This is a corpus study which demonstrates the difficulties translators encounter when they translate into a target language without an established terminology in the field in question. The purpose of this study is twofold: First, it examines existing methods of translating specialized terminology in technology advertisements/commercials based on three main parameters, namely circulation, recurrence, and audience type. Second, the study proposes certain methods that can be effectively used to render open access specialized technological texts into Arabic for non-specialized audiences. The surveyed texts consist of translations of seventy five of the most visited online website service advertisements. This paper reveals that the text appeal is to be maintained in translation by securing the uninterrupted flow of communication between the service provider and the customer reading the translation. Conformity to the conventions of open access commercial texts and the functionality of those texts remain the main controllers in translating such types of texts.
The Language of TV Commercials’ Slogans: A Semantic AnalysisBahram Kazemian
This qualitative-descriptive study highlights the semantic property of the slogans of TV commercials. The study
focuses on the analysis of linguistic tools used by the copywriters of TV commercials to influence the target audience. Leech’s (1981) associative meaning with its sub-types provide a theoretical basis to the study. The research displays multiple strategies used by the copywriters. It underscores the associations attached to the keywords of the selected slogans according to the mentioned theory of meaning. The research helps the TV viewers to understand the guile used by the copywriters to entrap them as well as the researchers of the field of semantics.
Professional Realism in the Legal Translation Classroom: Translation Competen...Lucja Biel
URI: http://id.erudit.org/iderudit/1003515ar
DOI: 10.7202/1003515ar
Łucja Biel
Meta : journal des traducteurs / Meta: Translators' Journal, vol. 56, n° 1, 2011, p. 162-178.
The paper proposes how to integrate professional realism in BA legal translation classes
at the level of translation competence and translator competence. The distinction
between competences is adopted from Kiraly, where the former means the ability to
translate to the required standard while the latter is the ability to function efficiently as
a professional. The competences are developed concurrently, the main focus being placed on translation competence. Professional realism is ensured in content design (the most frequently translated branches of law), a varied selection of authentic and prototypical
texts, an eclectic teaching approach progressing from task-based learning to projectbased learning, including subject-field competence building, terminology work and,finally, translation and revision projects which integrate all tasks and activities in a single assignment.
An Analysis of Translation Procedures Of The Terms Used in English Version o...Arie Listiani
This document analyzes the translation procedures used to translate terms from the English version of the Facebook social networking website into the Bahasa Indonesia version. It uses Vinay and Dalbernet's theory of translation procedures, which divides methods into direct translation (borrowing, calque, literal translation) and oblique translation (transposition, modulation, equivalence, adaptation). The analysis finds that of the seven procedures, only three are present in the data: borrowing, literal translation, and transposition. Borrowing is the most frequently used procedure.
Translators require a variety of skills to effectively complete their work. They must have strong language abilities in both the source and target languages to accurately understand linguistic issues. Translators also need communication skills to establish relationships that help their work and project management skills to utilize available resources like dictionaries and translation tools. When translating, decisions must be made regarding appropriate translation methods and filling cultural gaps between languages.
The document outlines 7 key translation skills: 1) Project management including coordination, administration, and quality management. 2) Clear communication using simple language and feedback. 3) Understanding both the source and target languages along with editing skills. 4) Making decisions through consulting, establishing facts, and analysis. 5) Terminology research, database maintenance, and customer interaction. 6) Cultural understanding of influences on the source language. 7) Using technology like translation software and electronic file management.
People across the globe have access to materials such as journals, articles, adverts etc. via the internet. However
many of these resources come in diverse nature of languages. Although, English language seems most suitable to
most people, some readers do believe that working on materials in one’s native language is more enjoyable than in
other languages. Researches have shown that Arabic language has not been prominent in terms of online materials
and the few existing are most times ignored due to the peculiar nature of its various characters and constructs.
Hence, a proper study of its relationship with English language with a view to bringing people closer to its
understanding becomes necessary. The system scenarios were modeled and implemented using Unified Modeling
Language and Microsoft C# respectively in a way that the expected set of characters of the language of interest was
automatically formed with respect to a given input. The procedural steps were properly followed in the development
and running of the code using Context-Free Rule Based Technique with the availability of hardware required as
clearly described in the design. The system’s workability was tested with different source texts as inputs and in each
case the resulting outputs were very effective with respect to the translation process. The design here is expected to
serve as a tool for assisting beginners in these two languages and so, showcases a one-to-one form of
correspondence, hence, more rules and functions for ensuring a more robust are expected in future works.
This document is a research proposal for a translation project titled "Teaching Inferential Comprehension Strategies in L2 English and Their Impact on L1 Spanish". The proposal provides background on the importance of translation and defines key concepts. It outlines the objective of faithfully translating a chapter on teaching reading comprehension strategies from Spanish to English. The proposal discusses the significance of the project for Spanish-speaking language educators and students in developing reading skills. Direct and indirect translation techniques that will be used are also reviewed from translation literature.
The Language of TV Commercials’ Slogans: A Semantic AnalysisBahram Kazemian
This qualitative-descriptive study highlights the semantic property of the slogans of TV commercials. The study
focuses on the analysis of linguistic tools used by the copywriters of TV commercials to influence the target audience. Leech’s (1981) associative meaning with its sub-types provide a theoretical basis to the study. The research displays multiple strategies used by the copywriters. It underscores the associations attached to the keywords of the selected slogans according to the mentioned theory of meaning. The research helps the TV viewers to understand the guile used by the copywriters to entrap them as well as the researchers of the field of semantics.
Professional Realism in the Legal Translation Classroom: Translation Competen...Lucja Biel
URI: http://id.erudit.org/iderudit/1003515ar
DOI: 10.7202/1003515ar
Łucja Biel
Meta : journal des traducteurs / Meta: Translators' Journal, vol. 56, n° 1, 2011, p. 162-178.
The paper proposes how to integrate professional realism in BA legal translation classes
at the level of translation competence and translator competence. The distinction
between competences is adopted from Kiraly, where the former means the ability to
translate to the required standard while the latter is the ability to function efficiently as
a professional. The competences are developed concurrently, the main focus being placed on translation competence. Professional realism is ensured in content design (the most frequently translated branches of law), a varied selection of authentic and prototypical
texts, an eclectic teaching approach progressing from task-based learning to projectbased learning, including subject-field competence building, terminology work and,finally, translation and revision projects which integrate all tasks and activities in a single assignment.
An Analysis of Translation Procedures Of The Terms Used in English Version o...Arie Listiani
This document analyzes the translation procedures used to translate terms from the English version of the Facebook social networking website into the Bahasa Indonesia version. It uses Vinay and Dalbernet's theory of translation procedures, which divides methods into direct translation (borrowing, calque, literal translation) and oblique translation (transposition, modulation, equivalence, adaptation). The analysis finds that of the seven procedures, only three are present in the data: borrowing, literal translation, and transposition. Borrowing is the most frequently used procedure.
Translators require a variety of skills to effectively complete their work. They must have strong language abilities in both the source and target languages to accurately understand linguistic issues. Translators also need communication skills to establish relationships that help their work and project management skills to utilize available resources like dictionaries and translation tools. When translating, decisions must be made regarding appropriate translation methods and filling cultural gaps between languages.
The document outlines 7 key translation skills: 1) Project management including coordination, administration, and quality management. 2) Clear communication using simple language and feedback. 3) Understanding both the source and target languages along with editing skills. 4) Making decisions through consulting, establishing facts, and analysis. 5) Terminology research, database maintenance, and customer interaction. 6) Cultural understanding of influences on the source language. 7) Using technology like translation software and electronic file management.
People across the globe have access to materials such as journals, articles, adverts etc. via the internet. However
many of these resources come in diverse nature of languages. Although, English language seems most suitable to
most people, some readers do believe that working on materials in one’s native language is more enjoyable than in
other languages. Researches have shown that Arabic language has not been prominent in terms of online materials
and the few existing are most times ignored due to the peculiar nature of its various characters and constructs.
Hence, a proper study of its relationship with English language with a view to bringing people closer to its
understanding becomes necessary. The system scenarios were modeled and implemented using Unified Modeling
Language and Microsoft C# respectively in a way that the expected set of characters of the language of interest was
automatically formed with respect to a given input. The procedural steps were properly followed in the development
and running of the code using Context-Free Rule Based Technique with the availability of hardware required as
clearly described in the design. The system’s workability was tested with different source texts as inputs and in each
case the resulting outputs were very effective with respect to the translation process. The design here is expected to
serve as a tool for assisting beginners in these two languages and so, showcases a one-to-one form of
correspondence, hence, more rules and functions for ensuring a more robust are expected in future works.
