Transforming agricultural output from subsistence to commercial based is being the crucial option for many agriculture dependent developing countries. This study was aimed to assess coffee commercialization trends and factors that affect coffee commercialization level. Primary data was collected from 156 households of three coffee potential districts of Jimma zone through personal interviews. Descriptive statistics and econometric models were used to analyze the data. The result of the study revealed that the mean coffee consumption level was 21.6 % and the overall mean commercialization level was 68 % which is higher at Manna district (74 %). The results of Tobit model also shows distance to main market and distance to marketing cooperatives, transport cost and land allocated for other crops affects level of coffee commercialization negatively and significantly. However, total land holding of the household head, coffee price and volume of coffee produced affects level of commercialization positively and significantly. It is recommended support towards developing institutional sectors like marketing cooperatives and improving physical access to market places could yield positive results towards coffee commercialization by smallholder coffee producers.
Determinants of Teff Market Channel Choice in Abay Chomen District, Western E...Premier Publishers
This study analyzes the determinants of Teff market outlet choices in Abay chomen District of Ethiopia. Survey of one hundred eighty-four (184) household heads was conducted in three kebeles of the district in 2016. Multivariate Probit model was used to identify determinants of households’ teff market outlet choice decisions. Farm gate collectors, retailers and wholesaler marketing outlets were used by teff producing farmers in the study area. The model result revealed that age of the households significantly determined the probability of choosing farm gate, retailers and wholesalers market outlets. The study also revealed that sex, land size and quantity of teff produced in 2016 significantly affected the farm gate outlet choice of the smallholders. Additionally, the retailer outlet choice of farmers was significantly determined by quantity of teff produced. On the other hand, the wholesale market outlet choice of farmers was significantly determined by education level of the farmers. This implies that the need to invest on improving the education status of farmers; improving the production capacity of farmers that would help smallholder farmers to choose the more rewarding market outlet. Therefore, any policy attempting to benefit smallholder farmers to link with fair market outlets should focus on their educational status and their production capacity.
Determinants of Coffee Market Outlet Choices in Gewata District, Kaffa Zone, ...Premier Publishers
Ethiopia has a broad genetic diversity among its coffee varieties. Coffee is one of the cash crop which is highly marketed through world next to petroleum. It has a great contribution in earning foreign currency and it is an income source for around 20 % Ethiopian population either directly or indirectly. Linking small producers to markets are widely recognized as a valuable development route and market outlets choice is one of the most important farm household decisions to sell their produce and has a great impact on household income. Even if the study area has great potential of coffee production, the farmers faced the marketing problem particularly in choice of appropriate coffee market outlets. This study was therefore carried out to analyze determinants of coffee producers’ market outlet choice decisions in Gewata district. Purposive and two stage random sampling technique was used and data was collected from 121 coffee producers. Multivariate probit model (MVP) was used to analyze factors influencing the choice of coffee market outlets choice by coffee producers. The multivariate probit model results indicated that quantity of coffee sold, education level, frequency of extension contacts, household size, years of farming experience, distance to nearest market, off/non-farm income, land under coffee and transport access significantly influenced coffee producers’ choice of market outlet. Therefore, strengthening farmers coffee cooperative and enhancing the financial capacity of cooperative with functional collection center, improving accessibility of transport services and developing infrastructure, improving farmers’ knowledge through adult education as well as their experience sharing with other coffee producing farmers, improving productivity through strengthening supportive institutions (extension service provider).
Determinants of Tomato Smallholder Farmers Market Outlet Choices in West Shew...Premier Publishers
Vegetables are group of horticultural crops and important for income generation to a large proportion of the rural households. Enhancing tomato farmers to reach markets and actively engage in the markets is a key challenge influencing tomato production in Ethiopia. The perishable nature of tomato necessitates effective marketing channels. The main objective of study was to determine factors influencing tomato farmer’s market outlet choices decision in West Shewa Zone, Ethiopia. Purposive sampling procedure based on different attributes was used to select villages and households, whereby 300 farm households were surveyed for the study. Multivariate probit model were used for analyzing the tomato farmer’s market outlet choices. The multivariate probit model results revealed that transaction costs such as distance to nearest markets, access to credit, family size, age of household head, education status, farming experience and volume of tomato produced significantly influence the tomato market channels choices of tomato farmers. Retailer market outlet choices were negatively affected by age of household head, education status and distance to the nearest market where as access to credit affected positively at different levels of significance. However, wholesaler market outlet choices were negatively affected by access to credit, family size and amount of tomato produced at different level of probability. Based on the finding of the study it is better to establish farmer’s networks since it helps the sharing of knowledge through which the farmers can improve produce quality as required by market.
