This document discusses technical translation. It begins by explaining the importance and scope of technical translation, which accounts for 90% of total translation output due to the availability of technical information in many languages. It also discusses some misconceptions about technical translation, clarifying that it deals specifically with applied sciences and requires strong writing skills, not just terminology knowledge. The document outlines different approaches to technical translation theory, focusing on equivalence, functionalism, skopos theory, and target-oriented approaches. It emphasizes that technical translation must meet the needs of the target audience.

1. TECHNICAL
TRANSLATION

2. The importance of Technical Translation:
 Accounts for some 90% of the world’s total translation output each year
because of the availability of technical information in a variety of
languages.
 The increasingly internatioonal focus of many companies in technical
translation.
 International standards and resolutions.
 Technical translation is one of the most significant employers of
translators because of the increasing international cooperation in
scientific, technological and industrial activity.

3. SOME MISCONCEPTIONS
What do we mean by “Technical
Translation”?
What it means to be a Technical Translator?

4. “TECHNICAL TRANSLATION
INCLUDES ECONOMICS, LAW,
BUSINESS, ETC.”
• Just because there is a specialised terminology,
doesn’t make something technical.
• Technical Translation deals with texts on subjects
based on applied knowledge from the natural
sciences.

5. “TECHNICAL TRANSLATION IS ALL
ABOUT TERMINOLOGY”
• Terminology is the most inmediately noticeable aspect and it
gives the text the “fuel” it needs to convey the information.
• The most important aspect is KNOWING HOW TO WRITE THE
TEXTS.
“Theres is no substitute for thorough knowledge of the
target language”
MICHAEL O’NEILL

6. “STYLE DOESN’T MATTER IN
TECHNICAL TRANSLATION”
• The most irritating and completely unfounded misconceptiond
because implies that thecnical translators do not have the same
linguistic and writing skills as other type of translator.
• Technical translation is a highly complex endeavour and style is
one of the most important facets. “We write and constructure
sentences in a specific way because it is there for a reason”
“Technical Translation is not creative; it es
simply a reproductive transfer process”

7. “YOU NEED TO BE AN EXPERT IN A
HIGHLY SPECIALISED FIELD”
• Armed with a good and solid understanding of the basic
principles and technologies, many technical translators can
“pretend to be experts”
• “Pretending” means that the translator should have enough
subject knowledge to know how to deal with the text or tobe
able to acquire whatever additional information is needed.
• ESSENCIAL AREAS OF EXPERTISE:
1. Subject knowledge.
2. Writing and research skills.
3. Knowledge of genres and text types
4. Pedagogical skills.

8. “TECHNICAL TRANSLATION IS ALL
ABOUT CONVEYING SPECIALISED
INFORMATION”
• Not entirely true, technical translators are also responsibles for
ensuring that the information is presented in the correct form, that it
is complete and that the information can be used correctly and in an
effective way.

9. SCIENTIFIC VS. TECHNICAL
TRANSLATION
It is too easy to overestimate the apparent similarities of these two terms and
what is worse, to use them in an interchangable way, BUT THEY ARE NOT THE
SAME.
SCIENTIFIC: related to science which is definied as “Knowledge ascertained
by observation and experiment, critically tested, systematised and brought
under general principles.”
TECHNICAL: related to technology which is defined as “The application of
scientific knowledge for practical purpose”
So we can say that “Scientific translation relates to pure science in all of
its theoretical, esoteric and cerebral glory while technical translation
relates to how scientific knowledge is actually put to practical use”

10. A COMMUNICATIVE SERVICE
Technical translation is a communicative service
provided in response to a very definite demand for
technical information which is easily accessible.
Production of multilingual documentation:
1. Document Iniciator
2. Writer / Text producer
3. Translation Iniciator
4. Translator
5. User

11. THE TRANSLATOR’S ROLE
ROBIN: “translators don`t translate words they translate
what people do with words”
MOSSOP:
• Phase 1: Pre-drafting
• Phase 2: Drafting
• Phase 3: Post-drafting

12. MOSSOP:
• Task 1: Interpret the source text
• Task 2: Compone the translation
• Task 3: Conduct the research needed for task 1 and 2
• Task 4: Check the draft translation for errors and correct
if necessary
• Task 5: Decide the implications of the commission. How
do the intended users and uses translation affect tasks 1
to 4

13. TECHNICAL TRANSLATOR OR
TECHNICAL COMMUNICATOR?
• both fields deal in the same currency, i.e. technical information in texts
• they also share several key tasks and activities.
TRANSLATORS need to “translate” what VAN LAAN AND JULIAN (2002:18) calls
“geek-speak” into clear and understandable English.
A TECHNICAL WRITER gathers information from a variety of sources including
documents that were produced by and for experts such as programmers and
engineer.
This information can be understood and used by the reader.
Likewise, the translator needs to transform information from a form which was
produced by and for speakers of the source language into a form which can be
understood by the target audience.
This is achieved by editing, rearranging, adding and even removing information.

