturized plug flow reactor. Key points:
1. The student designed, constructed, and tested a pilot-scale mini-fluidic reactor to intensify the extraction process of Omega-3 PUFAs from fish oil using silver nitrate as a solvent.
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Kirubanandan_Career Episode 1.pdf
This document summarizes a project to develop a spray coating process to produce nanocellulose and nanocomposite films for packaging applications. The author worked as a process engineer to design and construct a spray coating experimental setup. Key objectives included developing a spray coating process to produce free-standing nanocellulose films of varying thickness and roughness on impermeable surfaces, and nanocellulose-composite films. The author characterized the mechanical and barrier properties of the spray-coated films and found they had comparable properties to films made by vacuum filtration. The developed process provides a more rapid and flexible method for producing nanocellulose packaging films.
Spray Coated Nanocellulose Films
Spraying nanocellulose on a polished impermeable surface is a novel concept to produce a film which has two distinct surfaces. The spray coated surface is very smooth and replicates the nanoscale roughness from the base surface. This process reduces the operational time for film formation by one order of magnitude compared to vacuum filtration, which is the standard method. The spraying process was optimised to develop highly uniform sheets. The films were recyclable and sustainable. Spraying process has been successfully implemented to develop high performance nanocomposites for barrier applications and smooth films for electronics.
Kirubanandan final chapter
This document provides an introduction and literature review on nanocellulose and its composite films. It discusses nanocellulose as a novel fibrous material produced from mechanical, chemical or enzymatic defibrillation of lignocellulosic biomass. The characteristics, production methods, applications and properties of nanocellulose films are reviewed. Various fabrication methods for producing nanocellulose films and composites are critically analyzed, along with their pros and cons. The document identifies gaps in knowledge around developing rapid processes to produce high quality nanocellulose films for applications such as packaging.
NANOCELLULOSE AND ITS COMPOSITE FILMS – APPLICATIONS, PROPERTIES, PREPARATION...
NANOCELLULOSE AND ITS COMPOSITE FILMS – APPLICATIONS, PROPERTIES, PREPARATION...Kirubanandan Shanmugam
Nanocellulose (NC) is a biodegradable nanomaterial produced from lignocellulosic biomass. The mechanical, chemical or enzymatic processes are normally used for defibrillation of wood fibres into nanofibrils. It is a cellulose nanofibril with unique characteristics leading to potential applications in functional materials. These nanomaterials can replace synthetic plastics and be used as biomaterials for developing recyclable nanocomposites. The fibrils at nanosize provide high surface area and strength and are biodegradable. NC films and their composites have been used in developing functional materials such as barrier materials, substrates for printing circuits in flexible electronics, barrier coatings on the paper and paper board etc., In addition, there is a potential demand for NC films and composites to replace or eliminate conventional plastics. There are many methods available to prepare free-standing NC films with composites and these are critically reviewed and addressed in this chapter. Conventional methods are seen to be time-consuming, and unable to produce outstanding quality films, which set limitations on commercialization. Therefore, a rapid process to produce the NC films is required to meet the potentially large requirement for packaging and other functional material.Effect of Recycling of Nanocellulose on their barrier properties and mechanic...
Effect of Recycling of Nanocellulose on their barrier properties and mechanic...Kirubanandan Shanmugam
The document summarizes research on the effect of recycling on the barrier and mechanical properties of nanocellulose films. Nanocellulose films were made via spray coating and then recycled using dispersion and vacuum filtration. Testing found that recycled films retained 70% of the strength of virgin films and had double the water vapor permeability. Examinations across multiple length scales suggested this was due to nanofiber bundles that were not fully separated during recycling, reducing density and uniformity and thereby properties. While recycling reduced performance, barrier properties remained better than conventional cellulose packaging. Further optimization of the recycling process may be needed to fully separate nanofibers.Coating of nanocellulose on the filters
This document summarizes research on developing a two-layer depth filter with improved filtration performance. The researchers spray coated an anionic cellulose nanofibre (CNF) layer onto a cationic depth filter base sheet. This created a filter with triple functionality: 1) the cationic base sheet could adsorb anionic molecules; 2) the anionic CNF top layer could adsorb cationic molecules; and 3) the CNF layer acted as a microfiltration membrane. Testing showed that a CNF coat weight of 8 g/m2 optimized performance, rejecting 80% of 5000 kDa polyethylene glycol at a flux of 133 LMH, while still effectively absorbing the cationic dye methylene blue.
Silver Nanowires
Silver nanowires are a versatile tool for creating conductive paper. When added to paper, silver nanowires can enhance the electrical and thermal conductivity of paper without impacting its optical properties. Silver nanowires allow paper to be used in new applications that require electrical conductivity, such as touchscreens, RFID tags, flexible electronics, and biosensors.