Potato is number one non-grain food commodity of the world. Even though, Ethiopia has favorable ecology, the production of potato is characterized by poor seed quality, low skills of farmers, diseases, high post-harvest losses and poor organization along chain. The study is aimed to identify potato value chain actors and their roles and analyze marketing margins for actor. For this study 136 potato producers were randomly selected, 5wholesalers, 8collectors, 12 retailers and 6 small scale processors were purposively selected. Quantitative and qualitative data were collected from primary and secondary sources. Descriptive statistics was used to analyze data, chain mapping was implemented to identify actors and their supply linkage. Margin analysis was used to estimate value gained by each actors involved in potato value chain. The identified actors were input suppliers, producers, wholesalers, retailers, small scale processors and consumers. Supporting actors were office of agriculture, irrigation, micro finance, cooperatives, trade and market development, NGOs and bank. The margin analysis revealed that 65.01%, 12.29%, 9.78%, 8.27%, 3.27% share of margin goes to small scale potato processors, potato producers, retailers, wholesalers and collectors respectively. The major constraints were high price of seed, poor infrastructure, interferences of brokers, low storage facilities, weak linkage, disease and pests. The opportunities were suitable agro-ecology and government support. Strengthening the linkage among actors, providing training on storage construction and disease control, improving bargaining power of producers and initiate small scale processors were recommended to improve potato value chain.
Farmer’s Participation in Irish Potato Marketing in Njombe Urban and Wanging’...Ochuko Siemuri
Irish potato is one of the most important economic crops in Tanzania contributing to household food requirements and income. In order to ascertain the contributions of Irish potatoes to stakeholders involved, this study aimed at determining the factors influencing Irish potato farmers’ decision to participate in the marketing and the extent of participation in Southern Highlands of Tanzania. Multistage sampling technique was used to collect cross section data from 497 Irish potato farmers. Cragg’s two step model was used to analyze data. In the first step Probit model was used to determine the factors that influence decision to participate in the market, while in the second step Truncated regression model was used to determine factors that influence the proportion of output sold. The results showed that socio-economic factors significant in the first stage are not necessarily significant in the second stage. Factors such as farming experience, farm size, price, education, extension service, credit and gender significantly influence the decision to participate in the marketing and the extent of participation. Policies need to enhance capacity of farmers through adult literacy programmes and help farmers to adopt the modern farming techniques that will lead to increased Irish potatoes output and market participation.
Value Chain Analysis of Banana in Mizan Aman Town of Benchi Maji Zone, Southw...AI Publications
This study was aimed at analyzing value chain of banana in Mizan-Aman town, Bench Maji zone with specific objectives of describing important marketing channels and actors involved on banana value chain, dealing the determinant of supply of banana and identify constraints in value chain of the banana. The data were collected from both primary and secondary sources. The primary data for this study were collected through application of appropriate statistical procedures. The data were analyzed by using both descriptive and Econometric models. Accordingly, the value chain activities in the survey period were production, marketing and consumption. To identify factors affecting farm level marketable supply of banana, OLS regression analysis was employed. About 10 variables were hypothesized to affect farm level of marketable supply of banana in the study area. Age of respondent, experience, family size, education level of the household head, market information and distance to the market affects farm level marketable supply of banana positively and negatively. The study result exhibited also that banana producers are faced lack market, lack of cooperatives and low price of banana. The result revealed that banana passes through several intermediaries with little value being added before reaching the end users. Therefore, farmers are forced to capture a lower share of profit margin. The highest marketing cost is incurred by wholesalers and the highest market profit is shared by retailers. The value chain analysis revealed that the major actors in the area are producers, local collectors, wholesalers, retailers and consumers. The study showed that Input Suppliers, Improved infrastructure and strengthening the linkage/interaction among value chain actors is necessary for good marketing of banana.
Determinants of Teff Market Channel Choice in Abay Chomen District, Western E...Premier Publishers
This study analyzes the determinants of Teff market outlet choices in Abay chomen District of Ethiopia. Survey of one hundred eighty-four (184) household heads was conducted in three kebeles of the district in 2016. Multivariate Probit model was used to identify determinants of households’ teff market outlet choice decisions. Farm gate collectors, retailers and wholesaler marketing outlets were used by teff producing farmers in the study area. The model result revealed that age of the households significantly determined the probability of choosing farm gate, retailers and wholesalers market outlets. The study also revealed that sex, land size and quantity of teff produced in 2016 significantly affected the farm gate outlet choice of the smallholders. Additionally, the retailer outlet choice of farmers was significantly determined by quantity of teff produced. On the other hand, the wholesale market outlet choice of farmers was significantly determined by education level of the farmers. This implies that the need to invest on improving the education status of farmers; improving the production capacity of farmers that would help smallholder farmers to choose the more rewarding market outlet. Therefore, any policy attempting to benefit smallholder farmers to link with fair market outlets should focus on their educational status and their production capacity.
Determinants of Coffee Market Outlet Choices in Gewata District, Kaffa Zone, ...Premier Publishers
Ethiopia has a broad genetic diversity among its coffee varieties. Coffee is one of the cash crop which is highly marketed through world next to petroleum. It has a great contribution in earning foreign currency and it is an income source for around 20 % Ethiopian population either directly or indirectly. Linking small producers to markets are widely recognized as a valuable development route and market outlets choice is one of the most important farm household decisions to sell their produce and has a great impact on household income. Even if the study area has great potential of coffee production, the farmers faced the marketing problem particularly in choice of appropriate coffee market outlets. This study was therefore carried out to analyze determinants of coffee producers’ market outlet choice decisions in Gewata district. Purposive and two stage random sampling technique was used and data was collected from 121 coffee producers. Multivariate probit model (MVP) was used to analyze factors influencing the choice of coffee market outlets choice by coffee producers. The multivariate probit model results indicated that quantity of coffee sold, education level, frequency of extension contacts, household size, years of farming experience, distance to nearest market, off/non-farm income, land under coffee and transport access significantly influenced coffee producers’ choice of market outlet. Therefore, strengthening farmers coffee cooperative and enhancing the financial capacity of cooperative with functional collection center, improving accessibility of transport services and developing infrastructure, improving farmers’ knowledge through adult education as well as their experience sharing with other coffee producing farmers, improving productivity through strengthening supportive institutions (extension service provider).