14. ADDING AND REMOVING INFORMATION
• GÖPFERICH: sometimes information must be scarified in order to protect the integrity
of the communication.
• PINCHUCK: a text should give readers just enough information for their purposes; no
more, no less.
• O’NEILL: doctors-- turned-translators (who have much more subject knowledge than
traditional translators) tend to edit, reduce and summarise texts to make them better.
However, the problem here is that unless this is specifically what the reader wants and
needs, the translator is committing quite a serious error.
• SYKES: the translator should “not feel compelledto perpetuate the more sinful
omissions or commissions of his [sic] author”. Sykes goes on to advise technical
translators to “look out for unnecessary verbiage (including padding)” as it allows the
translator to “re-phrase rather than paraphrase”.
• RAMEY: how sentences that have been overly condensed can result in Escher effects, or
sentences that can have multiple meanings that take more than a little detective work
on the part of the reader to decipher.

15. Sometimes, too, changes to the sequencing of sections in a document are
needed because of cultural norms relating to the structure of a particular
type of document.
For example, a user guide for an electrical appliance in German might
typically start with an explanation of the parts, then information for
disposing of the product after use followed by an introduction.
In English, the user guide for a comparable (or even the same) product
might start with an introduction followed by a quick start tutorial.
Ambiguous information can also necessitate the addition of information in
a text. PINCHUCK gives an example of ambiguity in the form of the
following text on a sign:
• “FLYING PLANES CAN BE DANGEROUS”
We can disambiguate this by making explicit certain information relating
to the situation in which the utterance is intended to function or be used.
Thus we could say:
• “PLANES FLYING OVERHEAD CAN BE DANGEROUS”

16. Thus, the text is part of the situation and so adding material or facts from
the situation is perfectly acceptable because it is not so much adding but
reallocating information.
Conversely, it is sometimes essential to remove information from a text.
This can happen for several reasons:
• sometimes the information is legally inappropriate for a particular
audience
• the information does not apply to the target audience for technical
reasons
• or the information is meaningless for the target audience.

17. THEORY IN TECHNICAL TRANSLATION
• Technical translation, like translation in general, has both benefited
and suffered as a result of the work of translation theorists.
• In the past 40 or so years a plethora of theories, models, approaches
and ideas have been circulated seeking to explain, rationalise,
analyse and describe the translation process.
• The aim here is, therefore, to provide some theoretical background
so as to illustrate the nature of technical translation and to provide a
better understanding of the environment within which it operates.

18. THE TROUBLE WITH TRANSLATION
THEORY
“a good theory is based on information gained from
practice. Good practice is based on carefully worked-out
theory. The two are interdependent.”
(LARSON)

19. SAVORY compiled the following list of “rules” of translation from a
variety of “authoritative” sources on translation which state that a
translation:
• must give the words of the original
• must give the ideas of the original
• should read like an original text
• should read like a translation
• should reflect the style of the original
• should possess the style of the original
• should read as a contemporary of the original
• read like a contemporary of the translation
• may add to or omit from the original
• may never add to or omit from the original

20. TOURY says that translation is essentially affected by two
major roles:
• the translation is a text in a particular target language
and culture
• the translation constitutes a representation in one
language of another text existing in another language
and culture.
• LARSON states that “the goal of most translators is to
produce translations which are acceptable for the
audiences for whom the translations are produced”

21. according to PINCHUCK, it aims to achieve
adequacy and not perfection in translation.
Realistically, this should be the goal for any
translator or writer because we can never
assume that a communicative act will run perfectly
smoothly and that nothing will be
lost.

22. SOURCE-ORIENTATED
APPROACHES TO TRANSLATION

23. EQUIVALENCE
• “The cerebration and the brain racking about translation equivalence
goes on forever” (NEWMARK)
• “The target language text must be relatable to at least some of the
situational features to which the source language text is relatable”
(CATFORD)
• “A relationship which exists between two entities and it is described as
one of likeness / sameness / similarity / equality in terms of any
number of potential qualities” (HALVERSSON)

24. NIDA: formal and
dynamic equivalence.
KOLLER: denotative, connotative,
pragmatic, textual and formal aesthetic
equivalence.