This document is a research proposal for a translation project titled "Teaching Inferential Comprehension Strategies in L2 English and Their Impact on L1 Spanish". The proposal provides background on the importance of translation and defines key concepts. It outlines the objective of faithfully translating a chapter on teaching reading comprehension strategies from Spanish to English. The proposal discusses the significance of the project for Spanish-speaking language educators and students in developing reading skills. Direct and indirect translation techniques that will be used are also reviewed from translation literature.
Technical translation involves translating specialized documents about technical subjects and scientific information, such as owners' manuals. It requires a high level of understanding of the topic and relevant terminology. Technical translators must be able to convey technical meanings and linguistic features when translating documents between languages. Technical translators often specialize in a particular field and undergo training to develop both technical skills and translation abilities. They sometimes take on roles as both technical translators and technical writers, creating new meanings for words as needed. While some technical translators use computer-assisted translation or machine translation software, documents requiring creativity are less likely to be translated solely using such software.
This document provides an introduction to translation, including definitions and concepts. It defines translation as the interpretation of meaning from a source text and production of an equivalent target text in another language. An example is given of a missionary simplifying a theological concept for local people. Good translation requires understanding both languages fully as well as the context and culture, and is not simply a word-for-word process. Technical translation in particular demands attention to detail and subject matter expertise. Translators work to change information between languages in writing, with activities including research, translation, proofreading, and client communication.
DICTIONARY BASED AMHARIC-ARABIC CROSS LANGUAGE INFORMATION RETRIEVALcsandit
The demand for multilingual information is becoming erceptive as the users of the internet throughout the world are escalating and it creates a problem of retrieving documents in one language by specifying query in another language. This increasing demand can be addressed by designing automatic tools, which accepts the query in one language and retrieves the relevant documents in other languages. We have developed prototype Amharic-Arabic Cross Language
Information Retrieval System by applying dictionary-based approach that enables the users to retrieve relevant documents from Amharic-Arabic corpus by entering the query in Amharic and retrieving the relevant documents both Amharic and Arabic.
A FRAMEWORK FOR BUILDING A MULTILINGUAL INDUSTRIAL ONTOLOGY: METHODOLOGY AND...dannyijwest
As Web 3.0 is blooming, ontologies augment semantic Web with semi–structured knowledge. Industrial
ontologies can help in improving online commercial communication and marketing. In addition,
conceptualizing the enterprise knowledge can improve information retrieval for industrial applications.
Having ontologies combine multiple languages can help in delivering the knowledge to a broad sector of
Internet users. In addition, multi-lingual ontologies can also help in commercial transactions. This research
paper provides a framework model for building industrial multilingual ontologies which include Corpus
Determination, Filtering, Analysis, Ontology Building, and Ontology Evaluation
Controlled languages simplify writing by restricting grammar, style, and vocabulary. They facilitate translation by making documents more uniform and reducing ambiguity. Organizations implement controlled languages to improve readability, translation efficiency, and the performance of machine translation systems. Controlled authoring tools help enforce rules and provide metrics, supporting improved quality and productivity.
This document discusses technical translation. It begins by explaining the importance and scope of technical translation, which accounts for 90% of total translation output due to the availability of technical information in many languages. It also discusses some misconceptions about technical translation, clarifying that it deals specifically with applied sciences and requires strong writing skills, not just terminology knowledge. The document outlines different approaches to technical translation theory, focusing on equivalence, functionalism, skopos theory, and target-oriented approaches. It emphasizes that technical translation must meet the needs of the target audience.
Becoming a Tech-Savvy Translator and Interpreter in the Digital AgeBrauerTraining .com
I believe that learning technology is equivalent to learning another language. Technology in itself is a whole separate language that we need to learn in order to perform in the digital age.
Lets suppose we are language interpreters in the language combination English to French. If we were to become ASL interpreters in that language combination, we would first have to fully learn American Sing Language. But that is not enough, because we would need to learn the difference with the French Sign Language. Same with Technology. We need to learn the skills as if we were learning ASL plus FSL techniques. We need not only learn about the technology but, more important than that, we need to PRACTICE with it to acquire the skills needed to WORK with technology. That takes time and money and we need to be ready and available to make that investment. Technology is no longer an option, it is a requirement of the Digital Age, at least in the world of business.
In the past 20 years, the world became interconnected, creating the need to deliver content in multiple languages at all points of contact. Digital technologies caused tectonic changes in the language services industry, impacting translators and interpreters, who now need to revamp their knowledge/abilities to remain relevant in the Digital Age. They need to “upgrade” their skills and become tech savvy.
There is a need for change. Mostly a change in understanding and subsequent behavior, which are the most difficult of changes. Behavior on the part of translators and interpreters in regards to the future of the industry.
Translators and interpreters need to start investing time and money to “update their skills” and so become an integral part of this evolving industry. We have been severed from the most important conversations about our own future. Many of us are afraid of the new technologies because there is yet no clear answer to the question “what’s in it for me?”. We need to become part of the equation going forward. If translators and interpreters do not learn –quickly and swiftly– to use 21st century technologies, we may not survive as a viable profession.
Becoming a tech-savvy translator and interpreter is the most efficient way to tap into a short-term opportunity to transform current knowledge and experience into useful and valuable skills that may help fuel a new generation of translators and interpreters that respond to the new challenges faced by the Digital Age.
Many translators and interpreters have lost sight of the changes occurred in the “means of production” of the goods and services we deliver. In a world of increased competition and decreasing margins of profit, translators and interpreters need to understand the investments (in time AND money) they need to make in software, training and processes to catch up to the demand for multilingual content, “immediately”.
Translators and interpreters need to stop being suspicious of innovations in
The document discusses different approaches to machine translation, including rule-based, statistical, example-based, and dictionary-based approaches. It provides details on each approach, such as rule-based methods using linguistic rules and extensive lexicons, statistical methods relying on probabilistic models trained on parallel texts, example-based methods translating by analogy to examples in aligned corpora, and dictionary-based methods translating words directly with or without morphological analysis. The document also compares transfer-based and interlingual rule-based machine translation, noting interlingual methods aim to represent the source text independently of languages.
This document discusses the importance of English communication skills in the Malaysian workplace. It begins by noting that many Malaysian graduates struggle to find jobs due to poor English proficiency, despite being highly qualified. The document then reviews several studies that examined language use in government and private sector workplaces in Malaysia. It found that while Malay is the official language, English is often needed, especially for tasks like communicating with foreign clients. The document emphasizes the importance of conducting needs analyses to understand the specific English communication requirements of different industries and jobs. It summarizes several studies that analyzed language and communication needs in various Malaysian and international workplaces. Overall, the document argues that understanding communication needs is essential for developing English language training that prepares students for future careers
Summer Research Project (Anusaaraka) ReportAnwar Jameel
This document discusses Anusaaraka, a machine translation tool being developed to translate between English and Hindi. It uses principles from Panini's grammar to map word groups and constructions between the languages. Where differences exist, extra notation is added to preserve source language information. The output is presented in layers to show the translation process. It aims to bridge the language barrier by allowing users to access text in their preferred Indian language.
Key features include faithfully representing the source text, reversibility of the translation process through layered output, and transparency by allowing users to trace the translation steps. It was developed by combining traditional Indian linguistic principles with modern technologies.
ARABIC LANGUAGE CHALLENGES IN TEXT BASED CONVERSATIONAL AGENTS COMPARED TO TH...ijcsit
This document discusses the challenges of building conversational agents (CAs) in Arabic compared to English. It outlines three main approaches to building CAs - natural language processing, sentence similarity measures, and pattern matching - and explores how each approach presents different challenges for Arabic versus English. Some key challenges for Arabic include its complex morphology system involving roots, affixes and patterns; omission of short vowels leading to ambiguity; and diglossia between modern standardized Arabic, classical Arabic, and various dialects. The document argues these features make it harder to understand and analyze user utterances in Arabic CAs compared to English CAs.
Error Analysis of Rule-based Machine Translation OutputsParisa Niksefat
Rule-based machine translation systems were evaluated based on errors in translations from English to Persian. Several error categories were identified including syntactic errors (word order, missing words, parts of speech), unknown words, and semantic errors (incorrect words, idiomatic expressions). Three texts (a short story, user guide, and magazine article) were translated using two machine translation systems and analyzed sentence-by-sentence to identify errors according to the defined categories.