Determinants of Tomato Smallholder Farmers Market Outlet Choices in West Shew...Premier Publishers
Vegetables are group of horticultural crops and important for income generation to a large proportion of the rural households. Enhancing tomato farmers to reach markets and actively engage in the markets is a key challenge influencing tomato production in Ethiopia. The perishable nature of tomato necessitates effective marketing channels. The main objective of study was to determine factors influencing tomato farmer’s market outlet choices decision in West Shewa Zone, Ethiopia. Purposive sampling procedure based on different attributes was used to select villages and households, whereby 300 farm households were surveyed for the study. Multivariate probit model were used for analyzing the tomato farmer’s market outlet choices. The multivariate probit model results revealed that transaction costs such as distance to nearest markets, access to credit, family size, age of household head, education status, farming experience and volume of tomato produced significantly influence the tomato market channels choices of tomato farmers. Retailer market outlet choices were negatively affected by age of household head, education status and distance to the nearest market where as access to credit affected positively at different levels of significance. However, wholesaler market outlet choices were negatively affected by access to credit, family size and amount of tomato produced at different level of probability. Based on the finding of the study it is better to establish farmer’s networks since it helps the sharing of knowledge through which the farmers can improve produce quality as required by market.
Potato is number one non-grain food commodity of the world. Even though, Ethiopia has favorable ecology, the production of potato is characterized by poor seed quality, low skills of farmers, diseases, high post-harvest losses and poor organization along chain. The study is aimed to identify potato value chain actors and their roles and analyze marketing margins for actor. For this study 136 potato producers were randomly selected, 5wholesalers, 8collectors, 12 retailers and 6 small scale processors were purposively selected. Quantitative and qualitative data were collected from primary and secondary sources. Descriptive statistics was used to analyze data, chain mapping was implemented to identify actors and their supply linkage. Margin analysis was used to estimate value gained by each actors involved in potato value chain. The identified actors were input suppliers, producers, wholesalers, retailers, small scale processors and consumers. Supporting actors were office of agriculture, irrigation, micro finance, cooperatives, trade and market development, NGOs and bank. The margin analysis revealed that 65.01%, 12.29%, 9.78%, 8.27%, 3.27% share of margin goes to small scale potato processors, potato producers, retailers, wholesalers and collectors respectively. The major constraints were high price of seed, poor infrastructure, interferences of brokers, low storage facilities, weak linkage, disease and pests. The opportunities were suitable agro-ecology and government support. Strengthening the linkage among actors, providing training on storage construction and disease control, improving bargaining power of producers and initiate small scale processors were recommended to improve potato value chain.
Farmer’s Participation in Irish Potato Marketing in Njombe Urban and Wanging’...Ochuko Siemuri
Irish potato is one of the most important economic crops in Tanzania contributing to household food requirements and income. In order to ascertain the contributions of Irish potatoes to stakeholders involved, this study aimed at determining the factors influencing Irish potato farmers’ decision to participate in the marketing and the extent of participation in Southern Highlands of Tanzania. Multistage sampling technique was used to collect cross section data from 497 Irish potato farmers. Cragg’s two step model was used to analyze data. In the first step Probit model was used to determine the factors that influence decision to participate in the market, while in the second step Truncated regression model was used to determine factors that influence the proportion of output sold. The results showed that socio-economic factors significant in the first stage are not necessarily significant in the second stage. Factors such as farming experience, farm size, price, education, extension service, credit and gender significantly influence the decision to participate in the marketing and the extent of participation. Policies need to enhance capacity of farmers through adult literacy programmes and help farmers to adopt the modern farming techniques that will lead to increased Irish potatoes output and market participation.
Value Chain Analysis of Banana in Mizan Aman Town of Benchi Maji Zone, Southw...AI Publications
This study was aimed at analyzing value chain of banana in Mizan-Aman town, Bench Maji zone with specific objectives of describing important marketing channels and actors involved on banana value chain, dealing the determinant of supply of banana and identify constraints in value chain of the banana. The data were collected from both primary and secondary sources. The primary data for this study were collected through application of appropriate statistical procedures. The data were analyzed by using both descriptive and Econometric models. Accordingly, the value chain activities in the survey period were production, marketing and consumption. To identify factors affecting farm level marketable supply of banana, OLS regression analysis was employed. About 10 variables were hypothesized to affect farm level of marketable supply of banana in the study area. Age of respondent, experience, family size, education level of the household head, market information and distance to the market affects farm level marketable supply of banana positively and negatively. The study result exhibited also that banana producers are faced lack market, lack of cooperatives and low price of banana. The result revealed that banana passes through several intermediaries with little value being added before reaching the end users. Therefore, farmers are forced to capture a lower share of profit margin. The highest marketing cost is incurred by wholesalers and the highest market profit is shared by retailers. The value chain analysis revealed that the major actors in the area are producers, local collectors, wholesalers, retailers and consumers. The study showed that Input Suppliers, Improved infrastructure and strengthening the linkage/interaction among value chain actors is necessary for good marketing of banana.
