Trial and error theory of learning
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Trial and Error Theory of Learning describes how learning occurs through a process of trial and error. Edward Thorndike conducted experiments where hungry animals like cats, rats, and chickens were confined in puzzle boxes and had to perform random actions to escape and access food. Over successive trials of escaping the box, the animals made fewer errors and learned to directly connect the specific action of pulling a string or lever to escaping the box and receiving food. Thorndike concluded that learning happens gradually through a process of trials, errors, and strengthening the connection between a situation and correct response.
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Trial and error learning theory
Thorndike's theory of trial and error learning posits that learning occurs through a process of testing responses until the correct one is discovered. He conducted experiments with cats in puzzle boxes to demonstrate this. Over repeated trials, the cats decreased incorrect responses like scratching and biting, and eventually learned to open the door by pulling a string in a single trial as the proper response was identified through elimination of errors. Thorndike's laws of learning describe how responses become associated with stimuli through satisfaction or annoyance, and how repetition strengthens these connections while disuse weakens them.
Thorndike's Trial and Error Learning Theory
E.L. Thorndike proposed the theory of trial and error learning in 1913. He conducted experiments with cats in puzzle boxes to understand the process of learning. Through these experiments, he found that cats initially made random responses to escape the box and get to food, but over time learned the correct response through a process of trials, errors, and reinforcement. His key principles from these experiments were the laws of effect, exercise, and readiness. Educational implications of Thorndike's theory include using incentives to strengthen learning, allowing students to learn through practice and experience, and ensuring students are motivated and prepared for learning.
Trial and error learning theory
1) Edward Thorndike's trial and error learning theory proposes that learning occurs through a process of testing different responses and retaining those that are successful.
2) In Thorndike's experiments with cats in puzzle boxes, the cats initially responded randomly but eventually learned to open the door by pulling a string, eliminating unsuccessful responses over time.
3) Thorndike identified factors in trial and error learning as motives, stimuli, responses, consequences, and fixation on successful responses. His laws of learning also addressed readiness, exercise, effect, use and disuse.
Operant conditioning
Positive reinforcement. Wearing makeup is being reinforced by receiving attention from others.
Classical conditioning theory
Pavlov's classical conditioning experiment involved pairing a neutral stimulus (the sound of a bell) with an unconditioned stimulus (food) for dogs. Through repeated pairings, the dogs learned to associate the bell with food and would salivate upon hearing the bell alone. Pavlov's experiment demonstrated the learning process of classical conditioning and identified the key components of an unconditioned stimulus, unconditioned response, conditioned stimulus, and conditioned response. Classical conditioning principles like acquisition, generalization, discrimination, extinction, and spontaneous recovery help explain how associations are formed between stimuli and responses through learning.
learning and their types
The document discusses different types of learning. It defines learning as a relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience or interactions with the environment. There are four main types of learning discussed: 1) learning by trial and error, 2) observational learning, 3) insight learning, and 4) conditioning. Conditioning includes classical conditioning, involving pairing a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus, and operant conditioning where behavior is influenced by consequences. Learning is described as an active, purposeful process that occurs throughout life and can be transferred between contexts.
Operant conditioning
Operant conditioning is a method of learning through reinforcement and punishment. Behavior is strengthened when followed by a reinforcer or weakened when followed by a punisher. B.F. Skinner coined the term and studied operant conditioning using animal experiments. Reinforcers can be positive like praise or negative like escaping an unpleasant stimulus. Punishers are consequences that weaken behavior and can be positive by applying an unpleasant stimulus or negative by removing a desirable one. The timing and schedule of reinforcement impacts how effectively behaviors are learned through operant conditioning.
Kohler Insightful learning theory
Gestalt psychology began in Germany in the early 20th century and focused on the idea of "learning by insight". Key founders included Wertheimer, Kohler, and Koffka. Kohler conducted experiments with chimpanzees that demonstrated insight learning. In one experiment, a chimpanzee used boxes to reach a banana hung out of reach, and in another used sticks of different lengths combined to reach a banana outside its cage. The experiments showed that learning could occur through sudden insights into solving problems rather than just trial and error. Teachers should present material in a way that allows students to gain insights into relationships and concepts as a whole rather than focusing only on separate parts.