CONSTRUCTION OF AMHARIC-ARABIC PARALLEL TEXT CORPUS FOR NEURAL MACHINE TRANSL...ijaia
Many automatic translation works have been addressed between major European language pairs, by taking advantage of large scale parallel corpora, but very few research works are conducted on the Amharic-Arabic language pair due to its parallel data scarcity. However, there is no benchmark parallel Amharic-Arabic text corpora available for Machine Translation task. Therefore, a small parallel Quranic text corpus is constructed by modifying the existing monolingual Arabic text and its equivalent translation of Amharic language text corpora available on Tanzile. Experiments are carried out on Two Long ShortTerm Memory (LSTM) and Gated Recurrent Units (GRU) based Neural Machine Translation (NMT) using Attention-based Encoder-Decoder architecture which is adapted from the open-source OpenNMT system. LSTM and GRU based NMT models and Google Translation system are compared and found that LSTM based OpenNMT outperforms GRU based OpenNMT and Google Translation system, with a BLEU score of 12%, 11%, and 6% respectively
1) The document discusses the history and evolution of machine translation from human translation to current automatic systems. It covers early rule-based, statistical, and example-based systems as well as current hybrid approaches.
2) Key challenges in machine translation include accurately understanding syntax, semantics, idioms and context in different languages. Early systems lacked fluency or made exceptions.
3) The future aims for fully automatic translation between any texts or speech with full meaning conveyed, allowing improved global communication and cultural understanding.
Contextual Analysis for Middle Eastern Languages with Hidden Markov Modelsijnlc
Displaying a document in Middle Eastern languages requires contextual analysis due to different presentational forms for each character of the alphabet. The words of the document will be formed by the joining of the correct positional glyphs representing corresponding presentational forms of the
characters. A set of rules defines the joining of the glyphs. As usual, these rules vary from language to language and are subject to interpretation by the software developers.
Enterprise Voice Technology Solutions: A PrimerCognizant
The document provides an overview of enterprise voice technology solutions, including interactive voice response (IVR) applications, dictation applications, voice biometrics, and speech analytics. It describes the key components of voice applications, such as the automatic speech recognizer which uses acoustic models, dictionaries, and language models to convert speech to text. It emphasizes the importance of training these models for accurate speech recognition. Finally, it recommends three initial steps for enterprises looking to adopt voice technology: choosing the right product partner and solutions integrator, and preparing for iterative training and tuning of the voice solution.
The document describes a shuttle train service from China to Europe for shipping individual containers or piece goods/LCL shipments. It offers transit times of 20-25 days between Shanghai and Basel, which is faster than sea freight and more cost-effective than air freight. The service provides secure and reliable transport with good planning capabilities and daily location reports. It handles all customs clearance formalities and distribution within Europe.
This document discusses ways to encourage social skills in children. It identifies signs of poor social skills like playing alone and not making eye contact. Parents can help by understanding emotions, seeing things from their child's perspective, and regulating their own emotions. To develop children's social skills, parents should teach emotional competence by discussing feelings, maintain a loving relationship, display positive emotions at home, talk about their child's social world, be calm and supportive when upset, act as role models, encourage pretend play, choose prosocial TV shows, and reinforce specific skills like nonverbal cues, tone of voice, and attention span.
Fast Forward to 2025: Three Decision our Children will Thank Us forPlanet2025 Network
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise boosts blood flow, releases endorphins, and promotes changes in the brain which help regulate emotions and stress levels.
The Power of One school project was born in the Guraghe zone, a rural area several hours south of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. It was inspired by the dual challenge of providing a fast growing young population a hopeful future through education and the urgent need to regenerate Ethiopia’s degraded ecosystems.
Technical translation involves translating specialized documents about technical subjects and scientific information, such as owners' manuals. It requires a high level of understanding of the topic and relevant terminology. Technical translators must be able to convey technical meanings and linguistic features when translating documents between languages. Technical translators often specialize in a particular field and undergo training to develop both technical skills and translation abilities. They sometimes take on roles as both technical translators and technical writers, creating new meanings for words as needed. While some technical translators use computer-assisted translation or machine translation software, documents requiring creativity are less likely to be translated solely using such software.
This document provides an introduction to translation, including definitions and concepts. It defines translation as the interpretation of meaning from a source text and production of an equivalent target text in another language. An example is given of a missionary simplifying a theological concept for local people. Good translation requires understanding both languages fully as well as the context and culture, and is not simply a word-for-word process. Technical translation in particular demands attention to detail and subject matter expertise. Translators work to change information between languages in writing, with activities including research, translation, proofreading, and client communication.
DICTIONARY BASED AMHARIC-ARABIC CROSS LANGUAGE INFORMATION RETRIEVALcsandit
The demand for multilingual information is becoming erceptive as the users of the internet throughout the world are escalating and it creates a problem of retrieving documents in one language by specifying query in another language. This increasing demand can be addressed by designing automatic tools, which accepts the query in one language and retrieves the relevant documents in other languages. We have developed prototype Amharic-Arabic Cross Language
Information Retrieval System by applying dictionary-based approach that enables the users to retrieve relevant documents from Amharic-Arabic corpus by entering the query in Amharic and retrieving the relevant documents both Amharic and Arabic.
A FRAMEWORK FOR BUILDING A MULTILINGUAL INDUSTRIAL ONTOLOGY: METHODOLOGY AND...dannyijwest
As Web 3.0 is blooming, ontologies augment semantic Web with semi–structured knowledge. Industrial
ontologies can help in improving online commercial communication and marketing. In addition,
conceptualizing the enterprise knowledge can improve information retrieval for industrial applications.
Having ontologies combine multiple languages can help in delivering the knowledge to a broad sector of
Internet users. In addition, multi-lingual ontologies can also help in commercial transactions. This research
paper provides a framework model for building industrial multilingual ontologies which include Corpus
Determination, Filtering, Analysis, Ontology Building, and Ontology Evaluation
Controlled languages simplify writing by restricting grammar, style, and vocabulary. They facilitate translation by making documents more uniform and reducing ambiguity. Organizations implement controlled languages to improve readability, translation efficiency, and the performance of machine translation systems. Controlled authoring tools help enforce rules and provide metrics, supporting improved quality and productivity.
This document discusses technical translation. It begins by explaining the importance and scope of technical translation, which accounts for 90% of total translation output due to the availability of technical information in many languages. It also discusses some misconceptions about technical translation, clarifying that it deals specifically with applied sciences and requires strong writing skills, not just terminology knowledge. The document outlines different approaches to technical translation theory, focusing on equivalence, functionalism, skopos theory, and target-oriented approaches. It emphasizes that technical translation must meet the needs of the target audience.
Becoming a Tech-Savvy Translator and Interpreter in the Digital AgeBrauerTraining .com
I believe that learning technology is equivalent to learning another language. Technology in itself is a whole separate language that we need to learn in order to perform in the digital age.
Lets suppose we are language interpreters in the language combination English to French. If we were to become ASL interpreters in that language combination, we would first have to fully learn American Sing Language. But that is not enough, because we would need to learn the difference with the French Sign Language. Same with Technology. We need to learn the skills as if we were learning ASL plus FSL techniques. We need not only learn about the technology but, more important than that, we need to PRACTICE with it to acquire the skills needed to WORK with technology. That takes time and money and we need to be ready and available to make that investment. Technology is no longer an option, it is a requirement of the Digital Age, at least in the world of business.
In the past 20 years, the world became interconnected, creating the need to deliver content in multiple languages at all points of contact. Digital technologies caused tectonic changes in the language services industry, impacting translators and interpreters, who now need to revamp their knowledge/abilities to remain relevant in the Digital Age. They need to “upgrade” their skills and become tech savvy.
There is a need for change. Mostly a change in understanding and subsequent behavior, which are the most difficult of changes. Behavior on the part of translators and interpreters in regards to the future of the industry.
Translators and interpreters need to start investing time and money to “update their skills” and so become an integral part of this evolving industry. We have been severed from the most important conversations about our own future. Many of us are afraid of the new technologies because there is yet no clear answer to the question “what’s in it for me?”. We need to become part of the equation going forward. If translators and interpreters do not learn –quickly and swiftly– to use 21st century technologies, we may not survive as a viable profession.
Becoming a tech-savvy translator and interpreter is the most efficient way to tap into a short-term opportunity to transform current knowledge and experience into useful and valuable skills that may help fuel a new generation of translators and interpreters that respond to the new challenges faced by the Digital Age.
Many translators and interpreters have lost sight of the changes occurred in the “means of production” of the goods and services we deliver. In a world of increased competition and decreasing margins of profit, translators and interpreters need to understand the investments (in time AND money) they need to make in software, training and processes to catch up to the demand for multilingual content, “immediately”.
Translators and interpreters need to stop being suspicious of innovations in
The document discusses different approaches to machine translation, including rule-based, statistical, example-based, and dictionary-based approaches. It provides details on each approach, such as rule-based methods using linguistic rules and extensive lexicons, statistical methods relying on probabilistic models trained on parallel texts, example-based methods translating by analogy to examples in aligned corpora, and dictionary-based methods translating words directly with or without morphological analysis. The document also compares transfer-based and interlingual rule-based machine translation, noting interlingual methods aim to represent the source text independently of languages.