Value addition after production would involve enhancements or additions to a product that result in higher returns to the commodity seller, who is often the smallholder farmer. This study was undertaken with the aim of analysing determinants of intensity of value addition to coffee by smallholders. A multi-stage stratified and simple random sampling technique was employed; and a total of 152 smallholder farmers from six kebeles were sampled. Data were collected from primary sources through a semi-structured interview schedule. Tobit econometric model was employed to identify the underlying determinants of coffee value addition. The result revealed that sex, literacy status, coffee farming experience, active family labour force, perception of farmers towards the adequacy of extension service on value addition, access to credit, ownership of sufficient drying facilities, perception of farmers towards price of dry cherry, and non- and off-farm income were significantly affected coffee value addition. The finding stress that policy aiming at offering farmers a fair price, providing adequate credit and other extension services, providing drying facilities, building capacity of farmers with knowledge, improving farmer’s business diversification besides coffee farming, and targeting gender inclusive strategy (paying attention to women) were recommended to increase coffee value addition at farm level.
Factors Affecting Adoption and its Intensity of Malt Barley Technology Packag...Premier Publishers
Enhancing the probability of adoption and its intensity is not an easy task because there are numerous factors that affect producers’ adoption decision. Hence, the study was aimed to investigate the factors that affect adoption and intensity of adoption among malt barley producers in southern Ethiopia. Using random sampling technique, 251 smallholder malt barley producers were selected to collect primary data through semi-structured questionnaires. Descriptive statistics and econometrics model (Tobit model) methods were used for data analysis. The study identified five major malt barley technology packages in the study area. Such practices are; improved seed, seeding rate, fertilizer rate, plowing frequency and row planting. Thus, non-adopter accounted for 7.5% of total sample, partial adopter (50.2%), fully adopter (42.3%) and intensity ranges from 0.12-0.84 for partially adopter and 0.85-0.96 for fully adopter. The results of Tobit model indicated that factors influencing adoption and its intensity are; education, family size, land size, access to credit, membership to cooperative, access to training, access to demonstration, total livestock unit and distance to nearest market. Which are affected farmers adoption decision and intensity of adoption significantly in one or another way. Therefore, government and any development interventions should give emphasis to improvement of such institutional support system so as to achieve wider adoption, increased productivity and income to small scale.
The study assessed the socio economic variables of cashew farmers in Oyo State. Two towns within
Ibarapa East Local Government Area (Temidire and Eruwa) were purposively sampled. These areas are known
for the cultivation, production and marketing of this crop. A total sampling frame of fifty-six respondents was
used.
Abstract—In Ghana, rural people, mostly farmers, experience food insecurity. In bargaining with marketers, farmers tend to lose profits. The use of traditional weights and measures led to inefficient transactions. These difficulties have negatively affected farmers’ productivity, calories intake, and international competitiveness. This research investigates how standard weights and measures can secure farmers’ profits at local markets. Using a random selection of 312 farmers for the questionnaire survey at two markets, we examine the impact of current pricing methods on farmers’ profits and advantages of standard weights and measures for farmers. The results show that price decision-making was based on three primary methods: (1) traditional weights and measures, (2) negotiation with individual marketers, and (3) negotiation with market queens. Markets queens and traditional measures negatively influenced farmers’ profits. Farmers’ perceptions showed that standard weights and measures would not only increase their profits at local markets but also enhance their international competitiveness.
Commercialization of Smallholder Teff Producers in Ethiopia: Constraints and ...Premier Publishers
This study was designed to assess the smallholder farmers’ teff production and marketing constraints and opportunities in Guduru District, Horro Guduru Wollega Zone, Ethiopia. Two-stages sampling procedure was followed to select 154 teff producer farmers from four randomly selected kebeles. An interview schedule was used to collect household survey data during the 2016/2017 farming season. The Household Commercialization Index was used to assess the levels of market participation. The results revealed that about 78% of sampled farmers sold teff during a production year of 2016/2017. The Kendall’s coefficient of concordance result revealed that production constraints like high cost of fertilizer and delayed delivery, credit problem, shortage of land, unpredictable rainfall, limited improved seed acquisition, insufficient labor, loss of soil fertility and marketing constraints like poor road, limited alternative outlets, fluctuation of teff price, low bargaining power of farmers, inadequate market information and week farmers’ cooperative were pressing constraints of teff production and marketing in study area in order of their importance. The implication of this finding is that promotion of better access to communication facilities and institutional services may significantly contribute to promoting market participation and hence commercialization of teff producer smallholders.
Ethiopia has a broad genetic diversity among its coffee varieties. Despite high coffee production potential of the
district, the market and marketing system of the area is generally dominated by conventional system of marketing
and producers are forced to sale directly for conventional transaction root that do not provide premium price for their
coffee produce and results low market margins. Both primary and secondary data were used f or this study.
