Tumor markers are substances produced by the body in response to cancer growth or by cancer tissue itself that can be detected in blood, urine, or tissue samples. Common types of tumor markers include enzymes, hormones, oncofetal antigens, carbohydrate antigens, and proteins. Genetic markers like oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes can also be used. The erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) test measures inflammation by detecting how quickly red blood cells settle in a test tube, and elevated rates are associated with conditions like infection, autoimmune disorders, and cancer. Serology tests for antibodies produced in response to infection or autoimmune disease. Examples include tests for rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, and

1. Tumor markers,

2. Tumor Markers
Tumor : a swelling of a part of the body,
generally without inflammation, caused by
an abnormal growth of tissue, whether
benign or malignant.
Benign tumor
Limited in their growth .
Do not invade or metastasis .
Malignant tumor (Cancer)
Spread from the original site and cause
secondary tumor

3. Tumor Markers
 Difference between benign and Malignant tumor :

4. charachteristics

5. Tumor Markers
Tumor markers are substances, usually proteins,
that are produced by the body in response to
cancer growth or by the cancer tissue itself and
that may be detected in blood, urine, or tissue
samples .
Some tumor markers are specific for a particular
type of cancer, while others are seen in several
cancer types. Most of the well-known markers may
also be elevated in non-cancerous conditions.
Consequently, tumor markers alone are not
diagnostic for cancer

6. Types of tumor markers
Enzymes

7. Types of tumor marker
Hormones

8. Types of tumor marker
Oncofetal Antigen

9. Types of tumor marker
 Carbohydrate Antigen

10. Types of tumor marker
Proteins

11. Genetic markers
Oncogenes.
Tumor suppressor genes.

12. oncogenes
 Oncogenes are involved in growth factor signaling pathways,
thus amplification of the oncogene leads to abnormal cell
growth

13. Tumor supressor genes
The oncogenicity of suppressor genes is derived
from loss rather than activation.
Any mutation either deletion in suppressor genes
or alterations in chromosomes (monosomy) lead to
to high uncontrolled cell activity.
Mutations in p53 apparently allow cells to move
through the cell cycle and contribute to the
autonomous growth of cancer.

14. .

15. ESR (Erythrocyte sedimentation
rate )

16. ESR
 The sedimentation rate (sed rate) blood test measures how
quickly red blood cells (erythrocytes) settle in a test tube in
one hour.
 The more red cells that fall to the bottom of the test tube in
one hour, the higher the sed rate.
 When inflammation is present in the body, certain proteins
cause red blood cells to stick together and fall more quickly
than normal to the bottom of the tube. These proteins are
produced by the liver and the immune system under many
abnormal conditions .

17. Elevated ESR
 There are multiple causes of a high ESR test result. Some
common conditions associated with high rates include:
 Anemia
 old age
 pregnancy
 ESR test results that are higher
 ESR test results that are higher than normal are also
associated with autoimmune disorders,
 systemic lupus erythematosus
 rheumatoid arthritis

18. Elevated ESR
 Some types of infection that cause ESR test results to
become higher than normal are:
 bone infection
 heart infection
 heart valve infection
 rheumatic fever
 skin infection
 systemic infection

19. Low ESR
leukocytosis
low plasma protein
Heart failure

20. Serology
 Scientific study of blood serum to diagnose the presence of
antibodies in the serum which are typically formed in
response to an infection or to one own proteins (in instances
of autoimmune disease )

21. Antigen&Antibody
Antigen :foreign substance
such as bacteria and viruses
,they stimulate B Lymphocytes
to produce Ab.
Antibody :is protein made by
B Lymphocytes .

22. Autoimmune Disorders Tests
SLE (Systemic Lupus )
ANA (Anti nuclear antibody)
dsDNA(Anti double stranded DNA Ab)
Anti smith

23. Rheumatoid arthritis
RF
Rose waller
Anti-ccp

24. Inflammatory disease disorders
Rheumatic fever
ASOT(Anti- streptolysin o- test)
CRP (C-Reactive protein)

25. CRP(c- reactive protein)
 C-reactive protein is produced by the liver. The level of CRP
rises when there is inflammation throughout the body. This
article discusses the blood test done to measure the amount
of CRP in your blood.

26. ASOT
 Anti-streptolysin O (ASO or ASLO) is the antibody made
against streptolysin O.
 Anti-streptolysin O (ASO) is an antibody often found in the
blood of people who have suffered a streptococcus infection.
A blood test, known as the anti-streptolysin O titre, is
sometimes used to test for the presence of this antibody in
the blood. This test is considered useful because certain
health conditions, such as rheumatic fever, usually only occur
in people who have recently suffered or are suffering a
streptococcus infection. While testing for anti-streptolysin O
is not considered effective for diagnosing a specific illness, it
can help doctors determine if a patient is suffering from a
streptococci-related disease