Tuning the surface roughness of NC films
This document investigates factors that control the roughness of nanocellulose films produced by spraying. It examines the effect of substrate surface chemistry and roughness, nanocellulose fibre diameter, and addition of carboxymethyl cellulose to nanocellulose suspensions. The three key factors found to control film roughness are: the roughness of the substrate surface, the diameter of the nanocellulose fibrils, and addition of carboxymethyl cellulose. Adding carboxymethyl cellulose, which reduces fibre-fibre friction, produced smoother films, especially when sprayed on rougher substrates. The smoothest film achieved had a roughness of 336±117nm and resulted from spraying a suspension containing 1.5%
Recycling of Nanocellulose Films
This document summarizes research investigating the recyclability of nanocellulose films as an alternative to non-recyclable polyolefin packaging materials. Virgin nanocellulose films were recycled using standard dispersion and vacuum filtration techniques. The recycled films retained around 70% of the strength of virgin films and had a water vapor permeability that doubled but was still comparable to synthetic polymers. Scanning electron microscopy showed no fiber damage or agglomeration during recycling. The recycled films had decreased uniformity at small scales but increased uniformity at large scales compared to virgin films. The retained strength, barrier properties, and ease of reprocessing demonstrate that nanocellulose films could provide a sustainable and recyclable alternative to conventional packaging.
Spray Coating Process
This document discusses a study that investigated the production of nanocellulose films using a spray coating process. The study varied parameters like conveyor speed and nanocellulose suspension concentration during spraying. It found that spray coating can efficiently produce films with basis weights ranging from 38 to 187 g/m2 and thicknesses from 58.4 to 243.2 μm. Film thickness and basis weight showed a universal linear relationship. Optical uniformity of films increased with higher conveyor speed and was maximized between 1.5-1.75% nanocellulose concentration. The most uniform spray coated films had similar tensile strength as films made through vacuum filtration. The study demonstrated that spray coating can be a more time efficient alternative
Spray Coating -A Rapid Method for preparation of nanocellulose film
This document describes a new method for rapidly producing nanocellulose films using spray coating. Nanocellulose suspensions at consistencies ranging from 1.0-2.0% were sprayed onto stainless steel plates moving at 0.32 cm/s. Films with basis weights from 52.8-193.1 g/m2 could be produced in 1 minute, significantly faster than vacuum filtration which typically takes 10 minutes. The spray coated films had a smoother surface that was in contact with the steel plates compared to the outer surface. This spray coating technique is presented as a rapid and flexible method for producing nanocellulose films at the laboratory scale.
Process for recycling of nanocellulose
Spray coated nanocellulose films were investigated as a potentially sustainable alternative to synthetic packaging materials. The nanocellulose films were recycled by dispersing them in water and vacuum filtration to reform sheets. The recycled films retained 80% of their original tensile strength and maintained significant barrier properties, though water vapor permeability doubled. Scanning electron microscopy showed no fiber agglomeration or damage during recycling. The retained strength, barrier performance, and easy reprocessability of the recycled nanocellulose films demonstrates their potential as a sustainable and recyclable alternative to conventional packaging.
Spray Coating -A Rapid Method for preparation of nanocellulose film
A spray coating technique was developed to rapidly prepare free-standing nanocellulose films in under 1 minute by spraying a nanocellulose suspension onto a moving stainless steel plate, which was then air dried under restraint. The produced films had a basis weight that varied between 50 and 200 g/m2 and were 15% thicker than films made through vacuum filtration, but had similar uniformity and ultra-high smoothness on the side exposed to the metal surface during drying. The significant reduction in preparation time suggests spray coating can be an alternative to vacuum filtration for quickly producing nanocellulose sheets for further investigation.
Recycled Nanocellulose
Recycled nanocellulose films were produced from virgin nanocellulose films using laboratory dispersion techniques under ISO standard conditions. While the strength and barrier performance of the recycled films were reduced compared to the virgin films, the barrier performance was still comparable to synthetic polymers like LDPE. Remarkably, the energy required to recycle the nanocellulose film waste into a nanofiber suspension was two orders of magnitude less than originally required to produce the nanofibers. This shows that recycling nanocellulose film waste is an attractive option from an energy perspective.
Effect of Recycling of Nanocellulose on their barrier properties and mechanic...
Effect of Recycling of Nanocellulose on their barrier properties and mechanic...Kirubanandan Shanmugam
Recycled nanocellulose films retained 70% of the strength of virgin films but had double the water vapor permeability. This was likely due to bundles of cellulose nanofibers that did not fully separate during recycling, hindering uniform packing and reducing density. At the fiber level and under high magnification SEM, recycled and virgin films were identical, but recycled films had poorer optical uniformity and strength at larger length scales. Recycling reduced barrier performance but it was still much better than conventional packaging materials. The major issue was incomplete breakdown of nanocellulose sheets into individual fibers during recycling.Surface Roughness of the nanocellulose film
This document is an abstract submission for a research showcase about tuning the nanoscale surface roughness and smoothness of nanocellulose films via spray coating. The researchers developed a new spray coating method to produce smooth nanocellulose films. The films have two-sided surface roughness, with the side in contact with the polished surface during spraying being much smoother than the air-exposed side. The roughness was measured using optical profilometry and found to be 2087 nm for the rough side and 389 nm for the smooth side. Factors controlling the roughness like cellulose fibril size and the base surface smoothness are being investigated. Surface smoothness requirements for applications like SERS and printed electronics will also be discussed.