This document discusses the importance of English communication skills in the Malaysian workplace. It begins by noting that many Malaysian graduates struggle to find jobs due to poor English proficiency, despite being highly qualified. The document then reviews several studies that examined language use in government and private sector workplaces in Malaysia. It found that while Malay is the official language, English is often needed, especially for tasks like communicating with foreign clients. The document emphasizes the importance of conducting needs analyses to understand the specific English communication requirements of different industries and jobs. It summarizes several studies that analyzed language and communication needs in various Malaysian and international workplaces. Overall, the document argues that understanding communication needs is essential for developing English language training that prepares students for future careers
Summer Research Project (Anusaaraka) ReportAnwar Jameel
This document discusses Anusaaraka, a machine translation tool being developed to translate between English and Hindi. It uses principles from Panini's grammar to map word groups and constructions between the languages. Where differences exist, extra notation is added to preserve source language information. The output is presented in layers to show the translation process. It aims to bridge the language barrier by allowing users to access text in their preferred Indian language.
Key features include faithfully representing the source text, reversibility of the translation process through layered output, and transparency by allowing users to trace the translation steps. It was developed by combining traditional Indian linguistic principles with modern technologies.
ARABIC LANGUAGE CHALLENGES IN TEXT BASED CONVERSATIONAL AGENTS COMPARED TO TH...ijcsit
This document discusses the challenges of building conversational agents (CAs) in Arabic compared to English. It outlines three main approaches to building CAs - natural language processing, sentence similarity measures, and pattern matching - and explores how each approach presents different challenges for Arabic versus English. Some key challenges for Arabic include its complex morphology system involving roots, affixes and patterns; omission of short vowels leading to ambiguity; and diglossia between modern standardized Arabic, classical Arabic, and various dialects. The document argues these features make it harder to understand and analyze user utterances in Arabic CAs compared to English CAs.
Error Analysis of Rule-based Machine Translation OutputsParisa Niksefat
Rule-based machine translation systems were evaluated based on errors in translations from English to Persian. Several error categories were identified including syntactic errors (word order, missing words, parts of speech), unknown words, and semantic errors (incorrect words, idiomatic expressions). Three texts (a short story, user guide, and magazine article) were translated using two machine translation systems and analyzed sentence-by-sentence to identify errors according to the defined categories.
CONSTRUCTION OF AMHARIC-ARABIC PARALLEL TEXT CORPUS FOR NEURAL MACHINE TRANSL...ijaia
Many automatic translation works have been addressed between major European language pairs, by taking advantage of large scale parallel corpora, but very few research works are conducted on the Amharic-Arabic language pair due to its parallel data scarcity. However, there is no benchmark parallel Amharic-Arabic text corpora available for Machine Translation task. Therefore, a small parallel Quranic text corpus is constructed by modifying the existing monolingual Arabic text and its equivalent translation of Amharic language text corpora available on Tanzile. Experiments are carried out on Two Long ShortTerm Memory (LSTM) and Gated Recurrent Units (GRU) based Neural Machine Translation (NMT) using Attention-based Encoder-Decoder architecture which is adapted from the open-source OpenNMT system. LSTM and GRU based NMT models and Google Translation system are compared and found that LSTM based OpenNMT outperforms GRU based OpenNMT and Google Translation system, with a BLEU score of 12%, 11%, and 6% respectively
1) The document discusses the history and evolution of machine translation from human translation to current automatic systems. It covers early rule-based, statistical, and example-based systems as well as current hybrid approaches.
2) Key challenges in machine translation include accurately understanding syntax, semantics, idioms and context in different languages. Early systems lacked fluency or made exceptions.
3) The future aims for fully automatic translation between any texts or speech with full meaning conveyed, allowing improved global communication and cultural understanding.
Contextual Analysis for Middle Eastern Languages with Hidden Markov Modelsijnlc
Displaying a document in Middle Eastern languages requires contextual analysis due to different presentational forms for each character of the alphabet. The words of the document will be formed by the joining of the correct positional glyphs representing corresponding presentational forms of the
characters. A set of rules defines the joining of the glyphs. As usual, these rules vary from language to language and are subject to interpretation by the software developers.
Enterprise Voice Technology Solutions: A PrimerCognizant
The document provides an overview of enterprise voice technology solutions, including interactive voice response (IVR) applications, dictation applications, voice biometrics, and speech analytics. It describes the key components of voice applications, such as the automatic speech recognizer which uses acoustic models, dictionaries, and language models to convert speech to text. It emphasizes the importance of training these models for accurate speech recognition. Finally, it recommends three initial steps for enterprises looking to adopt voice technology: choosing the right product partner and solutions integrator, and preparing for iterative training and tuning of the voice solution.
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Our journey and ethos can be explored at https://www.missiontranslate.com/about-us/.
Our services on offer are detailed at https://www.missiontranslate.com/services/.
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were facing many difficulties in reading online articles because of their limited reading skills. To solve this
problem the proposed tool includes a summarizer that summaries the articles, so deaf people will read the
summary instead of reading the whole article .Also the tool use avatar technology to translate the summary
to sing language
DEVELOPMENT OF AN INTEGRATED TOOL THAT SUMMARRIZE AND PRODUCE THE SIGN LANGUA...IJITCA Journal
This paper presents an intelligent tool to summarize Arabic articles and translate the summary to Arabic sign language based on avatar technology. This tool was designed for improving web accessibility and help deaf people for acquiring more benefits. Of the most important problems in this task, is that the deaf people were facing many difficulties in reading online articles because of their limited reading skills. To solve this problem the proposed tool includes a summarizer that summaries the articles, so deaf people will read the summary instead of reading the whole article .Also the tool use avatar technology to translate the summary to sing language.
DEVELOPMENT OF AN INTEGRATED TOOL THAT SUMMARRIZE AND PRODUCE THE SIGN LANGUA...IJITCA Journal
This paper presents an intelligent tool to summarize Arabic articles and translate the summary to Arabic sign language based on avatar technology. This tool was designed for improving web accessibility and help deaf people for acquiring more benefits. Of the most important problems in this task, is that the deaf people were facing many difficulties in reading online articles because of their limited reading skills. To solve this problem the proposed tool includes a summarizer that summaries the articles, so deaf people will read the
summary instead of reading the whole article .Also the tool use avatar technology to translate the summary to sing language
DEVELOPMENT OF AN INTEGRATED TOOL THAT SUMMARRIZE AND PRODUCE THE SIGN LANGUA...IJITCA Journal
ABSTRACT
This paper presents an intelligent tool to summarize Arabic articles and translate the summary to Arabic sign language based on avatar technology. This tool was designed for improving web accessibility and help deaf people for acquiring more benefits. Of the most important problems in this task, is that the deaf people were facing many difficulties in reading online articles because of their limited reading skills. To solve this problem the proposed tool includes a summarizer that summaries the articles, so deaf people will read the summary instead of reading the whole article .Also the tool use avatar technology to translate the summary to sing language.
Similar to Working without Words: The Methods of Translating Open Access Technological English Texts into Arabic (20)
2. 2 Working without Words: The Methods of Translating Open Access Technological English Texts into Arabic
2. Methodology
This study focuses on analyzing the way English
technological texts are rendered into Arabic commercials
versions. For this purpose, the researchers surveyed seventy
five online commercials promoting web services like website
establishment, design, development, programming, and
hosting. From the hits accounts, we could discern that these
services are published in the most visited websites
advertising services for Arab customers. The list of websites
is attached as appendix at the end of the article.
The sample texts we collected from these sites consisted
of English texts and their Arabic counterparts. In some cases
the services were advertised in both English and Arabic. We
located and defined the methods used in translating both the
purely technological terms which have no Arabic equivalents
and the non-technological words for which Arabic
translations do exist. The statistical analysis helped identify
the translation behavior when translators were working with
and without target words.
3. The Nature of Open Access Texts
The remarkable development of the technological
publishing sites through widespread and easy access media
has contributed to the proliferation of various types of
technological texts such as advertisements, quotations, user
directories and help documents. Thus, texts of website
service offering are widely open for the public through
television, newspapers, brochures, websites, and direct
emails. Open access technology texts are therefore defined
as technology texts that advertise web services to any user
regardless of his/her education or interest in the field. They
are primarily characterized by the frequent use of neologisms
due to the rapid developments which create a need for
coining new terms to account for new parts, features and/or
functions. These neologisms, in this type of texts, are often
surrounded by simple, direct and mostly non-specialized
language that is used to create a friendly attitude with the
audience.