Descriptive statistics like: percentage, frequency, mean and standard deviation and econometric model which is
stages least square (2SLS) were used to analyze the data. The result of econometric analysis of 2SLS regression
shows that four variables (which are education level of household head, membership to coffee cooperative, transport
ownership and quantity of coffee produced) positively and significantly affected market supply of coffee. However,
distance to the nearest market affected it market supply of coffee negatively and significantly. Therefore, policy
implication drawn from the findings aimed at strengthening farmers coffee cooperative and enhancing the financial
capacity of cooperative with functional collection center, improving a ccessibility of transport services and
developing infrastructure,improving farmers’knowledge through adult education as well as their experience sharing
with other coffee producing farmers, improving productivity through strengthening supportive institutions(extension
service provider)
Factors influencing the intensity of market participation among smallholder w...AI Publications
Participation in commercial agriculture holds considerable potential for unlocking suitable opportunity sets necessary for providing better incomes and sustainable livelihoods for small scalefarmers. In developing countries like Ethiopia, most smallholder farmers are characterized by poor market participation because they lack market information on marketing of agricultural products. This study examined factors that influence the intensity of market participation among smallholder farmers in JabiTehnan districtusing survey data collected from randomly selected 120 farmers. The aim of this study was to analyze market participation of smallholder wheat farmers in JabiTehnan district. Both qualitative and quantitative data were collected from primary and secondary data sources using cross sectional data.Probit model regression result showed that, perception of wheat market price, quantity of wheat produced, size of land allocated for wheat and frequency of extension contact had significant and positively effect on market participation decision, while distance to nearest market, family size had significant negative effect. Based on the study policy interventions like family planning, awareness to farmers to supply wheat to the market when price is fair for them, strength extension service and infrastructure like market access, improve land management practice by use of a right input at a right timeas a means to enhance wheat market participation.
Roasted Bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea): an emerging income source for ...IFPRI-PIM
This poster was given by Charlie Mbosso (Bioversity International), as part of the Annual Scientific Conference hosted by the CGIAR Collaborative Platform for Gender Research. The event took place on 5-6 December 2017 in Amsterdam, the Netherlands, where the Platform is hosted (by KIT Royal Tropical Institute).
Read more: http://gender.cgiar.org/gender_events/annual-scientific-conference-capacity-development-workshop-cgiar-collaborative-platform-gender-research/
Factors Influencing Smallholder Potato Farmers’ Choice Decisions of Market Ou...ijtsrd
Potato Solanum tuberosum L. is an important crop that plays a major role in food security and poverty reduction to a large proportion of rural farmers in the North West than other parts of Rwanda. However, potato is a perishable product which necessitates an effective choice decision of the market outlet. This paper presents factors influencing smallholder potato farmers’ choice decisions for market outlets in Rwanda. Through a multistage sampling technique, cross sectional data were collected from 585 smallholder potato farmers in Musanze and Nyabihu Districts.Both descriptive statistical methods and econometrics methods were used for data analysis. Multivariate probit model was used to determine the factors influencing smallholder potato farmers’ choice decision to sell to particular market outlets. Results showed that farming experiences, level of education of decision maker, household size, household income, household assets, access to market information and distance to market significantly influenced the smallholder potato farmers’ choice decisions of selling to consumer, retailer, wholesaler, cooperative, collection centres and processors market outlets. The study recommends establishment of structured market systems to improve access to potato market information. This should be supported by agricultural financingfor improved seeds acquisition and other productive inputs to enable farmers to increase surplus potato supplied to market. Improving the farmers’ education in marketing would also help them to effectively deliver potato to efficient market outlet. Patrice Mugenzi | George Owour | Hillary K. Bett "Factors Influencing Smallholder Potato Farmers’ Choice Decisions of Market Outlets in Musanze and Nyabihu Districts, Rwanda: A Multivariate Probit Model" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-4 , June 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.compapers/ijtsrd43632.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.comengineering/agricultural-engineering/43632/factors-influencing-smallholder-potato-farmers’-choice-decisions-of-market-outlets-in-musanze-and-nyabihu-districts-rwanda-a-multivariate-probit-model/patrice-mugenzi
Technical Efficiency in Teff (Eragrostis teff) Production: The Case of Smallh...Premier Publishers
The aim of this study was to determine the level of technical efficiency of smallholder teff producers and identify factors affecting technical efficiency of smallholder farmers in teff production of Jamma district, South Wollo Zone, Ethiopia. A three-stage sampling technique was employed to select 149 sample farmers. A Cobb-Douglas stochastic frontier production analysis approach with the inefficiency effect model was used to estimate technical efficiency and identify the determinants of efficiency of teff producing farmers. The maximum likelihood parameter estimates showed that teff output was positively and significantly influenced by area, fertilizer, labor and number of oxen. The mean levels of technical efficiency of the sample farmers were about 78%. This shows that there exists a possibility to increase the level of teff output by 22% through efficiently utilizing the existing resources. The estimated stochastic production frontier model together with the inefficiency parameters showed that, age, education, improved seed, training and credit were found to have negative and significant effect on technical inefficiency while farm size was found to have positive and significant effect on technical inefficiency of teff production. Hence, local government should provide necessary supports such as formal as well as informal education, training, credit, improved seed and timely supply of fertilizer.