Surface Roughness of the nanocellulose film
Spray coating is used to produce novel nanocellulose films with controlled smoothness on steel surfaces. The smoothness of the nanocellulose film is determined by the smoothness of the receiving steel surface. Film properties like basis weight, thickness, and strength can be adjusted by changing the suspension consistency and spray coating process parameters. The surface of the film in contact with the steel surface is smoother than the air side of the film. The study investigates how suspension consistency, fiber homogenization, and addition of carboxy methyl cellulose affect the smoothness of the nanocellulose film coating. Nanocellulose fibril diameter and receiving surface roughness are found to be the key parameters that control film smoothness.
Structure of Spray Coated Nanocomposite
It describes the structure of nanocomposite prepared via spray coating and interlinked with their barrier performance.
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Tuning Nanoscale Surface Roughness and Smoothness of Nanocellulose Film via Spray Coating
- 1. The ANFF & AMMRF Research Showcase Sydney 22-23 November 2017 Make and Measure Tuning Nanoscale Surface Roughness and Smoothness of Nanocellulose Film via Spray Coating K. Shanmugam, S.Varanasi, Gil B.D. Garnier, Warren J. Batchelor Bio Resource Processing Research Institute of Australia (BioPRIA), Department of Chemical Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Australia.
- 2. Cellulose nanofiber materials Isogai et al. Nanoscale,2011,3, 71-85
- 3. Cellulose nanofibre applications Aerogels/foam Packaging Solar Panels Air FiltrationFlexible Electronics Oil and water separation Water Filtration
- 4. Spray Coating Method Experimental Conditions : • Spray distance - 30 cm, Suspension concentration - 1.0 to 2.0 wt %, Velocity of conveyor – 0.34 cm/sec Conveyor and Professional Spray system Nanocellulose films Stainless steel plate Nanocellulose Spraying video Drying
- 5. SEM Micrograph of Nanocellulose Films Free side Plate side 1µm 1µm Vacuum Filtration Spray Coating Free side Filter side Rough surface Smooth surface
- 6. Investigating the surface roughness of nanocellulose films AFM Optical Profilometry Objective
- 7. AFM Micrograph of nanocellulose Film Vacuum Filtration Spray Coating Rough surface Smooth Surface Free side Filter side
- 8. Roughness from AFM Image (10µm x 10µm) 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450RMSinnm Nanocellulose Film Sides Spray Coating Vacuum Filtration
- 9. Bruker Contour GT-I –Optical Profiler Optical Profilometry
- 10. Method Side 1 ( Rough Side) Side 2 (Smooth Side) VF-NC 50X SC-NC 50X
- 11. Roughness from Optical Profiler Image (50X magnification) 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 RMS(Rq)innm Nanocellulose Films sides Spray Coating Vacuum Filtration
- 12. Method Side 1 ( Rough Side) Side 2 (Smooth Side) VF-NC 20X SC-NC 20X
- 13. Roughness from Optical Profiler Image (20X magnification) 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 RMS(Rq)innm Nanocellulose Films Sides Spray Coating Vacuum Filtration
- 14. Method Side 1 ( Rough Side) Side 2 (Smooth Side) VF-NC 5X SC-NC 5X
- 15. Roughness from Optical Profiler Image (5X magnification) 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 RMS(Rq)innm Nanocellulose Films surface Spray Coating Vacuum Filtration
- 16. Films Preparation method Technique used Surface RMS Roughness Spray Coating Atomic Force Microscopy Rough 414.0 nm (10µm x10µm) 51.4 nm (2µm x 2µm) Smooth 81.1 nm (10µm x10µm) 16.7 nm (2µm x 2µm) Optical Profiler 50x Image Rough Smooth 2086.69 nm 389 nm Vacuum Filtration Atomic Force Microscopy Free Side 417.7 nm (10µm x10µm) 102.3 nm (2µm x 2µm) Filter side 330.8 (10µm x10µm) 70.7 nm (2µm x 2µm) Optical Profiler 50x Image Free Side Filter Side 2673 nm 3751 nm
- 17. Factors Controlling Surface Roughness Base/Contact Surface Cellulose Fibres
- 18. Scope of Tailoring Surface Roughness Use of nanocellulose in printed electronics: a review (Fanny Hoeng et al., 2016) Recyclable Barrier materials
- 19. Conclusion A rapid technique to prepare the nano-cellulose film was developed. The spray coated film has two distinct surface. Roughness of the smooth side of spray coated film is 389 nm.
- 20. Acknowledgement • Melbourne centre for Nanofabrication. • Monash Centre for Electron Microscopy. • Ms. Natasha Yeow, AFM facilities, Monash Univ. • Student friends and Staff members at BioPRIA.
- 21. Thank you PRESENTED BY Warren Batchelor Deputy Director, BioPRIA Monash University Australia