This document discusses several diagnostic proteins and enzymes that can be used as biomarkers for various medical conditions: - Alpha-feto protein is measured in pregnant women to screen for fetal abnormalities. It can also indicate liver cancer or tumors. - Bence-Jones proteins in the urine can indicate multiple myeloma or other blood cancers affecting the bones. - C-reactive protein is a marker for inflammation and can help detect conditions causing inflammation like infections, autoimmune disorders, or osteomyelitis. - Albumin in urine, measured via a 24-hour urine test, can help identify kidney damage from things like diabetes, high blood pressure, or cirrhosis. - Various enzymes are biomarkers for specific diseases

1. Diagnostic proteins
By medical slides

2. 1
Alpha-Feto Protein

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 Alpha feto protein is major plasma protein
produced by yolksac and liver during fetal
development.
Plasma levels normally decrease rapidly after
birth.
Alpha feto protein is measured in pregnant
women through the analysis of maternal blood or
amniotic fluid , as screening test for fetal
developmental abnormalities.

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↑ Alpha fetoprotein:
Omphalocele(defect in development of
abdominal wall).
Hepatocellular carcinoma.
Neural tube defects.
Yolk sac tumor.
↓Alpha fetoprotein:
Downs syndrome.

5. AFP can also be used as a biomarker to
detect tumors in non pregnant women ,
men and children.
AFP is a glycoprotein.
Alpha-Feto Protein

6. 2
Bence-Jones
Protein

7. Bence jones protein are part of regular antibodies called
light chains
These proteins are usually not present in blood. Thus
presence of these proteins in urine is suggestive of lytic
lesions of bones such as in multiple myeloma(a type of
blood cancer).
An abnormal result may also be due to:
Amyloidosis(Amyloidosis is a rare condition that causes
an abnormal protein called amyloid to build up in the
body).
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia(Chronic lymphocytic
leukemia is a type of cancer in which the bone marrow
makes too many lymphocytes (a type of white blood cell).
Lymphoma(Lymphoma is a cancer that starts in the white
blood cells or lymphocytes).

8. Multiple myeloma is a type of blood cancer
that begins in plasma cells (a kind of white
blood cell). Plasma cells are found in your
bone marrow and lymph nodes where they
produce the antibodies your body needs to
fight infections.
People with multiple myeloma are at a higher
risk of infections, fractures, anemia, and
bleeding problems.

9. 3
C –Reactive
protein:

10. C reactive protein is a non specific test
used by physicians to detect
inflammation.
CRP is a protein made by liver. It's sent
into your bloodstream in response to
inflammation. Inflammation is your body's
way of protecting your tissues if you've
been injured or have an infection. It can
cause pain, redness, and swelling in the
injured or affected area.

11. A CRP test may be used to find or monitor
conditions that cause inflammation. These
include:
Bacterial infections, such as sepsis, a severe
and sometimes life-threatening condition
A fungal infection
Inflammatory bowel disease, a disorder that
causes swelling and bleeding in the intestines
An autoimmune disorder such as rheumatoid
arthritis
An infection of the bone called osteomyelitis

12. 4
Albumin In
Urine:

13. Also known as 24 hour urine test for
albumin.
Test used to detect kidney damage or
disease.
Causes of kidney damage:
Nephrotic syndrome
Diabetes
High blood pressure
Heart failure
Cirhosis.

14. The kidneys are responsible for
removing waste products from blood and
regulating the water fluid levels.
When damage to kidneys occurs ,it fails
to retain nutrients and proteins from body
that are essential for health especially
albumin.
Microalbuminuria test is urine test that
measures the amount of albumin in urine

15. 5
ENZYMES
OF
CLINICAL
INTEREST

16. Hepatic parenchymal disease
ALT, AST, cholinesterase, LDH, glutamate
dehydrogenase and sorbitol
dehydrogenase
Hepatobiliary disease
AST, Gamma-glutamyl transferase (Ɣ-GT),
5’ Nucleosidase, ALP
Myocardial Infarction:
AST, CK2, LDH

17. Pancreatic disease:
Amylase, Lipase, Trypsin
Muscle disease:
AST, CK, Aldolase
Bone disease:
ALP (optimum pH # 10)
Prostatic carcinoma:
Acid phosphatase (optimum pH # 5)

18. AST: aspartate transaminase
ALT: Alanine transaminase
LDH: lactate dehydrogenase
ALP: alkaline phosphatase
CK: creatinine kinase
LDH:lactate dehydrogenase
Abbreviations:

19. Malnutrition is a broad term which refers to both
under-nutrition and over-nutrition/insufficient
consumption of nutrients.
Over nutrition : obesity
Under nutrition : Protein Energy
Malnutrition(where there is inadequate calorie or
protein intake).
Protein energy malnutrition is classified into two
forms
Marasmus(non–edematous).
Kwashiorkor(edematous).
Malnutrition:

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M e d i c a l S l i d e s