A presentation on Molecular Beam Epitaxy made by Deepak Rajput. It was presented as a course requirement at the University of Tennessee Space Institute in Fall 2008.
Electron beam lithography (often abbreviated as e-beam lithography or EBL) is the process of transferring a pattern onto the surface of a substrate by first scanning a thin layer of organic film (called resist) on the surface by a tightly focused and precisely controlled electron beam (exposure) and then selectively removing the exposed or nonexposed regions of the resist in a solvent (developing). The process allows patterning of very small features, often with the dimensions of submicrometer down to a few nanometers, either covering the selected areas of the surface by the resist or exposing otherwise resist-covered areas. The exposed areas could be further processed for etching or thin-film deposition while the covered parts are protected during these processes. The advantage of e-beam lithography stems from the shorter wavelength of accelerated electrons compared to the wavelength of ultraviolet (UV) light used in photolithography.
In EBL, a resist layer is directly patterned by scanning with an electron beam electronically. Modern EBL systems have very good depth of focus (several hundred nanometres) and are able to correct for large-scale height variations of the wafer (of several hundred microns), and so are able to cope well with the rough surface topology of typical GaN wafers and associated wafer bow. EBL also has the advantage of allowing multiple designs to be fabricated together on one wafer. EBL is, however, a slow and expensive process, which is not practical for production. Substrate charging and proximity error effects must be taken into account to get good quality devices. Charging effects can be overcome by application of a sub-nanoscale removable conductive layer on top of the resist. Proximity error correction effects are overcome using specialised design correction software.
A presentation on Molecular Beam Epitaxy made by Deepak Rajput. It was presented as a course requirement at the University of Tennessee Space Institute in Fall 2008.
Electron beam lithography (often abbreviated as e-beam lithography or EBL) is the process of transferring a pattern onto the surface of a substrate by first scanning a thin layer of organic film (called resist) on the surface by a tightly focused and precisely controlled electron beam (exposure) and then selectively removing the exposed or nonexposed regions of the resist in a solvent (developing). The process allows patterning of very small features, often with the dimensions of submicrometer down to a few nanometers, either covering the selected areas of the surface by the resist or exposing otherwise resist-covered areas. The exposed areas could be further processed for etching or thin-film deposition while the covered parts are protected during these processes. The advantage of e-beam lithography stems from the shorter wavelength of accelerated electrons compared to the wavelength of ultraviolet (UV) light used in photolithography.
In EBL, a resist layer is directly patterned by scanning with an electron beam electronically. Modern EBL systems have very good depth of focus (several hundred nanometres) and are able to correct for large-scale height variations of the wafer (of several hundred microns), and so are able to cope well with the rough surface topology of typical GaN wafers and associated wafer bow. EBL also has the advantage of allowing multiple designs to be fabricated together on one wafer. EBL is, however, a slow and expensive process, which is not practical for production. Substrate charging and proximity error effects must be taken into account to get good quality devices. Charging effects can be overcome by application of a sub-nanoscale removable conductive layer on top of the resist. Proximity error correction effects are overcome using specialised design correction software.
A brief overview of the processes involved in nanolithography & nanopatterning. It mainly discusses the steps, mechanism & instrumentation of the electron beam lithography in detail. It also gives a small view on other technologies as well.
This presentation includes basis of lithography i.e. (photo-lithography e-beam lithography) in nano-lithography includes (AFM, Soft, NIL and DPN lithography)
Laser Processing of Different materials and its application.aman1312
Presentation of laser application in different types of industry for material processing. Laser materials processing is done on various materials such as metals, non metals, ceramics, polymer materials.
Nanoelectronics refer to the use of nanotechnology in electronic components. The term covers a diverse set of devices and materials, with the common characteristic that they are so small that inter-atomic interactions and quantum mechanical properties need to be studied extensively.
A brief overview of the processes involved in nanolithography & nanopatterning. It mainly discusses the steps, mechanism & instrumentation of the electron beam lithography in detail. It also gives a small view on other technologies as well.
This presentation includes basis of lithography i.e. (photo-lithography e-beam lithography) in nano-lithography includes (AFM, Soft, NIL and DPN lithography)
Laser Processing of Different materials and its application.aman1312
Presentation of laser application in different types of industry for material processing. Laser materials processing is done on various materials such as metals, non metals, ceramics, polymer materials.