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Trial and error learning theory
Thorndike's theory of trial and error learning posits that learning occurs through a process of testing responses until the correct one is discovered. He conducted experiments with cats in puzzle boxes to demonstrate this. Over repeated trials, the cats decreased incorrect responses like scratching and biting, and eventually learned to open the door by pulling a string in a single trial as the proper response was identified through elimination of errors. Thorndike's laws of learning describe how responses become associated with stimuli through satisfaction or annoyance, and how repetition strengthens these connections while disuse weakens them.
Thorndike's Trial and Error Learning Theory
E.L. Thorndike proposed the theory of trial and error learning in 1913. He conducted experiments with cats in puzzle boxes to understand the process of learning. Through these experiments, he found that cats initially made random responses to escape the box and get to food, but over time learned the correct response through a process of trials, errors, and reinforcement. His key principles from these experiments were the laws of effect, exercise, and readiness. Educational implications of Thorndike's theory include using incentives to strengthen learning, allowing students to learn through practice and experience, and ensuring students are motivated and prepared for learning.
Trial and error learning theory
1) Edward Thorndike's trial and error learning theory proposes that learning occurs through a process of testing different responses and retaining those that are successful.
2) In Thorndike's experiments with cats in puzzle boxes, the cats initially responded randomly but eventually learned to open the door by pulling a string, eliminating unsuccessful responses over time.
3) Thorndike identified factors in trial and error learning as motives, stimuli, responses, consequences, and fixation on successful responses. His laws of learning also addressed readiness, exercise, effect, use and disuse.
Operant conditioning
Positive reinforcement. Wearing makeup is being reinforced by receiving attention from others.
Classical conditioning theory
Pavlov's classical conditioning experiment involved pairing a neutral stimulus (the sound of a bell) with an unconditioned stimulus (food) for dogs. Through repeated pairings, the dogs learned to associate the bell with food and would salivate upon hearing the bell alone. Pavlov's experiment demonstrated the learning process of classical conditioning and identified the key components of an unconditioned stimulus, unconditioned response, conditioned stimulus, and conditioned response. Classical conditioning principles like acquisition, generalization, discrimination, extinction, and spontaneous recovery help explain how associations are formed between stimuli and responses through learning.
learning and their types
The document discusses different types of learning. It defines learning as a relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience or interactions with the environment. There are four main types of learning discussed: 1) learning by trial and error, 2) observational learning, 3) insight learning, and 4) conditioning. Conditioning includes classical conditioning, involving pairing a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus, and operant conditioning where behavior is influenced by consequences. Learning is described as an active, purposeful process that occurs throughout life and can be transferred between contexts.
Operant conditioning
Operant conditioning is a method of learning through reinforcement and punishment. Behavior is strengthened when followed by a reinforcer or weakened when followed by a punisher. B.F. Skinner coined the term and studied operant conditioning using animal experiments. Reinforcers can be positive like praise or negative like escaping an unpleasant stimulus. Punishers are consequences that weaken behavior and can be positive by applying an unpleasant stimulus or negative by removing a desirable one. The timing and schedule of reinforcement impacts how effectively behaviors are learned through operant conditioning.
Kohler Insightful learning theory
Gestalt psychology began in Germany in the early 20th century and focused on the idea of "learning by insight". Key founders included Wertheimer, Kohler, and Koffka. Kohler conducted experiments with chimpanzees that demonstrated insight learning. In one experiment, a chimpanzee used boxes to reach a banana hung out of reach, and in another used sticks of different lengths combined to reach a banana outside its cage. The experiments showed that learning could occur through sudden insights into solving problems rather than just trial and error. Teachers should present material in a way that allows students to gain insights into relationships and concepts as a whole rather than focusing only on separate parts.
Insightful learning...