The open access technology texts also exhibit simplicity in
language use because they address a widely mixed audience
(i.e., users from all walks of life). The commercials are
meant to arouse the customer's interest and to build
confidence in the product or the service. Thus, persuasion is
one dominant trope in these types of texts. The language of
promotional materials is marked by using hyperbole,
adjectives and adverbs, short sentences, positive ambiguity,
weasel words, and imperatives. The producers of such texts
may avoid using negatives, present tense, repetition,
alliteration, syntactic parallelism, and humor. As a final
distinguishing feature, the open access technological texts
mix between their technological and promotional aspects in a
way that caters for thetheir informative and promotional
content.
4. Open Access Promotional Texts and
Translation Challenges
Almost unanimously, translation scholars advise
translators to perform text analysis before they embark on
the translation task (Reiss 1976; Werlich 1976; Reiss and
Vermeer 1984; Isenberg 1984; Gommlich 1994; Lemke
1988b; Schneider 1991; Nord 2005). It has been argued that
the function of the target text plays a significant role in
determining the type of translation strategies to be employed.
Vermeer’s (1984, 2000) Skopos theory which attends to
target audience needs focuses on the function of the target
text in terms of fidelity and coherence. Accordingly, any
translation activity is largely determined by the function of
the translation product and the receiver’s needs. In
translating open access texts, translators find themselves
hard pressed to adopt an audience-based (Skopos) approach
because they are usually translating to people who are not
well versed in technology. Nazzal (2013: 219) gives good
reasons for the adoption of Skopos theory in technology
translation as he points out that “Arabic language suffers
from semantic void when it comes to supplying equivalences
for technology terms which puts more of a burden on
translators when dealing with inexperienced people in
technology.” In the same spirit, Farghal and Shunnaq ( 1999:
21) say that “the major problem facing translators at present
is terminology standardization and dissemination in science
and technology”.
The open access texts are multifunctional because they are
intended to serve more than one purpose and hence they
merge the promotional and the informative functions into
one text design. In this regard, Bühlür (1934) classifies text
functions into expressive, informative, operative, and
technical texts. The technological texts are seen as
predominantly informative texts. But this view remains
context-independent since open access technological texts
can still be used for promotional purposes. In such cases, the
translator is guided by the promotional as well as the
informative functions.
Hatim and Mason (1990) are more precise when it comes
to analyzing the functions of advertisements. They classify
text functions into: argumentative, expository, and
instructional. The latter is also classified into: instructional
texts without options such as contracts and instructional texts
with options such as advertisements. In their opinion,
advertisements remain argumentative texts that exhibit the
features postulated by Reiss (1976) which are:
comprehensibility, topicality, memorability, suggestivity,
emotionality, language manipulation, and plausibility.
In fact, the majority of the sampled online published
commercials/Ads exhibit hybrid text structures that mix
between the features of the advertisement and the price
quotation text types. Each of these types has distinct genre
norms and conventions. Commercials may be seen
influential when they are short and economical in structure
and in wording. They also may feature simple wording and a
3. Linguistics and Literature Studies 2(1): 1-10, 2014 3
minimum use of terminology. By contrast, the price
quotations are primarily meant to provide the service or
product price and the most important details including
service packages and the sum amounts for the offered
services; thus, quotations may be more complicated in
wording and include more specialized technological terms.
Such hybrid text structures can be noticed in the way Mark
Host Company designs its commercials to include the factual
and the promotional components. By way of illustration, see
this extract and its translation:
Target Text
Gloss:
Trademark Host: presents you reception sites internet on our servers special which enjoys speed , high efficiency and
permanence existence on the web and follow-up continuous and presents more from services free.
You can choose plan reception which suits with size your location and your needs. We present you support technical
continuous .
We present you all you wish from services.
Only choose what suits you from plans.[Plans the reception-hosting the sites]
Source Text : Mark Host: hosts Web sites on our servers, which enjoy high speed , efficiency , the 24-hour support and
follow-up services and it provides additional free services. You can choose a hosting plan that suits the size of your site and
your needs. We provide you with ongoing technical support. We offer you everything you wish for services; only choose
plans which suit/serve you better| ~ [Hosting plans - hosting sites] ~
The structures and language in the first part of the text carry the promotional load while the rest of the text shows more
features of the price quotation type. It can be noticed that the terms used in the latter part contain terminology from the field of
software technology.
The presence of neologisms in openly accessed technological texts complicates the work of the translator due to problems
like the lack of equivalence, the lack of consistency in the translations, and the low circulation of terminology. The latter one
is very crucial because it makes working from a translation convention almost non-existent. Hence, specialist and/or
non-specialist translators dealing with technology translation are faced with a double-edged problem. On the one hand, the
translators’ familiarity with the jargon which was previously considered a plus may not save them when they render
specialized technical texts for non-specialized audiences; they may need to offer explanations rather than translations of some
terminologies. Also, the translator’s “technical repertoire” which makes his task easier when he renders specialized texts to
specialized audiences may not come to his/her rescue when rendering technical promotional texts to people from all walks of
life . Specialist translators should acquaint themselves with the emotive elements of language which are needed to produce
appealing translations. When the translator of the open access text recognizes its appealing function, he/she is expected to use
easy to understand language, especially when dealing with widely circulated terms.
In sum, the main aim of translation is to diminish the linguistic barrier; still, this barrier will not be overcome totally and the
message will not be effectively communicated if the translator could not come up with the right strategies to make up for the
non-specialized audiences’ technology culture deficit as well as the text’s appellative nature.
4. 4 Working without Words: The Methods of Translating Open Access Technological English Texts into Arabic
5. Open Access Texts and Translation
Strategy
Easy internet access has helped greatly with the
emergence of non- specialized audience. It played a notable
role in breaking down the conventional trade barriers in a
way that created more room for the advent of new markets,
i.e. new targeted audience of diverse languages and
backgrounds (Leighton, 2001).
Minko O'Hagan (1996) classifies the consumers who are
likely to be affected with language differences in the
contemporary times into four types: international business
people whose activities are scattered around the globe;
officials working for the government; scientists who may
need to use a particular technical device; and ordinary
citizens who use online services for various purposes.
O'Hagan also highlights the tendency with service provider
advertisers to think globally. Hence, newly formulated texts
invade the market of translation. In response to these newly
emerging needs for communication, researchers appear to be
divided between those who call for adoption and those who
prefer adaptation as the most adequate translation strategies.
Briefly expressed, the former group calls for adopting a
source language word or term intact and using it in the target
text (see Shiyab 2010). The latter wants to replace a situation
of the source language by an analogous situation of the target
language , especially when communicative situations are
difficult to understand in the culture of the target language
(see Albir 2002).
George Ho (2008) suggests that the translation of website
contents requires different techniques from those used in the
traditional practices. He maintains that adaptation comes on
top of the priority list. Conversely, Nico Wiersema (2005)
thinks that the great openness and the constant
communication between people made it possible for
translators to use the source text terms in the target text.
Accordingly, he regards translation in such a case as
"excessive translation". His rationale behind this position is
that adopting the original terms will provide better
understanding and will enrich the target language.
The prevailing spirit of admiration for a postmodern
global community would be one justification for using the
adoption option. Shiyab (2010) tends to agree with the
necessity of adopting and not adapting the new technical and
sometimes non-technical foreign terms that result from
modernity and globalization. Shiyab supported his view
concerning translation in times of globalization with
examples about the way foreign technological inventions
terms such as computer, laptop, camera among others, are
transferred by adoption and not adaptation based on the Arab
readership's familiarity with the foreign terms in the age of
globalization.
Based on the research work done by these translation
scholars, the sections below weigh the actual translator
behavior when he/she is confronted with technological
neologisms in open access web service advertisements. We
examine translation strategies (adoption, adaptation, or a
combination of these two strategies) in such types of
translations. The translators will have to make sure that
understanding is not blocked by the frequent use of new
technical terms. When comprehensibility is compromised,
the most neatly designed advertisements will neither be
appealing nor beneficial. Thus, comprehensibility and appeal
are considered two key criteria in measuring the success of
the promotional technological text translations.
6. Arabicization (i.e., adapting elements of a foreign
language to the phonetic or structural pattern of Arabic)
or Translation?
6.1. The Purely Technological Terms
It has been noticed that the online advertisements include
purely technological terms that may sound strange to a
non-specialized audience. In many cases, translators find
themselves in a situation where they have to make up for the
problem of non-equivalence or to select from among
equivalent options that are either weak or not so consistent.