25. LEVELS OF EQUIVALENCE
KOLLER:
1. Denotational meaning
2. Connotational meaning
3. Textual norms
4. Pragmatic meaning

26. KOMISSAROV:
1. Equivalence on the level of the general
meaning or message
2. In addition to the preceding level
3. Building on the preceding levels
4. Semntic and syntactic equivalence
5. Close parallelism

27. TYPES OF EQUIVALENCE
 Formal equivalence is concerned with the message in
terms of its form and content.
 Dynamic equivalence is based on the notion that the
target text should have the same effect on its audience
as the source text had on its own audience.

28. Technical texts can, and do on occasion,
contain certain items described as
socio-culturally specific by Lee- Jahnke.

29.  OTHER TYPES OF EQUIVALENCE INCLUDE
THE FOLLOWING:
1. Referential Equivalence
2. Connotative Equivalence
3. Text-normative Equivalence

30. TECHNICAL TRANSLATION AND
EQUIVALENCE
• “Contradictory and scarcely reconcilable
linguistic-textual and extra-linguistic factors and
conditions” (KOLLER)
• “It is only a little more helpful than the old
translation adage ‘as literal as possible, as free as
necessary’.” (FAWCETT)
 SCHVEISTER has some 55 rules, only a small
proportion of the rules will apply in ony one
translation job.

31. FUNCTIONALISM
Unfortunately for the professional translator, the
categories, levels and classifications of equivalence
described above, while helping us to pick through a
translation to see how it ticks, do not really help with
the actual process of translation.

32. NIDA’s notion of dynamic equivalence called for the
reproduction of the effect (or function) of the source text
in the target text through equivalence of extralnguistic
communicative effect.

33.  REISS included the element of text function in
her model os translation criticism.
 HOUSE also adopts a functionalist approach
and states that it is “undeniably true that a
translation should produce equivalent
responses”, and defines two types of
translations:
1. Covert
2. Overt

34. NORD argues that the function of the target text
cannot be “arrived at automatically from an
analysis of the source text” and maintains that
there is no need to link text function and
translation strategy.

35. TARGET-ORIENTATED
APPROACHES TO TRANSLATION
“the position and function of translations are
determined first and foremost by considerations
originating in the CULTURE which hosts them”
TOURY

36. APPROACHES TO TRANSLATION
(GUTT)
• RELEVANCE:
 the key to human communication
 notion of context
“a translation should be expressed in such a manner that it
yields the intended interpretation without putting the
audience to unnecessary processing effort.”

37. “a translation should be expressed in such a manner that it yields the
intended interpretation without putting the audience to unnecessary
effort.”
(GUTT)
INFORMATION OBTAINED THROUGH PERCEPTION

38. INTERPRETATIVE
TRANSLATION
(REAL TRANSLATION)
DESCRIPTIVE
TRANSLATION
DIRECT
TRANSLATION
INDIRECT
TRANSLATION

39. • However, relevance theory does provide some useful
insights into technical translation:
 A communicative approach
 The minimax principle

40. • WANT SOME CHEESE WITH THAT
WHINE?

41. SKOPOS THEORY
(function of a written or spoken text)
“one must translate consciously and consistently, in
accordance with some principle respecting the target text.
The theory does not state what the principle is: this must be
decided separately in each specific case.”
(VERMEER)

42. “a translation as the production of a text in a target setting for a target
purpose and target addresses in target circumstances”
(VERMEER)
“a text will normally contain more information than is needed.”
(PINCHUCK)

43. LOYALTY TO THE SOURCE TEXT
“FUNCTION PLUS LOYALTY TO SKOPOS THEORY”
“the purpose and the function of a text are regarded as a conventional
assignment, where a text is as many texts as there are receivers.”
(NORD)

44. THE APPLICABILITY OF SKOPOS
THEORY TO TECHNICAL TRANSLATION
“translators are only mercernaries when they do not use their own
judgment as language professionals to argue for doing something a
particular way.”
(NORD)
“Skopos theory must be produced in accordance with some principle
respecting the target text.”
(VERMEER)

45. CONCLUSIONS
• We need to..
1. Concentrate on the needs of the target audience this is who
the translation is produced for and these are the judges of
whether a translation is actually good or not;
2. understand what it is the target audience needs and wants;
3. understand how technical communication works in the target
language if we are to produce independent. autonomous
texts that can “compete” with other texts produced in that
language;
4. remember that it is necessary to add, change or remove
information as part of the translation process in order to
achieve effective communication via a technical text.

46. THANK YOU
• Escalante, Florencia
• Funes, Raquel
• Silva, Melisa
• Solis, Ludmila
• Torres, Marisel
• Source material: Byrne, Jody (2006). Technical translation.
Usability strategies for translating technical documentation