This document discusses insightful learning, also known as insight learning. Insightful learning involves understanding relationships between parts of a problem rather than trial and error. Wolfgang Kohler conducted experiments observing insightful learning in animals. Insightful learning can result in an "aha moment" or "eureka" experience. It depends on factors like intelligence, learning situation, and initial efforts. Insightful learning involves higher mental processes and sudden understanding, while trial and error learning is gradual habit formation through chance. Kohler's experiment showed insightful learning results from perceiving relationships and restructuring perceptions to find solutions.
Thorndike's bond theory
Edward Thorndike conducted experiments with cats in puzzle boxes to understand the laws of learning. He found that cats would initially respond randomly but eventually learn to press the lever to escape the box and receive a food reward. Through successive trials, the cats learned the association between lever pressing and escape more quickly due to reinforcement. Thorndike proposed three primary laws of learning: the law of readiness, the law of effect stating that behaviors followed by rewards will be repeated, and the law of exercise whereby connections are strengthened with practice and weakened without it. His work formed the basis for behaviorism and operant conditioning theories of learning.
Skinner’s operant conditioning theory
Skinner's operant conditioning theory posits that behavior is shaped by its consequences rather than driven by internal processes or stimuli. Through experiments using a Skinner box, he found that rats would learn to press a lever when rewarded with food pellets. Their behavior was conditioned and reinforced through positive reinforcement. Operant conditioning is a process of learning whereby behaviors are strengthened if followed by rewarding consequences or weakened if followed by unpleasant consequences, with the goal of increasing or decreasing certain behaviors.
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Theory of Operant Conditioning - B F Skinner
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Gestalt theory proposes that the brain perceives wholes rather than individual parts. It was founded by Max Wertheimer and further developed by Kurt Koffka and Wolfgang Kohler. According to Gestalt principles, learning involves understanding objects and concepts as unified wholes rather than as isolated pieces. The theory emphasizes that insight occurs suddenly when all relevant information is perceived together in a new way, rather than through gradual accumulation of facts.
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Trial-and-Error Learning .pptx
Thorndike's theory of connectionism or trial and error learning posits that learning occurs through a process of trial and error. In his famous puzzle box experiments, Thorndike observed that cats placed in a box would at first make random movements to escape but gradually learned to pull a string to open the door and get food. Over successive trials, the time taken to learn the correct response decreased as incorrect responses were eliminated. Thorndike concluded that learning involves forming direct connections between stimuli and responses through a gradual process of selecting satisfying responses that meet a goal and eliminating annoying responses that do not.
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This is the presentation which was presented in PPT CONTEST on TCP PRESENTO 2020 Organized byThiagarajar College of Preceptors-Madurai.
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This is the presentation which was presented in PPT CONTEST on TCP PRESENTO 2020 Organized byThiagarajar College of Preceptors-Madurai.
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Conditioning and learning
Learning occurs through classical conditioning, instrumental conditioning, and observational learning. Observational learning involves observing and imitating others' behaviors. Albert Bandura's Bobo doll experiment showed that children imitated aggressive behaviors they observed. Conditioning involves learning through reinforcement and punishment. Classical conditioning pairs an unconditioned stimulus with a conditioned stimulus to elicit a new response. Instrumental conditioning uses reinforcement to increase behaviors and punishment to decrease them. Therapies apply conditioning principles to treat phobias, anxiety disorders, and other conditions.
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This slide explains the key concepts and principles of Thorndike's theory, including experiments with animals, such as puzzle boxes, and how these experiments contributed to his theory.
Trial & error learning Thorndike - VCE U4 Psych
This 4 slide file accompanies a youtube clip (see www.ePsychVCE.com to access link to clip). It covers Thorndike's Puzzle box experiment an his infamous 'law of effect'
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This document discusses insightful learning, also known as insight learning. Insightful learning involves understanding relationships between parts of a problem rather than trial and error. Wolfgang Kohler conducted experiments observing insightful learning in animals. Insightful learning can result in an "aha moment" or "eureka" experience. It depends on factors like intelligence, learning situation, and initial efforts. Insightful learning involves higher mental processes and sudden understanding, while trial and error learning is gradual habit formation through chance. Kohler's experiment showed insightful learning results from perceiving relationships and restructuring perceptions to find solutions.