Table 1. The purely technological terms from the surveyed sample
English term Translated term Arabicized term
Server ﺧﺎدم (gloss: servant) ﺳﯿﺮﻓﺮ (gloss: server)
Domain ﻧﻄﺎق (gloss: realm) (دوﻣﯿﻦgloss:domain)
When it comes to transferring and/or translating the
English term "server", most of the commercials use the
Arabicized word ""ﺳﯿﺮﻓﺮ (server) in a way that communicates
its meaning sufficiently since this word is most familiar and
most circulated in computer technology. Thus it scores a
higher frequency (67%) in the sample commercials. On the
other hand, ""ﺧﺎدم (lit.servant) has been infrequently used
( 33% of the actual occurrence) on its own as an Arabic
equivalent. In only a few cases, the advertisement supplies
the original English term "server" or the transliterated
""ﺳﯿﺮﻓﺮ along with the translated "."ﺧﺎدم
It is often the case that the Arabicized terms gain wider
circulation than their Arabic counterparts. For example, the
Arabicized term ""ﺳﯿﺮﻓﺮ is much more acceptable and more
widely used as a result of being the one term used by the
specialized technicians in their day to day contact with their
customers. As a result, its circulation is enhanced and the
circulation of its Arabic counterpart is weakened.
In a similar fashion, it has been found that commercial
writers use the Arabicized term ""دوﻣﯿﻦ (domain) in 53% of
the studied commercials. The literal translation ""ﻧﻄﺎق (lit.
realm) is detected in 18% of the cases while both terms exist
simultaneously in 29 %. In other words, the transference of
"domain" is classified under the same category as server
where the Arabicized loan translation is more circulated.
5. Linguistics and Literature Studies 2(1): 1-10, 2014 5
This practice of using the loan word instead of the Arabic
translation can be in part ascribed to the fact that
technological terms are urgent and cannot await translation.
Once the term enters the market, it is given an Arabic name
(usually the Arabicized name). This name becomes most
familiar to the public and consequently the most circulated
one. Any subsequent accredited translations offered later by
specialists in the Arab Academy for Arabicization do not
usually gain currency among the average users.
6.2. The Non-Technological Terms
Online advertisements also include non-technological
terms where Arabic does not suffer from a semantic deficit.
Table 2 shows the non-technological terms from the
surveyed sample.
Table 2. non-technological terms from the surveyed sample
English term Translated term Arabicized term
Hosting
ﺗﺴﻜﯿﻦ / اﺳﺘﻀﺎﻓﺔ
(gloss:
hosting/reception)
ھﻮﺳﺖ (host)
Application ﺗﻄﺒﯿﻖ (application) أﺑﻠﻜﯿﺸﻦ (application)
Back up دﻋﻢ (support) أب ﺑﺎك (back up)
Banner
اﻹﻋﻼﻧﻲ اﻟﺸﺮﯾﻂ
(advertising tape)
ﺑﻨﺮ (banner)
In the majority of cases, the English term “hosting” was
translated literally as""ﺗﺴﻜﯿﻦ or "."اﺳﺘﻀﺎﻓﺔ ""ﺗﺴﻜﯿﻦ is found to
be used infrequently in the studied commercials while
""اﺳﺘﻀﺎﻓﺔ is the circulated Arabic equivalent for the English
term. Further, very rare occurrences have been found for the
Arabicized word ""ھﻮﺳﺖ in writing. It is noticed that ""ھﻮﺳﺖ
is transliterated mainly when referring to company names
such as: " اﻟﻤﺘﻜﺎﻣﻠﺔ اﻟﻮﯾﺐ ﻟﺨﺪﻣﺎت ھﻮﺳﺖ "ﻣﻜﺘﺐ (gloss: Office Host
to Services the Web the Complete), (lit. Host Office for
Complete Web Services) ; " ھﻮﺳﺖ ("ﻋﺮاﻗﻲlit. Iraqi Host);
"ھﻮﺳﺖ ﻓﻮر ﻣﯿﺠﺎ "ﺷﺮﻛﺔ (lit. Mega Company for Hosting), " دﯾﻒ
ھﻮﺳﺖ ("ﻓﻮرlit. Dave for Hosting) and " ھﻮﺳﺖ ﻓﻮر ("ﻋﺮبlit.
Arab for Hosting). In these cases, it would be expected to
find these titles translated into " اﻻﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ ﻟﺨﺪﻣﺎت اﻻﺳﺘﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﻣﻜﺘﺐ
"اﻟﻤﺘﻜﺎﻣﻠﺔ (gloss: Office the Reception to Services the Internet
the Complete), (lit. Host Office for Internet Services);
"ﻟﻼﺳﺘﻀﺎﻓﺔ "اﻟﻌﺮاﻗﻲ (gloss: the Iraqi for Reception), (lit. Iraqi
for Hosting); "ﻟﻼﺳﺘﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﻣﯿﺠﺎ "ﺷﺮﻛﺔ (gloss: Company Mega for
Reception),(lit. Mega Company for Hosting); "ﻟﻼﺳﺘﻀﺎﻓﺔ "دﯾﻒ
(gloss: Dave for Reception), (lit. Dave for Hosting); " ﻋﺮب
"ﻟﻼﺳﺘﻀﺎﻓﺔ (gloss: Arab for Reception),(lit. Arab for Hosting),
respectively. However, this was not the case in the published
Arabic versions. A likely explanation for such consistency in
using the Arabicized term is that translators tend to
transliterate the foreign technical terms when they appear in
company names because translating them could result in
having two distinct names for the same company.
Furthermore, like in the cases of names for fashion shops,
restaurant and hotel chains, and the food industry, English is
still considered more prestigious than Arabic.
Statistically, the Arabic translation ""اﺳﺘﻀﺎﻓﺔ is used more
in the commercials of companies. It was used in 67% of the
actual occurrences in the sample commercials, while ""ﺗﺴﻜﯿﻦ
appeared 20% of the times. Further, it has been found that
commercial writers resorted to using both "اﺳﺘﻀﺎﻓﺔ و "ﺗﺴﻜﯿﻦ in
13% of the actual occurrences. Six companies used both
""اﺳﺘﻀﺎﻓﺔ and ""ﺗﺴﻜﯿﻦ in their promotional texts linked with
the coordinating conjunction ""و (and). This indicates that
using the literal translation ""ﺗﺴﻜﯿﻦ has gained less circulation
for it is used less frequently than the other choice.
The statistics related to term's frequency show that some
of the Arabic technological terms related to web services are
frequently used along their English counterparts in the same
commercial. The word "application" in the original English
texts appears in the Arabic texts either through Arabicization
as ""أﺑﻠﻜﯿﺸﻦ or through translation as "."ﺗﻄﺒﯿﻖ The term
""أﺑﻠﻜﯿﺸﻦ appeared in 36% in the studied commercials;
similarly, ""ﺗﻄﺒﯿﻖ represented 36%. But, both options were
used in the same commercial in 28% of the promotional texts.
In this case both the Arabicized and the translated terms are
competing to gain acceptability amongst the public.
In this regard, Google, the most popular among web
service providers, publishes its Arabic version of the privacy
policy using the translated term ""ﺗﻄﺒﯿﻖ (application) without
the transliterated ""أﺑﻠﻜﯿﺸﻦ (application) but the document
uses the abbreviated term "Google Apps" only once at the
beginning. This single use of the abbreviated form (Apps) is
enough to guarantee that no mixing up of terms will happen;
apparently, as a translation policy, the Google team prefer
using the translated term. Dr. Fayeq Owis, the director of
Arabicization unit and the Arabic content at Google,
confirmed this conclusion when the researchers informally
interviewed him during his visit to An-Najah University
campus in June 2012. Dr. Owis noted that Google adopts a
specific strategy to promote Arabic translation by using the
translation together with the English version of the term only
in the first occurrence; the subsequent occurrences of the
same term only give the Arabic version. By using this
coupling-on-the-first-occurrence strategy, Google does not
compromise comprehensibility; nonetheless, it will
introduce the target reader to the Arabic translation and thus
promote it through recurrence. Apparently, through
recurrence, the term ""ﺗﻄﺒﯿﻖ has gained much circulation to
the extent that it is used in announcements and
advertisements that target non-specialized users.
To our surprise, the term "Back up" appears in the
majority of the studied material in its Arabicized version" ﺑﺎك
."أب To be precise, it was used in 73% of the surveyed
commercials; while the translated term (/دﻋﻢ listed above) is
weaker in recurrence (18 %) and is scarcely used together
with the Arabicized version (9%).
Another term that behaves in a similar fashion is the term
"Banner". Sixty percent of the studied materials promoting
web services employ the Arabicized version of the term as
""ﺑﻨﺮ (banner); while 27 % of the service providers use the
translation as " اﻹﻋﻼﻧﻲ "اﻟﺸﺮﯾﻂ (lit. advertising banner) and
only 13% use both versions.
