The document discusses medical technology and medical technologists, who analyze complex tests on blood and body fluids to diagnose diseases. It then explains that proteins are the body's primary building blocks and play many roles, and medical technologists perform several protein tests, including C-Reactive Protein, Bence-Jones Protein from urine, and Serum Protein Electrophoresis from blood, to detect inflammation and diseases.
This presentation is focused on diagnostic utility of Red blood cell indices which will be very useful for undergraduate and postgraduate of medical field.
This presentation is focused on diagnostic utility of Red blood cell indices which will be very useful for undergraduate and postgraduate of medical field.
I have listed out the LE cells structure and Microscopical examinaton of LE CELLS, Difference between tart cells and le cells, clinical symptoms and diagnostic procedure.
There are very few tests which are simple to carry out, done in almost all centers, use full to narrow down the list of provisional diagnosis and also useful for predicting future outcomes. C-RP is one of them. this presentation is not only for laboratory personal but also for MBBS students. Dental students, clinical department post graduates as well as clinicians.
It is an increase in the concentration of serum proteins (APR) accompanies inflammation and tissue injury. Focus on the acute phase phenomenon, termed the acute phase response, first occurred with the discovery of C-reactive protein (CRP) in the serum of patients during the acute phase of pneumococcal pneumonia. During the acute phase response, usual levels of various proteins maintained by homeostatic mechanisms can change substantially. These changes are thought to contribute to host defense and other adaptive capabilities.
I have listed out the LE cells structure and Microscopical examinaton of LE CELLS, Difference between tart cells and le cells, clinical symptoms and diagnostic procedure.
There are very few tests which are simple to carry out, done in almost all centers, use full to narrow down the list of provisional diagnosis and also useful for predicting future outcomes. C-RP is one of them. this presentation is not only for laboratory personal but also for MBBS students. Dental students, clinical department post graduates as well as clinicians.
It is an increase in the concentration of serum proteins (APR) accompanies inflammation and tissue injury. Focus on the acute phase phenomenon, termed the acute phase response, first occurred with the discovery of C-reactive protein (CRP) in the serum of patients during the acute phase of pneumococcal pneumonia. During the acute phase response, usual levels of various proteins maintained by homeostatic mechanisms can change substantially. These changes are thought to contribute to host defense and other adaptive capabilities.
Principles of Pathological Investigation and Imaging in Skeletal DisordersPurvi Verma
The current presentation explains about the pathological and pathological investigation required for the skeletal disorders.
The basic requirement for a good prognostic and diagnostic feature which helps in evaluation of any skeletal disorders.
Lab Tests are tools that provide information about the client.
Tests may be used for basic screening as part of a wellness check.
Frequently tests are used to help confirm a diagnosis, monitor an illness, and provide valuable information about the client’s response to treatment.
Interpretation and Clinical Significance of some Clinical Laboratory Tests - ...Bigin Gyawali
Certainly, clinical laboratory tests play a crucial role in assessing the function and health of various organ systems in the body. Let's discuss the clinical significance of some common laboratory tests for each of the mentioned systems:
1. **Cardiovascular System:**
- **Complete Blood Count (CBC):** Evaluating red blood cell count, hemoglobin, and hematocrit levels can help identify anemia, which may contribute to cardiovascular issues.
- **Lipid Profile:** Measures cholesterol levels (LDL, HDL, and total cholesterol), triglycerides, and can help assess the risk of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease.
2. **Endocrine System:**
- **Thyroid Function Tests (TFTs):** TSH, T3, and T4 levels are assessed to diagnose thyroid disorders. An imbalance in thyroid hormones can affect metabolism and cardiovascular function.
- **Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c):** Monitors long-term glucose control and is essential in managing diabetes, a condition that can impact multiple organ systems, including the cardiovascular and renal systems.
3. **Gastrointestinal System:**
- **Liver Function Tests (LFTs):** Assess the health of the liver by measuring enzymes (ALT, AST, ALP), bilirubin, and proteins. Abnormalities may indicate liver disease or dysfunction.
- **Stool Tests (e.g., fecal occult blood):** Detects blood in the stool, which may indicate gastrointestinal bleeding or conditions such as colorectal cancer.
4. **Hematologic System:**
- **Coagulation Panel (PT, aPTT, INR):** Evaluates the blood's clotting ability. Abnormalities may suggest bleeding disorders or an increased risk of thrombosis.
- **Complete Blood Count (CBC):** Assesses the cellular components of blood, including red and white blood cells and platelets, helping to diagnose anemias, infections, and blood disorders.
5. **Renal System:**
- **Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) and Creatinine:** Evaluate kidney function. Elevated levels may indicate impaired renal function, suggesting acute or chronic kidney disease.
- **Urinalysis:** Examines urine for abnormalities such as protein, blood, or glucose, providing insights into kidney and urinary tract health.