Thorndike's bond theory
Edward Thorndike conducted experiments with cats in puzzle boxes to understand the laws of learning. He found that cats would initially respond randomly but eventually learn to press the lever to escape the box and receive a food reward. Through successive trials, the cats learned the association between lever pressing and escape more quickly due to reinforcement. Thorndike proposed three primary laws of learning: the law of readiness, the law of effect stating that behaviors followed by rewards will be repeated, and the law of exercise whereby connections are strengthened with practice and weakened without it. His work formed the basis for behaviorism and operant conditioning theories of learning.
Skinner’s operant conditioning theory
Skinner's operant conditioning theory posits that behavior is shaped by its consequences rather than driven by internal processes or stimuli. Through experiments using a Skinner box, he found that rats would learn to press a lever when rewarded with food pellets. Their behavior was conditioned and reinforced through positive reinforcement. Operant conditioning is a process of learning whereby behaviors are strengthened if followed by rewarding consequences or weakened if followed by unpleasant consequences, with the goal of increasing or decreasing certain behaviors.
classical conditioning and operant conditioning
What is difference between classical conditioning and operant conditioning?
example of classical conditioning.
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Classical conditioning
power point presentation on classical conditioning theory-theory of classical conditioning-Pavlov's classical conditioning
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This is the presentation which was presented in PPT CONTEST on TCP PRESENTO 2020 Organized byThiagarajar College of Preceptors-Madurai.
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Guilford's Structure of Intellect : Intelligence is viewed as comprising operations, contents, and products. ...
Observational learning
Observational learning is learning that occurs through observing others, also known as modeling. A significant amount of learning, especially in childhood, happens this way as people watch and imitate others. Albert Bandura's social-cognitive theory emphasized that people learn by observing models and believing they can also influence events through their own behaviors. The modeling process involves paying attention, retaining information, being able to reproduce behaviors, and having motivation.
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Operant conditioning is a theory of learning developed by B.F. Skinner that states organisms learn by reinforcing behaviors that lead to desirable outcomes or avoiding undesirable ones. Skinner conducted experiments using rat cages and levers to show rats learned to press levers more frequently when rewarded with food. He distinguished between elicited responses controlled by stimuli and emitted operant behaviors that are reinforced. Operant conditioning involves reinforcing desired behaviors through positive or negative reinforcement to increase their frequency.
Learning by insight
Gestalt theory proposes that the brain perceives wholes rather than individual parts. It was founded by Max Wertheimer and further developed by Kurt Koffka and Wolfgang Kohler. According to Gestalt principles, learning involves understanding objects and concepts as unified wholes rather than as isolated pieces. The theory emphasizes that insight occurs suddenly when all relevant information is perceived together in a new way, rather than through gradual accumulation of facts.
Classical conditioning
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This is the presentation which was presented in PPT CONTEST on TCP PRESENTO 2020 Organized byThiagarajar College of Preceptors-Madurai.
Guilford's structure of intellect model
J.P. Guilford proposed the Structure of Intellect (SOI) model to describe 180 different types of intellectual abilities. The SOI model categorizes abilities into three dimensions: operations (6 types of thinking processes), content (5 types of information), and products (6 types of outcomes). Each combination of one operation, one content, and one product defines a specific intellectual ability. The model suggests intelligence involves distinct skills that can be improved through training. It also implies curriculum should incorporate different combinations of operations, content, and products to develop students' intellects based on their individual differences.
Intelligence meaning and types
This document discusses definitions and theories of intelligence from several scholars and researchers. It defines intelligence as a combination of mental abilities that help individuals adapt and solve problems. Intelligence is described as having several components or types, including concrete, abstract, and social intelligence. The document also outlines nine types of intelligence identified by Howard Gardner, including naturalist, musical, logical-mathematical, interpersonal, bodily-kinesthetic, linguistic, intra-personal, and spatial intelligence. Characteristics of intelligence include the ability to think abstractly, learn from experience, and adapt to new situations.