ASSESSMENT of PAPAYA POSTHARVEST LOSS at WHOLESALER and RETAILER LEVELS in JI...Premier Publishers
Due to its perishable nature, papaya has a high post-harvest loss and limited shelf life. Assessment of papaya postharvest loss was conducted in Jimma town at wholesalers and retailers’ levels using semi-structured questioners followed by an interview and personal observation in 2017. Eighty-one respondents were participated in this survey. The majority of the people participated in papaya selling activities at the retailer were women whereas, men dominated in papaya wholesalers’ market. The major source of papaya for Jimma town market was from Dedo woreda (34.57%). All of the wholesalers (100%) transported papaya fruits by truck and also, some retailers (35.29) use trucks to transport the fruits from nearby Woredas. The main cause of papaya fruit losses at Jimma town was fruit softening, rotting, wounding, and compact due to inappropriate transporting, storage condition, and lack of appropriate marketing place. The papaya post-harvest losses at wholesalers’ level were 21.75% which was 12.5% and 9.25% during transporting and storage respectively. There were about 15.6% of losses at retailers’ level. In general, about 37.35% of papaya fruit was lost in Jimma town only at the two marketing channels. To fulfill the demand and to minimize the loss of papaya fruit, training, and marketing facilities should be facilitated.
Analysis of milk production, butter marketing and household use of inputs in ...ILRI
Presented by Berhanu Gebremedhin, Kaleb Shiferaw, AzageTegegne and Dirk Hoekstra at Workshop on the 30th International Conference of Agricultural Economists (ICAE), Vancouver, British Columbia, 28 July-2 August 2018
Alternate livelihood income plan for vulnerability reduction through communit...Premier Publishers
The occurrence of natural disasters is currently one of the major developmental challenges that the world is facing. The Society for National Integration through Rural Development (SNIRD), an NGO working with the fisherfolk communities in the state of Andhra Pradesh, India, has long been working towards reducing community vulnerability and strengthening coping mechanisms. As there were no preparedness measures among the communities, the impact of the disaster was worsened, often destroying their livelihood support mechanisms. Hence SNIRD initiated a project to organize the community and imparted trainings towards disaster coping mechanisms. The project followed a community-based strategy, making use of Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) techniques by involving the community. This paper deals with the techniques of vulnerability assessment by involving the community and in preparing alternate livelihood income plan towards disaster preparedness and management. The project was evaluated using an amended version of the Hyogo Framework for Action (HFA) and found that the project was able to sufficiently increase their alternative livelihood mechanisms and therewith comprehensively and sustainable decrease community vulnerability to natural disasters.
Characterization and In vitro antifungal potential of Rosmarinus officinalis ...Premier Publishers
Antifungal activities of Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) and Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus globulus) essential oils evaluated, suppressed the mycelial growth of postharvest pathogenic fungus Colletotrichum sp. The result obtained with the Agar well diffusion method at 75% and 100% concentration of the essential oil were negligible, with the Agar incorporation method the essential oils had effect on the fungus. Eucalyptus essential oil having the highest inhibition of 100% on the mycelial growth of Colletotrichum sp followed by Rosemary essential oil which had 95.24% inhibition on the growth of the fungus Colletotrichum sp, The GC-MS analysis result of the essential oils shows that in Rosemary: Eucalyptol (1,8-Cineole) (32.83%) and Camphor (24.17%) are the main constituents and in Eucalyptus: Eucalyptol (1,8-Cineole) (26.67%) and Terpinen-4-ol (25.08%) are the main constituents, which could be responsible for the antifungal activities of the different essential oils. These essential oils could be used as possible biofungicides as an alternative to synthetic fungicides against pathogenic fungi on tomato fruits.
An economic study of small-scale tilapia fish farming in Mymensingh district ...Premier Publishers
The study was designed to estimate the costs, returns and resource use efficiency of tilapia fish farming in some selected areas of Mymensingh district. Both tabular and statistical techniques were used to achieve the objectives set for the study. The study revealed that the tilapia fish production is profitable business. Per hectare yield of tilapia fish were 19432 kg, 23234 kg, 27993 kg, for which money value was Tk. 2407846, 2950242, 3517805 for marginal, small and medium farmers, respectively. Benefit cost ratio was the highest for medium farmers (1.33) followed by marginal and small farmers (1.27). It was observed that the coefficient of human labour, feed and irrigation charge had significant effect on economic returns. Resource use efficiency analysis revealed that farmers are not efficient in using resources in tilapia fish production. Human labour cost, feed cost and fish protection chemicals cost were underused and therefore increase the use of these resources can maximize profit in tilapia fish production. Multiple ownership of pond, high price of feed, high disease infestation and lack of scientific knowledge and management were found the major problems for tilapia fish.
Value addition after production would involve enhancements or additions to a product that result in higher returns to the commodity seller, who is often the smallholder farmer. This study was undertaken with the aim of analysing determinants of intensity of value addition to coffee by smallholders. A multi-stage stratified and simple random sampling technique was employed; and a total of 152 smallholder farmers from six kebeles were sampled. Data were collected from primary sources through a semi-structured interview schedule. Tobit econometric model was employed to identify the underlying determinants of coffee value addition. The result revealed that sex, literacy status, coffee farming experience, active family labour force, perception of farmers towards the adequacy of extension service on value addition, access to credit, ownership of sufficient drying facilities, perception of farmers towards price of dry cherry, and non- and off-farm income were significantly affected coffee value addition. The finding stress that policy aiming at offering farmers a fair price, providing adequate credit and other extension services, providing drying facilities, building capacity of farmers with knowledge, improving farmer’s business diversification besides coffee farming, and targeting gender inclusive strategy (paying attention to women) were recommended to increase coffee value addition at farm level.