Nanoelectronics refer to the use of nanotechnology in electronic components. The term covers a diverse set of devices and materials, with the common characteristic that they are so small that inter-atomic interactions and quantum mechanical properties need to be studied extensively.
The Foodie platform hub aims at enabling in an easy manner the (re)use of open data in the agricultural domain in order to create new applications that provide added value to different stakeholder groups.
02 листопада 2016 року відбулась настановча конференція з учнями-членами міського територіального осередку Малої академії наук України, яка за традицією проходила в актовій залі Броварської спеціалізованої школи №5.
У роботі настановчої конференції взяли участь юні науковці – слухачі, кандидати та дійсні члени міського територіального осередку МАН, разом зі своїми науковими керівниками. Майже 90 учнів та 25 педагогів навчальних закладів міста стали активними слухачами та доповідачами конференції.
Lithographic photomasks are typically transparent fused silica blanks covered with a pattern defined with a chrome metal-absorbing film. Photomasks are used at wavelengths of 365 nm, 248 nm, and 193 nm. Photomasks have also been developed for other forms of radiation such as 157 nm, 13.5 nm (EUV), X-ray, electrons, and ions; but these require entirely new materials for the substrate and the pattern film.
A Study of Pulse by Pulse Microscale Patch Transfer Using Picosecond LaserIJERA Editor
The shape restoring capability of Ti/Ni has potential to overcome the shrinkage of polymer in mould cavity, which has potential of solving the demoulding problems and helps dimension accuracy in micro/nano injection molding. However, the deposition of Ti/Ni film precisely and securely on specific location of the micro mould cavity present difficulties with conventional deposition methods. In this paper, the use of photonic impact forward transfer method to deposit Ti/Ni film patches on specific locations of a substrate is demonstrate using a picosecond laser. Pulse by pulse deposition control parameters affecting position accuracy and spot size were studied in this paper. It was found that although laser power, and distance between donor films and the substrate all influence the spot sizes of pulse by pulse deposited patches, adjusting spot size by changing laser power is better than changing distance due to separated particles being found around the deposited film patches. Results of this study proved the feasibility of depositing Ti/Ni film patches on specific location using pico-second laser with high position accuracy. The potential of using photonic impact forward transfer as a complementing method to laser powder 3D printing of difficult to process material to produce better surface quality microproducts such as micro moulds for micro-injection molding is tremendous.
Analysis of lithography based approaches in development of semiconductorsijcsit
The end of the 19th century brought about a change in the dynamics of computing by the development of the
microprocessor. Huge bedroom size computers began being replaced by portable, smaller sized desktops.
Today the world is dominated by silicon, which has circumscribed chip development for computers through
microprocessors. Majority of the integrated circuits that are manufactured at present are developed using
the concept of Lithography. This paper presents a detailed analysis of multiple Lithography methodologies
as a means for advanced integrated circuit development. The study paper primarily restricts to examples in
the context of Lithography, surveying the various existing techniques of Lithography in literature,
examining feasible and efficient methods, highlighting the various pros and cons of each of them.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
insect taxonomy importance systematics and classification
photo lithography for MEMS and developing micro-structures
1. Photo lithography sequence for developing micro
structure & RIE (REACTIVE ION ETCHING)
AHMED M. ABDELGAWAD, Arab academy for science and
Technology
Ahmed.sayes@yahoo.com
XNEM-program
2. 1- Theory
Lithography is the technique used to transfer a computer generated pattern onto a substrate
(silicon, glass, GaAs, etc.). This pattern is subsequently used to etch an underlying thin film
(oxide, nitride, etc.) for various purposes (doping, etching, etc.). Furthermore, photolithography
uses ultraviolet (UV) light source for purpose of patterning.
Fig. 1 shows all steps of photolithography.
This process occurs several times during
the fabrication of a micro system device
as layers build upon layers as in fig. 2.
When building a microsystem, we must take
into consideration that each layer within this
system has a unique pattern. The initial
process used to transfer this pattern into a layer is photolithography. The photolithography
process transfers the pattern of a mask (depending on the method of exposure) to a
photosensitive layer (resist). In the construction of microsystem devices a subsequent process
step, usually etch or liftoff, transfers the pattern from the photosensitive layer into an
underlying layer. After the pattern transfer, the resist is usually stripped or removed
The patterned resist would identify the areas that exposed to deposition as an example building
a layer of silicon dioxide above silicon substrate. Patterned photo resist is also used as a hard
Fig. 1 lithography process flow
Fig. 2 micro device built by micromachining technique
3. mask for some etch processes. The photo resist is used to protect the areas of the film that are
not to be etched.