Perception
1) Sensation is the process by which sensory stimuli are received and transmitted to the brain, while perception is the interpretation of sensory information by the brain.
2) There are debates around whether our perceptions directly represent an external reality or are internal representations constructed by the brain.
3) Factors both internal and external to our psychological states can influence our knowledge and perceptions.
Trial-and-Error Learning .pptx
Thorndike's theory of connectionism or trial and error learning posits that learning occurs through a process of trial and error. In his famous puzzle box experiments, Thorndike observed that cats placed in a box would at first make random movements to escape but gradually learned to pull a string to open the door and get food. Over successive trials, the time taken to learn the correct response decreased as incorrect responses were eliminated. Thorndike concluded that learning involves forming direct connections between stimuli and responses through a gradual process of selecting satisfying responses that meet a goal and eliminating annoying responses that do not.
TRAIL AND ERROR LEARNING THEORY
This is the presentation which was presented in PPT CONTEST on TCP PRESENTO 2020 Organized byThiagarajar College of Preceptors-Madurai.
PAVLOV'S CLASSICAL CONDITIONING THEORY
This is the presentation which was presented in PPT CONTEST on TCP PRESENTO 2020 Organized byThiagarajar College of Preceptors-Madurai.
Multi factor theory
Edward Thorndike proposed the multi-factor theory of intelligence, which argued that intelligence is composed of multiple independent mental abilities rather than a single general ability. He believed intelligence involves three main abilities: social intelligence, concrete intelligence, and abstract intelligence. Thorndike also described four attributes of intelligence: level refers to task difficulty, range refers to number of tasks solved, area refers to number of stimuli responded to, and speed refers to rapidity of response.
Conditioning and learning
Learning occurs through classical conditioning, instrumental conditioning, and observational learning. Observational learning involves observing and imitating others' behaviors. Albert Bandura's Bobo doll experiment showed that children imitated aggressive behaviors they observed. Conditioning involves learning through reinforcement and punishment. Classical conditioning pairs an unconditioned stimulus with a conditioned stimulus to elicit a new response. Instrumental conditioning uses reinforcement to increase behaviors and punishment to decrease them. Therapies apply conditioning principles to treat phobias, anxiety disorders, and other conditions.
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Operant conditioning involves learning through consequences of behavior. It focuses on the relationship between behaviors and subsequent outcomes. Edward Thorndike studied operant conditioning through his puzzle box experiments with cats. He placed hungry cats in puzzle boxes and food outside to motivate escape attempts. Initially, cats tried many unsuccessful behaviors randomly. Over repeated trials, cats learned which behaviors like pulling a loop or lever opened the door, and escaped more quickly each time by avoiding unproductive actions. Thorndike's experiments demonstrated the principles of operant conditioning and how behaviors are strengthened or weakened by their consequences.
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Trial and error learning involves trying different actions until finding one that achieves a desired outcome. Thorndike demonstrated this through his puzzle box experiment with cats. The cats initially explored the box randomly but eventually learned to press a lever to escape and get food. One-trial learning can result from a single negative experience, like Garcia and Koelling's rats that avoided a sweet liquid after it once made them ill. Both types of learning allow individuals to adapt to their environment.
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This document discusses trial and error learning. It explains that trial and error learning involves trying alternative possibilities until the desired outcome is achieved. It describes Thorndike's puzzle box experiment with cats that demonstrated trial and error. The cats initially explored the box unsuccessfully but eventually pressed the lever to open the door and escape to get food. Their escape times became faster with more trials as they learned. This led Thorndike to develop the law of effect, which states that behaviors followed by satisfying consequences are more likely to recur.
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Edward Thorndike conducted experiments on cats in puzzle boxes to formulate his theory of trial and error learning. The cat was placed in a box with a door that could be opened by pulling a string inside. Though initially making random movements like scratching and jumping, the cat eventually learned to open the door by pulling the string through a process of trial and error. Thorndike identified factors like motivation, stimuli, responses, and reinforcement or punishment of responses that shaped this type of learning. His laws of readiness, exercise, and effect explained how connections are formed between stimuli and responses through repeated practice and consequences.