Factors Affecting Adoption and its Intensity of Malt Barley Technology Packag...Premier Publishers
Enhancing the probability of adoption and its intensity is not an easy task because there are numerous factors that affect producers’ adoption decision. Hence, the study was aimed to investigate the factors that affect adoption and intensity of adoption among malt barley producers in southern Ethiopia. Using random sampling technique, 251 smallholder malt barley producers were selected to collect primary data through semi-structured questionnaires. Descriptive statistics and econometrics model (Tobit model) methods were used for data analysis. The study identified five major malt barley technology packages in the study area. Such practices are; improved seed, seeding rate, fertilizer rate, plowing frequency and row planting. Thus, non-adopter accounted for 7.5% of total sample, partial adopter (50.2%), fully adopter (42.3%) and intensity ranges from 0.12-0.84 for partially adopter and 0.85-0.96 for fully adopter. The results of Tobit model indicated that factors influencing adoption and its intensity are; education, family size, land size, access to credit, membership to cooperative, access to training, access to demonstration, total livestock unit and distance to nearest market. Which are affected farmers adoption decision and intensity of adoption significantly in one or another way. Therefore, government and any development interventions should give emphasis to improvement of such institutional support system so as to achieve wider adoption, increased productivity and income to small scale.
The study assessed the socio economic variables of cashew farmers in Oyo State. Two towns within
Ibarapa East Local Government Area (Temidire and Eruwa) were purposively sampled. These areas are known
for the cultivation, production and marketing of this crop. A total sampling frame of fifty-six respondents was
used.
Abstract—In Ghana, rural people, mostly farmers, experience food insecurity. In bargaining with marketers, farmers tend to lose profits. The use of traditional weights and measures led to inefficient transactions. These difficulties have negatively affected farmers’ productivity, calories intake, and international competitiveness. This research investigates how standard weights and measures can secure farmers’ profits at local markets. Using a random selection of 312 farmers for the questionnaire survey at two markets, we examine the impact of current pricing methods on farmers’ profits and advantages of standard weights and measures for farmers. The results show that price decision-making was based on three primary methods: (1) traditional weights and measures, (2) negotiation with individual marketers, and (3) negotiation with market queens. Markets queens and traditional measures negatively influenced farmers’ profits. Farmers’ perceptions showed that standard weights and measures would not only increase their profits at local markets but also enhance their international competitiveness.
Commercialization of Smallholder Teff Producers in Ethiopia: Constraints and ...Premier Publishers
This study was designed to assess the smallholder farmers’ teff production and marketing constraints and opportunities in Guduru District, Horro Guduru Wollega Zone, Ethiopia. Two-stages sampling procedure was followed to select 154 teff producer farmers from four randomly selected kebeles. An interview schedule was used to collect household survey data during the 2016/2017 farming season. The Household Commercialization Index was used to assess the levels of market participation. The results revealed that about 78% of sampled farmers sold teff during a production year of 2016/2017. The Kendall’s coefficient of concordance result revealed that production constraints like high cost of fertilizer and delayed delivery, credit problem, shortage of land, unpredictable rainfall, limited improved seed acquisition, insufficient labor, loss of soil fertility and marketing constraints like poor road, limited alternative outlets, fluctuation of teff price, low bargaining power of farmers, inadequate market information and week farmers’ cooperative were pressing constraints of teff production and marketing in study area in order of their importance. The implication of this finding is that promotion of better access to communication facilities and institutional services may significantly contribute to promoting market participation and hence commercialization of teff producer smallholders.
Ethiopia has a broad genetic diversity among its coffee varieties. Despite high coffee production potential of the
district, the market and marketing system of the area is generally dominated by conventional system of marketing
and producers are forced to sale directly for conventional transaction root that do not provide premium price for their
coffee produce and results low market margins. Both primary and secondary data were used f or this study.
Descriptive statistics like: percentage, frequency, mean and standard deviation and econometric model which is
stages least square (2SLS) were used to analyze the data. The result of econometric analysis of 2SLS regression
shows that four variables (which are education level of household head, membership to coffee cooperative, transport
ownership and quantity of coffee produced) positively and significantly affected market supply of coffee. However,
distance to the nearest market affected it market supply of coffee negatively and significantly. Therefore, policy
implication drawn from the findings aimed at strengthening farmers coffee cooperative and enhancing the financial
capacity of cooperative with functional collection center, improving a ccessibility of transport services and
developing infrastructure,improving farmers’knowledge through adult education as well as their experience sharing
with other coffee producing farmers, improving productivity through strengthening supportive institutions(extension
service provider)
Factors influencing the intensity of market participation among smallholder w...AI Publications
Participation in commercial agriculture holds considerable potential for unlocking suitable opportunity sets necessary for providing better incomes and sustainable livelihoods for small scalefarmers. In developing countries like Ethiopia, most smallholder farmers are characterized by poor market participation because they lack market information on marketing of agricultural products. This study examined factors that influence the intensity of market participation among smallholder farmers in JabiTehnan districtusing survey data collected from randomly selected 120 farmers. The aim of this study was to analyze market participation of smallholder wheat farmers in JabiTehnan district. Both qualitative and quantitative data were collected from primary and secondary data sources using cross sectional data.Probit model regression result showed that, perception of wheat market price, quantity of wheat produced, size of land allocated for wheat and frequency of extension contact had significant and positively effect on market participation decision, while distance to nearest market, family size had significant negative effect. Based on the study policy interventions like family planning, awareness to farmers to supply wheat to the market when price is fair for them, strength extension service and infrastructure like market access, improve land management practice by use of a right input at a right timeas a means to enhance wheat market participation.