6. **Respiratory System:**
- **Arterial Blood Gas (ABG) Analysis:** Assesses oxygen and carbon dioxide levels in the blood, helping diagnose respiratory and metabolic disorders.
- **Pulmonary Function Tests (PFTs):** Measures lung function, aiding in the diagnosis and monitoring of conditions such as asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).
Interpretation of these tests requires a comprehensive understanding of the patient's medical history and clinical presentation. Abnormal results can guide further diagnostic investigations and help healthcare professionals develop appropriate treatment plans. Regular monitoring of these parameters is vital for managing chronic conditions and preventing complications.
2. WHAT IS MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY ?
Medical Technology, which is a proper subset of health
technology, encompasses a wide range
of healthcare products and is used to diagnose, monitor
or treat diseases or medical conditions affecting humans.
3. WHAT IS MEDICAL
TECHNOLOGISTS ?
Medical Technologists, also known as clinical
laboratory technologists, perform and analyze the
results of complex scientific tests on blood and body
fluids.
4. WHAT IS PROTEINS USED FOR IN THE
HUMAN BODY?
• The body's primary building block for muscle, bone, skin, hair, and many
other tissues is protein. Over 10,000 different proteins are found and needed
in the body for maintaining life. In fact, after water has been excluded 75
percent of your body weight consists of protein. Proteins play many
important roles in the body including the structure of enzymes; these are
important proteins that help reactions occur in the body, such as releasing
from the food we eat. Proteins also function as transport proteins such as
hemoglobin; an iron containing protein that transports oxygen to exercising
muscles via the bloodstream.
5. PROTEINS IN RELATION TO MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY
•
THE FOLLOWING ARE SOME OF THE TESTS PERFORMED BY MEDICAL
TECHNOLOGISTS INVOLVING PROTEINS:
C-Reactive Protein (CRP)
Bence-Jones Protein (Urine)
Serum Protein Electrophoresis (SPEP)
6. C-REACTIVE PROTEIN (CRP)
• A C-reactive protein (CRP) test is a blood test that
measures the amount of a protein called C-reactive
protein in your blood. C-reactive protein measures
general levels of inflammation in your body.
• High levels of CRP are caused by infections and many
long-term diseases. But a CRP test cannot show where the
inflammation is located or what is causing it. Other tests
are needed to find the cause and location of the
inflammation.
7. Why It Is Done
A C-reactive protein (CRP) test is done to:
Check for infection after surgery. CRP levels normally rise within 2 to 6 hours of surgery and
then go down by the third day after surgery. If CRP levels stay elevated 3 days after surgery, an
infection may be present.
Identify and keep track of infections and diseases that cause inflammation, such as:
• Cancer of the lymph nodes (lymphoma).
• Diseases of the immune system, such as lupus.
• Painful swelling of the blood vessels in the head and neck (giant cell arteritis).
• Painful swelling of the tissues that line the joints (rheumatoid arthritis).
• Swelling and bleeding of the intestines (inflammatory bowel disease).
• Infection of a bone (osteomyelitis).
Check to see how well treatment is working, such as treatment for cancer or for an infection.
CRP levels go up quickly and then become normal quickly if you are responding to treatment
8. How It Is Done
The health professional taking a sample of your blood .
Normal Results
Results are usually available within 24 hours.
Any condition that results in sudden or severe inflammation may increase your CRP levels.
Some medicines may decrease your CRP levels.
Many conditions can change CRP levels. Your doctor will talk with you about any abnormal
results that may be related to your symptoms and past health.
High-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) levels
High-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) measures very low amounts of CRP in the blood.
This test may help find your risk of heart problems, especially when it is considered along with
other risk factors such as cholesterol, age, blood pressure and smoking. It may be done to find
out if you have an increased chance of having a sudden heart problem, such as a heart attack or
stroke..
hs-CRP level and heart disease risk 2
•Less than 1.0 mg/L --- Low risk
•1.0 to 3.0 mg/L --- Average risk
•More than 3.0 mg/L --- High risk
9. BENCE-JONES PROTEIN (URINE)
• The Bence-Jones protein urine test is used mainly to diagnose and monitor
multiple myeloma, a blood cancer. An abnormal Bence-Jones test result is
also linked with malignant lymphomas, which are cancers of the lymphatic
system.
• Healthy plasma cells are one kind of blood cell that can be crowded out by
multiple myeloma. Instead of a variety of plasma cells producing antibodies
to fight a variety of infections, myeloma tumors produce "monoclonal"
antibodies. Monoclonalmeans they are all of one kind, making them
ineffective and even harmful. Not only do they not fight infections, but they
also can damage the kidneys. These monoclonal proteins are made up of two
light chains and two heavy chains. Bence-Jones proteins are the light chain
part of these monoclonal antibodies. They show up in the urine in many of
cases of multiple myeloma.