6. 6 Working without Words: The Methods of Translating Open Access Technological English Texts into Arabic
In relation to this case, it was also noticed that there is a
lack of consistency concerning the Arabic rendering of the
term because various realizations appear in the Arabic texts
such as: "إﻋﻼﻧﻲ "ﺑﻨﺮ (advertising banner), "إﻋﻼﻧﻲ ."ﺷﺮﯾﻂ The
translation practice appears to be inconsistent since it is
natural in Arabic to use ""ﺷﺮﯾﻂ (banner) with the clarifying
adjective "(",إﻋﻼﻧﻲadvertising) while it is unjustified to resort
to linguistic code switching in "إﻋﻼﻧﻲ ."ﺑﻨﺮ Like in the case of
application, such inconsistency, which happens despite the
availability of an Arabic equivalent, can be attributed to the
absence of a translation policy which promotes Arabic
translations.
Generally speaking, the collected data reveals that the
Arabicized terms are more acceptable and widely circulated
than the translated ones. The overall statistics show that 66%
of the English original terms are circulated by their
Arabicized versions while the translated and the coupled
versions amount to only 17% each. When the Arabicized and
the translated versions are in competition, the life cycle for
each is determined by several factors; the speed and the vigor
of the efforts exerted by the translation and Arabicization
bodies to promote the term amongst translators and
copywriters; another factor that might positively contribute
to the proliferation of Arabic translations is the national
policy of the individual Arab countries. In some countries
like Syria, for example, Arabic is considered one crucial
component of the national identity; a thing that works to the
advantage of the translated versions and to the disadvantage
of the Arabicized ones. The Syrian websites constituted
approximately to 19% of the study sample (see appendix 2
for a list of Syrian websites); 69% of those Syrian websites
employ Arabic translations while only 31% provide the
translation together with the Arabicized version of the
technological terms.
Many other countries like Egypt and Jordan are much
more tolerant towards the integration of foreign
technological terms.
7. The Hybrid Language and Hybrid
Syntax
With reference to the hybrid nature of the promotional
texts, this section discusses the functions of the hybrid syntax
and the hybrid language combinations.
7.1. The Hybrid Language
The language used in authorizing this type of commercials
is of mixed nature. English and Arabic terms are used in the
same line. In many cases, such combinations come for a
basic informative function. In other places, part of the
technological text is rendered into Arabic (regardless of
whether it comes in translation or in an Arabicized form) and
the rest of the text is kept in its original English language for
the absence of any equivalence. An example would be the
following excerpt from an advertisement authorized by
Al-Mas's server advertisement and is addressed to
non-specialized company managers. The technical
components are translated into Arabic while the detailed
specifications are given in English:
Text 1. Coupling Arabic and English versions
English technological terms Coupling Arabic and English translation
Dell PowerEdge 1950 chassis (1u rackmount) ھﯿﻜﻞ اﻟﺨﺎدم (server structure)
Dual Intel Xeon Quad Core E5335 at 2GHz (Clovertown) (processor
speed)
اﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺞ ﺳﺮﻋﺔ (processor speed)
8M Cache 1333MHz FSB اﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺞ ﻛﺎش (cache processor)
(www.al-mas.org, 29 Feb. 2012)
The reason behind using the English terms and their Arabic counterparts opposite each other is to avoid any likely
confusion. Confusion may result when the user is not familiar with either term. The case of coupling Arabic and English
versions can be exemplified by Al-Ayyam Net Company for web services:
Text 2. Coupling Arabic and English versions
Half Page: اﻟﺮﺋﯿﺴﻲ اﻟﻌﻤﻮدي اﻹﻋﻼﻧﻲ اﻟﺸﺮﯾﻂ (gloss: the Tape Advertising the Vertical the Main) (lit. Main vertical advertising
banner)
Leader Border1: border or banner اﻟﺮﺋﯿﺴﻲ اﻹﻋﻼﻧﻲ اﻟﺸﺮﯾﻂ (gloss: the Tape Advertising the Main) (lit. Main advertising banner)
Leader Border: اﻟﺴﻔﻠﻲ اﻹﻋﻼﻧﻲ اﻟﺸﺮﯾﻂ (gloss: The Tape Advertising the Bottom) (lit. Lower advertising banner)
Left Square: اﻟﺸﺮيطاﻷﯾﺴﺮ اﻟﻤﺮﺑﻊ اﻹﻋﻼﻧﻲ (gloss: the Tape Advertising the Square the Left) (lit. Left Square advertising banner)
News Banner: اﻟﻨﺼﻔﻲ اﻹﻋﻼﻧﻲ اﻟﺸﺮﯾﻂ (gloss: the Tape Advertising the Half) (lit. Half advertising banner)
Top Banner: اﻟﻌﻠﻮي اﻹﻋﻼﻧﻲ اﻟﺸﺮﯾﻂ (gloss: the Tape Advertising the Top) (lit. Top advertising banner)
(www.alayyam.com, 23 April 2012)
It is worth noting that this strategy will help promote the Arabic translation of the original English. It helps the newly
coined Arabic terms to gain circulation.
7. Linguistics and Literature Studies 2(1): 1-10, 2014 7
7.2. The Hybrid Syntax
The study sample reveals a group of technological terms that have been integrated syntactically into Arabic. The
Arabicized terms are linked to the Arabic plural feminine inflection in Arabic "آت" such as:
English technological term Arabicized plurals
Hosting اﺳﺘﻀﺎﻓﺎت (hosting services)
Domain دوﻣﯿﻨﺎت (domains)
Banner ﺑﻨﺮات (banners)
Application اﺑﻠﻜﯿﺸﻨﺎت (applications)
Server ﺳﯿﺮﻓﺮات (servers)
Other examples show syntactic integration in which the Arabicized term is linked to the Arabic second person inflectional
morpheme "ك" (K) such as the case of the commercial published on Traidnt promotional website. The insertion of “k” is done
for purely promotional purposes in order to reduce the distance between customer and service provider.
(gloss: for first ten orders...your domain by 25 SR only)
(lit. Your domain is only for SR 25! For the first ten orders! ﺑـ دوﻣﯿﻨﻚ25ﻓﻘﻂ رﯾﺎل ﻃﻠﺒﺎت ﻋﺸﺮة ﻷول ! ﻻ!ﻏﯿﺮ
(gloss: speed up booking your server free!
(lit. Ask for your server as fast as you can for free)
ﻣﺠﺎﻧﺎ ﺳﯿﺮﻓﺮك ﺑﺤﺠﺰ ﺳﺎرع !
(www.traidnt.net/vb/traidnt1967668/ , 20 April 2012)
8. Results
By using online published commercials/advertisements
promoting web services as its main source of data, the study
has encompassed the translation behavior, the target text
syntactic and semantic features, and the growing preference
among commercial designers to localize foreign terms in
Arabic.
Confronting the great influx of foreign terminology,
Arabic commercial writers use either Arabicization or
translation. Occasionally, the English term and its Arabic
counterpart appear together in the translated text. However,
the Arabicized terms are more popularly used in the
translated versions when translators handle purely technical
terms. The preference for this technique can be attributed to
the fact that Arabic suffers a semantic deficit in the field of
information technology and software industry in general.
When translators resort to coining new terms, it is often the
case that these terms fail to circulate on wider scales and they
usually turn into stock neologisms.
Pinchuk (1977) argues that when accuracy and end user
convenience are in conflict, the translator must resolve the
conflict by giving priority to user convenience. This
principle may imply that when faced with the options
between Arabicization and translation, audience
convenience should be the decisive and the overruling factor.
The non-specialized audience is in need for more
understandable and familiar promotional technological texts.
The need for familiarity and easy comprehension becomes
the guiding principle for the copy writers who wish to respect
the Minimax principle when writing to satisfy consumers.
This principle regulates effort and reward in the sense that in
choosing between a number of solutions to a given problem,
the translator ultimately settles for that solution which
promises maximum effect for minimal effort on the part of
the reader (see Hatim 2004 ,pp.241-242). Accordingly, open
access text translators and copy writers are advised to
combine familiar Arabicizations with unfamiliar
translations.
The late and less than satisfactory efforts exerted by the
Coordination Bureau of Arabicization in Rabbat, affiliated
with the Arab League for Education, Culture and Sciences
Organization (ALECSO), and the currently chaotic
conditions of translation and transference of technological
neologisms into the Arab countries, have all led to a situation
where the Arabicized terms are now integrated
morphologically and syntactically in the Arabic texts and
are gaining more circulation and acceptability amongst the
public.