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This document summarizes three theories of learning: trial and error learning proposed by E.L. Thorndike, insightful learning proposed by Wolfgang Kohler, and conditional learning proposed by Ivan Pavlov and Sigmund Freud. It describes experiments conducted by Thorndike with cats in puzzle boxes, by Kohler with monkeys solving problems by gaining sudden insights, and by Pavlov conditioning dogs to salivate in response to stimuli. The document provides details of these classic experiments and the conclusions drawn about different types of learning.
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This document discusses different theories of learning:
1. Trial and error learning, as shown through Thorndike's experiments with cats in puzzle boxes. The cats learned to open the door to escape and get food through repeated trials.
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Edward Thorndike was an influential psychologist who developed the theory of operant conditioning through his experiments with animals in puzzle boxes. He found that cats would initially try random behaviors to escape the box but would eventually learn to press the lever, as this led to a reward of food. With repeated trials, the cats grew faster at pressing the lever as they associated this action with a positive outcome. Thorndike proposed the "Law of Effect" - that behaviors followed by pleasant consequences become more likely to be repeated, while those leading to unpleasant outcomes tend to stop. His work laid the foundations for B.F. Skinner's later development of operant conditioning within behaviorism.
Psychological Learning
Trial-and-error learning involves an organism trying different responses until finding one that achieves a desired outcome or reward. Through this process, unsuccessful responses are eliminated while the response leading to reward is continued and strengthened. Edward Thorndike's puzzle-box experiments with cats demonstrated this process.
Operant conditioning, as proposed by B.F. Skinner, occurs when a behavior is reinforced or punished, making it more or less likely to be repeated. Reinforcers that increase a behavior include positive reinforcement by adding a pleasant stimulus or negative reinforcement by removing an unpleasant one. Punishers that decrease a behavior include positive punishment by adding an unpleasant stimulus or negative punishment by removing a pleasant one.
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Thorndike developed the theory of learning by trial and error based on experiments with animals. He found that animals learn through repeated attempts to solve problems, rejecting unsuccessful responses and retaining those that are rewarded. For example, in one experiment a cat was placed in a box and had to press a lever to escape and access food outside. Through many attempts, the cat learned that pressing the lever opened the door and it could eat. Thorndike concluded that learning occurs through forming associations between stimuli and responses, and identified laws of learning including the law of effect, law of readiness, and law of exercise.
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This document provides an overview of key topics in psychology including theoretical perspectives and approaches to learning. It discusses several theories of learning including:
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- Operant conditioning developed by Skinner using controlled environments like Skinner boxes. Key concepts discussed are reinforcement, punishment, and their effects on behavior.
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Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
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Trial and error theory of learning
- 1. Trial and Error Theory of Learning Edward Lee Thorndike (1874-1949)
- 2. Trial and error method of learning is simplest form of learning In trial and error method, the learner makes random activities and finally reaches the goal accidently. It means trying one way to solve a problem and if get failed try the other way round. Again and again keep trying until the right solution of problem is not found. Experiments done on : chickens, rat & cats
- 4. The experiment • A hungry cat was confined in a puzzle box and outside the box a dish of food was kept. The cat, in the box had to pull a string to come out of the box. The cat in the box made several random movements of jumping, dashing and running to get out of the box. The cat at last succeeded in pulling the string. The door of the puzzle box opened, the cat came out and ate the food. He promptly put the cat to next trial. The cat again gave a lot of frantic behaviour but it soon succeeded in pulling the string. It repeated for several time, Thorndike noticed as the repetition increases the error also reduced i.e., Thorndike's cat showed slow, gradual and continuous improvement in performance over successive trials. He concluded that learning of cat in the puzzle box can be explained in term of formation of direct connectionism between stimulus and response.
- 6. Major steps • Drive: hunger • Goal: get the food by getting from the box • Block: confined by a closed door • Random movements: trials • Chance success: by chance success • Selection of proper movements: recognised the correct way to manipulate the latch • Fixation: learned the proper way to open the door.