10. How is this test done?
The lab may measure the amount of Bence-Jones protein in a
24-hour urine sample. To do this test, you will need to collect
all the urine you pass during a 24-hour period. You will collect
it in a container that your doctor or the lab gives you.
Urine protein electrophoresis, or UPEP, tests the levels of
various proteins in the urine, including Bence-Jones proteins.
This test does not require a 24-hour sample, just a small
sample placed in a collection cup at the lab.
11. • What do my test results mean?
• Many things may affect your lab test results. These include the method each lab uses to do the test. Even if your
test results are different from the normal value, you may not have a problem. To learn what the results mean for
you, talk with your health care provider.
• You usually have no Bence-Jones proteins in your urine. The presence of Bence-Jones proteins in urine can be a
sign of multiple myeloma or another rare condition called Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia. Approximately 50
to 80 percent of people with multiple myeloma have Bence-Jones proteins in their urine.
• This protein can also be present if you have monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance, or MGUS. In
this condition, your plasma cells produce more of one kind of antibody than they should, but they don't form a
tumor or make enough antibodies to do damage. MGUS doesn't generally require treatment, but if you have
MGUS, you are at higher risk of developing multiple myeloma. You are also at higher risk for lymphoma, a cancer
affecting white blood cells, or amyloidosis, the buildup of certain proteins in tissues. For these reasons, you
should be watched by a doctor.
• If you have been diagnosed with multiple myeloma, a Bence-Jones protein urine level can also be used as one of
several ways to find out the stage of the cancer. That is, how far it has progressed. The other factors used in
staging are your calcium level, hemoglobin level, and X-ray findings.
• The Bence-Jones proteins are also found in some people with lymphoma.
12. SERUM PROTEIN ELECTROPHORESIS
(SPEP)
The serum protein electrophoresis (SPEP) test measures
specific proteins in the blood to help identify some diseases.
Proteins are substances made up of smaller building blocks
called amino acids. Proteins carry a positive or a negative
electrical charge, and they move in fluid when placed in an
electrical field. Serum protein electrophoresis uses an
electrical field to separate the proteins in the blood
serum into groups of similar size, shape, and charge.
13. Blood serum contains two major protein groups: albumin and globulin. Both albumin and globulin carry
substances through the bloodstream. Using protein electrophoresis, these two groups can be separated into
five smaller groups (fractions):
Albumin. Albumin proteins keep the blood from leaking out of blood vessels. Albumin also helps carry some
medicines and other substances through the blood and is important for tissue growth and healing. More than
half of the protein in blood serum is albumin.
Alpha-1 globulin. High-density lipoprotein (HDL), the "good" type of cholesterol, is included in this fraction.
Alpha-2 globulin. A protein called haptoglobin, which binds with hemoglobin, is included in the alpha-2
globulin fraction.
Beta globulin. Beta globulin proteins help carry substances, such as iron, through the bloodstream and help
fight infection.
Gamma globulin. These proteins are also called antibodies. They help prevent and fight infection. Gamma
globulins bind to foreign substances, such as bacteria or viruses, causing them to be destroyed by the immune
system
Each of these five protein groups moves at a different rate in an electrical field and together form a specific
pattern. This pattern helps identify some diseases.
14. How It Is Done
The health professional drawing blood.
Results
The serum protein electrophoresis (SPEP) test measures specific proteins in the blood to help identify
some diseases. Test results for each protein group are given as a percentage of the total amount of
serum protein. To obtain the actual amount of each fraction, a test that measures the total serum
protein must also be done.
Results are usually ready in 2to 3 days.
Serum Protein Electrophoresis
Total serum protein amount in grams per
deciliter (g/dL)
Total serum protein amount in grams per liter
(g/dL)(SI units)
Albumin (adult) 3.8-5.0 38-50
Alpha-1 globulin 0.1-0..3 1-3
Alpha-2 globulin 0.6-1 6-10
Beta globulin 0.7-1.4 7-14
Gamma globulin 0.7-1.6 7-16
15. High values
•High values may be caused by many conditions. Some of the most common are shown here.
•High albumin: Dehydration
•High alpha-1 globulin: Infection; inflammation
•High alpha-2 globulin: Inflammation; kidney disease
•High beta globulin: Very high cholesterol; low iron (iron-deficiencyanemia)
•High gamma globulin: Inflammation; infection; liver disease; some forms of cancer
Low values
•Low values may be caused by many conditions. Some of the most common are shown here.
•Low albumin: Poor nutrition; inflammation; liver disease; kidney disease
•Low alpha-1 globulin: Severe inflammation; liver disease
•Low alpha-2 globulin: Thyroid problems; liver disease
•Low beta globulin: Poor nutrition
•Low gamma globulin: Problems with the immune system