2- Procedures
Fig. 3. Steps of photolithography
There are three basic steps to photolithography as seen in fig. 3:
1) Coat - A photosensitive material (photoresist or resist) is applied to the substrate surface.
This step include:-
A. Cleaning: - the substrate of silicon cleaned by acetone and rinsed DI water and dried it on the
heater to ensure the cleanness of the surface.
B. Appling photoresist on the wafer through spin coater: - There are two types of PR
(negative & positive PR), however, we used in our experiment, the positive PR. Spin coater is
a device where PR applied through nozzle and its disc stabilized by vacuum, the disc rotates
and spread the PR on The wafer. The speed of rotation determines the required thickness of
PR which is very important to control the desired aspect ratio of the device fig. 4.
C. Softbake: - After the photoresist is applied to the desired thickness, a softbake is used to
remove the residual solvents of the photoresist. After the softbake, the wafer is cooled to
room temperature fig. 5.
Fig. 4. Applying photoresist fig. 5. Soft bake
4. 2) Expose – the mask with the coated PR suited in mask aligner device as seen in fig. 6 .1, 6 .2.
A. Alignment: - putting the mask in the right position is a critical issue. Due to the microscopic
size of these devices, a misalignment of one micrometer (micron or 1μm) or even smaller
can destroy the entire device and all the other devices on the wafer. It is important that each
layer is aligned properly and within specifications to the previous layers and subsequent
layers.
B. Expose: - ultraviolet (UV) light from a source travels through the mask to the resist, exposing
the resist. UV light sources normally include mercury vapor lamps. The UV light hitting the
resist causes a chemical reaction between the resist and the light make it soluble and ready
for the step of development.
Fig .6 .1 fig .6 . 2
3) Develop – The exposed photoresist is subsequently dissolved with a chemical developer. The
timing of this process is critical. Too long of a time leads to an "overdeveloped resist"; too little of
a time leads to an "underdeveloped resist" – both of which negatively affect line width. An
underdeveloped resist could prevent access to the underlying layer by leaving too much resist
on the wafer. To stop the chemical reaction of the developer with the photoresist, the wafers are
rinsed with (DI) water then spin-dried fig 7.1.
A post-develop hardbake is used to harden the photoresist for the subsequent process. In order
to do this, the temperature of the hardbake is higher than that of the softbake after coat. The
hard bake temperature for positive resist is approximately 120°C to 140°C fig 7. 2.
5. 4) Deposition of silicon dioxide by PECVD:-
At this step, we deposited a layer of silicon dioxide above the developed surface to cover
both of exposed parts of substrate and the remaining parts of resist. Details about the
PECVD discussed in another report.
5) Wet etching: - removes the material through a chemical reaction between a liquid etchant and the layer
to be etched which differs from Dry etching removes the material through a chemical reaction and/or a
physical interaction between etchant gasses and the exposed layer. Table .1 shows some of the thin films
used in the construction of microsystems devices, the etch process used (wet or dry), and the etchants for
each type of film.
However, there is a special stage designed for handling such these dangerous chemical
solutions and there a special safety precautions must be considered as; glasses, mask,
gloves and so on…
Table .1 various etching solutions
Through this stage an organic solvent has been used to chemically etch the remained resist (sacrificial layer) and
form the structure as illustrated in fig .8
Fig .7 .1 immersion of substrate in HF solution fig .7 .2 hardbake at higher temperature
6. 6) DRIE (DEEP REACTIVE ION ETCHING):-
This device introduces an alternative way for etching; the difference here is that
this technique more expensive and complicated, however, it gives higher range of
control for etching process due to high number of variables which could be
controlled. the process work as in the sputtering where photo resist be on the surface
of substrate, and the regions to be etched be exposed through the photo resist and
inside the material. The process of etching in this type mainly be a physical process
but controlling the factors as:- 1- the intensity of plasma through( applied voltage or
frequency in case of RF sputtering) or 2- the pressure of the medium make a
combination between chemical and physical etching.
This process is effective to get straight engravings or making etching apart from the
crystalinity of the material. Thus, it can be used to achieve designs with high aspect
ratio. Finally, it gives the opportunity to get full control over the process of etching
principles of operation shown in fig .9
7. Fig .9 A) shows the total structure for DRIE which consisted of handler part and process part, B) the internal components
in the process part and the factors influence etching process.
A
B