9. Conclusion
If we wish to reverse the translation status quo in this
domain, Google’s policy to enhance the online Arabic
content may be one good example to follow. It is estimated
that the online Arabic content amounts only to 1.5% of the
total online content. To increase this percentage when
dealing with neologisms, the Google teams use the
Arabicized terms only in the first occurrence while the
second or third appearance for the same term in the same
document is given in Arabic. In fact, using the Arabicized
8. 8 Working without Words: The Methods of Translating Open Access Technological English Texts into Arabic
terms and the translated ones would make for a sound and
more consumer friendly strategy in promotional technology
texts. Over time, the Arabic terms will gain more circulation
and this would gradually reduce the semantic deficit in
Arabic language.
Appendix1
Websites from various Arab countries visited between 3Apri
– 16 May 2012:
http://www.ahgez.com/
http://www.alayam.com/mobile/announce.aspx
http://www.al-mas.org/home/?section=domainsnames
http://www.al-saudia.org/newspapers.php?newspaperid=10
645
http://www.alshrqy.com/vb/alshrqy9182
http://www.altasjeel.com/
http://www.arabiko.com/advert
http://www.arabnas.com/
http://www.bannersway.com/services.php?cat=1
http://www.bayt.com/ar/affiliates/links/banner-ads/
http://www.bdr130.net/vb/t396472.html
http://www.belajfa.blogspot.com/2011/12/start-logic.html
http://www.clients.orkied.com/announcements.php?id=1
http://www.dr-ho.org/
http://www.elestdafa.com/servers.html
http://www.expoarabia.com/ar/list.aspx?t=p&cat_id=1877&
p=1
http://www.farah.t6wr.com/?p=4
http://www.fonon4host.com/portal/
http://www.foody-des.com/offers22.html
http://www.foody-des.com/offers28.html
http://www.google.ps/imgres?q=%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%
B1%D8%A7%D8%AA+%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%84%D
8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9&start=195&hl=en&sa
=X&biw=1680&bih=949&tbm=isch&prmd=imvnsfd&tbni
d=Dc4EhnnsI39S2M:&imgrefurl=http://www.mtwer.com/v
b/t91216.html&imgurl=http://www.cdegypt.com/offers/1.jp
g&w=700&h=349&ei=v8A9UPn3BoaZ0QWkj4D4AQ&zo
om=1&iact=hc&vpx=163&vpy=436&dur=149&hovh=158
&hovw=318&tx=214&ty=98&sig=1161625516670811451
63&page=5&tbnh=101&tbnw=203&ndsp=51&ved=1t:429,
r:8,s:195,i:31
http://www.google.ps/imgres?q=%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%
B1%D8%A7%D8%AA+%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%84%D
8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9&start=882&hl=en&sa
=X&biw=1680&bih=949&tbm=isch&prmd=imvnsfd&tbni
d=bo_6hVM__5s5rM:&imgrefurl=http://www.traidnt.net/v
b/traidnt1480184/&imgurl=http://www.traidnt.net/vb/custo
mavatars/avatar71056_2.gif&w=128&h=134&ei=-sg9UIi7
BYrD0QXTqIDoBg&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=1305&vpy=
715&dur=664&hovh=107&hovw=102&tx=75&ty=71&sig
=116162551667081145163&page=19&tbnh=107&tbnw=1
02&ndsp=50&ved=1t:429,r:32,s:882,i:106
http://www.google.ps/imgres?q=%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%
B1%D8%A7%D8%AA+%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%84%D
8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9&start=395&hl=en&sa
=X&biw=1680&bih=949&tbm=isch&prmd=imvnsfd&tbni
d=Oqgc-uuj6VwlrM:&imgrefurl=http://www.mtwer.com/v
b/t99600.html&imgurl=http://img05.arabsh.com/uploads/im
age/2012/03/08/09314d4360fb.png&w=660&h=250&ei=pc
U9UL72IuLW0QXnhICoDQ&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=936
&vpy=458&dur=2165&hovh=138&hovw=365&tx=263&ty
=99&sig=116162551667081145163&page=9&tbnh=73&tb
nw=193&ndsp=48&ved=1t:429,r:12,s:395,i:43
http://www.hvips.com/domain.html
http://www.i3rab.com/blog/archives/5313
http://www.iraqsg.com/get-15258.html
http://www.iraqsg.com/get-16388.html
http://www.itqanbs.com/website-design.html
http://www.iweb-serv.com/
http://www.jeddahbikers.com/vb/t57615.html
https://www.khamsat.com/business/4998-%D8%AA%D8%
B5%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%85-3-%D8%A8%D9%86%D
8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%84%D9%85%D9%88%
D9%82%D8%B9%D9%83-%D8%AB%D8%A7%D8%A8
%D8%AB%D8%A9-%D8%A3%D9%88-%D9%85%D8%
AA%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D
8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%AD%D8%AC%D8%A7%
D9%85-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%8A-%D8%A
A%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A8%D9%83
http://www.masaserv.co/
http://www.misrstars.com/vb/showthread.php?t=60775
http://www.moqe3.com/
http://www.mouse4host.com/
http://www.mtwer.com/vb/t101985.html
http://www.netmasr.net/web.html
http://www.pcintv.com/forums/showthread.php?t=36804
http://www.q8egy.maktoobblog.com/59/%D8%AA%D8%
B7%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%82-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8
%A3%D9%8A%D9%81%D9%88%D9%86-%D8%A7%D
8%A8%D9%84%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%B4%D9%86-%
D9%84%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%8A%D9%81%D9%88%
D9%86-iphone/
http://www.rawabetvb.com/vb/rawabet271535/
http://www.rwc.ae/
http://www.sandoq.com/freeads.asp?title=%C7%CD%CC%
D2-%C7%EC-%CE%D8%C9-%C7%D3%CA%D6%C7%
DD%C9-%E6%C7%CD%D5%E1-%DA%E1%EC-%CF%
E6%E3%ED%E4-%CD%E3%E1%C9-%C7%E1%C7%DA
%E1%C7%E4%C7%CA-%DD%EC-%C7%E1%DD%ED
%D3%C8%E6%DF-%E3%CC%C7%E4%C7-%E1%E1%
C8%ED%DA&c=12&id=280313
http://www.sandoq.com/freeads.asp?title=%CA%D5%E3%
ED%E3-%E3%E6%C7%DE%DA-%C7%E4%CA%D1%E
4%CA-%E6%CF%E6%E3%ED%E4%C7%CA-%E6%CA
%D3%E6%ED%DE-%E1%E3%E4%CA%CC%DF-%E1%
E1%C8%ED%DA&c=12&id=259771
http://www.sh3a34host.org/vps.php
http://www.sogarab.com/top_webhosting.php
http://www.spotech.net/?cat=4
http://www.swalif.net/softs/swalif65/softs271066/
http://www.traidnt.net/vb/traidnt1967668/
9. Linguistics and Literature Studies 2(1): 1-10, 2014 9
http://www.traidnt.net/vb/traidnt367536/
http://www.traidnt.net/vb/traidnt375901/
http://www.trncat.com/Design/Price/
http://www.ultimateserv.com/domains/
http://www.un4web.com/design.html
http://www.uowhost.com/announcements.php?id=8
http://www.vb.4heronline.net/t7637-post13481.html
http://www.visionhosts.com/
http://www.wdesigners.org/
http://www.worldforhost.net/
http://www.world-gd.com/t155801.html
APPENDIX 2
The Syrian websites:
http://www.directory.tayob.com/show29638.html
http://www.ehjuz.com/domain.php
http://www.lelnas.com/Items.aspx?ItemId=65162
http://www.nis-me.com/website-hosting
http://www.searchinsyria.com/ar/%D8%AA%D9%81%D8
%A7%D8%B5%D9%8A%D9%84/7263/%D8%B3%D9%8
A%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86-%D9%85%D9%
88%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1-%D9%84%D8
%AE%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%A7%
D9%84%D8%A5%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%86%
D8%AA
http://www.searchinsyria.com/ar/%D8%AA%D9%81%D8
%A7%D8%B5%D9%8A%D9%84/7768/%D8%B4%D8%
B1%D9%83%D8%A9-%D8%A3%D8%AA%D9%85%D8
%AA
http://www.searchinsyria.com/ar/%D8%AA%D9%81%D8
%A7%D8%B5%D9%8A%D9%84/5593/%D9%84%D8%A
7%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%
AA%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%88
http://www.searchinsyria.com/ar/%D8%AA%D9%81%D8
%A7%D8%B5%D9%8A%D9%84/1351/%D8%AE%D8%
AF%D9%85%D8%A9-%D8%AA%D8%B5%D9%85%D9
%8A%D9%85-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%82%D8
%B9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%86%D8%AA%
D8%B1%D9%86%D8%AA
http://www.searchinsyria.com/ar/%D8%AA%D9%81%D8
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