Roasted Bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea): an emerging income source for ...IFPRI-PIM
This poster was given by Charlie Mbosso (Bioversity International), as part of the Annual Scientific Conference hosted by the CGIAR Collaborative Platform for Gender Research. The event took place on 5-6 December 2017 in Amsterdam, the Netherlands, where the Platform is hosted (by KIT Royal Tropical Institute).
Read more: http://gender.cgiar.org/gender_events/annual-scientific-conference-capacity-development-workshop-cgiar-collaborative-platform-gender-research/
Factors Influencing Smallholder Potato Farmers’ Choice Decisions of Market Ou...ijtsrd
Potato Solanum tuberosum L. is an important crop that plays a major role in food security and poverty reduction to a large proportion of rural farmers in the North West than other parts of Rwanda. However, potato is a perishable product which necessitates an effective choice decision of the market outlet. This paper presents factors influencing smallholder potato farmers’ choice decisions for market outlets in Rwanda. Through a multistage sampling technique, cross sectional data were collected from 585 smallholder potato farmers in Musanze and Nyabihu Districts.Both descriptive statistical methods and econometrics methods were used for data analysis. Multivariate probit model was used to determine the factors influencing smallholder potato farmers’ choice decision to sell to particular market outlets. Results showed that farming experiences, level of education of decision maker, household size, household income, household assets, access to market information and distance to market significantly influenced the smallholder potato farmers’ choice decisions of selling to consumer, retailer, wholesaler, cooperative, collection centres and processors market outlets. The study recommends establishment of structured market systems to improve access to potato market information. This should be supported by agricultural financingfor improved seeds acquisition and other productive inputs to enable farmers to increase surplus potato supplied to market. Improving the farmers’ education in marketing would also help them to effectively deliver potato to efficient market outlet. Patrice Mugenzi | George Owour | Hillary K. Bett "Factors Influencing Smallholder Potato Farmers’ Choice Decisions of Market Outlets in Musanze and Nyabihu Districts, Rwanda: A Multivariate Probit Model" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-4 , June 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.compapers/ijtsrd43632.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.comengineering/agricultural-engineering/43632/factors-influencing-smallholder-potato-farmers’-choice-decisions-of-market-outlets-in-musanze-and-nyabihu-districts-rwanda-a-multivariate-probit-model/patrice-mugenzi
Technical Efficiency in Teff (Eragrostis teff) Production: The Case of Smallh...Premier Publishers
The aim of this study was to determine the level of technical efficiency of smallholder teff producers and identify factors affecting technical efficiency of smallholder farmers in teff production of Jamma district, South Wollo Zone, Ethiopia. A three-stage sampling technique was employed to select 149 sample farmers. A Cobb-Douglas stochastic frontier production analysis approach with the inefficiency effect model was used to estimate technical efficiency and identify the determinants of efficiency of teff producing farmers. The maximum likelihood parameter estimates showed that teff output was positively and significantly influenced by area, fertilizer, labor and number of oxen. The mean levels of technical efficiency of the sample farmers were about 78%. This shows that there exists a possibility to increase the level of teff output by 22% through efficiently utilizing the existing resources. The estimated stochastic production frontier model together with the inefficiency parameters showed that, age, education, improved seed, training and credit were found to have negative and significant effect on technical inefficiency while farm size was found to have positive and significant effect on technical inefficiency of teff production. Hence, local government should provide necessary supports such as formal as well as informal education, training, credit, improved seed and timely supply of fertilizer.
ASSESSMENT of PAPAYA POSTHARVEST LOSS at WHOLESALER and RETAILER LEVELS in JI...Premier Publishers
Due to its perishable nature, papaya has a high post-harvest loss and limited shelf life. Assessment of papaya postharvest loss was conducted in Jimma town at wholesalers and retailers’ levels using semi-structured questioners followed by an interview and personal observation in 2017. Eighty-one respondents were participated in this survey. The majority of the people participated in papaya selling activities at the retailer were women whereas, men dominated in papaya wholesalers’ market. The major source of papaya for Jimma town market was from Dedo woreda (34.57%). All of the wholesalers (100%) transported papaya fruits by truck and also, some retailers (35.29) use trucks to transport the fruits from nearby Woredas. The main cause of papaya fruit losses at Jimma town was fruit softening, rotting, wounding, and compact due to inappropriate transporting, storage condition, and lack of appropriate marketing place. The papaya post-harvest losses at wholesalers’ level were 21.75% which was 12.5% and 9.25% during transporting and storage respectively. There were about 15.6% of losses at retailers’ level. In general, about 37.35% of papaya fruit was lost in Jimma town only at the two marketing channels. To fulfill the demand and to minimize the loss of papaya fruit, training, and marketing facilities should be facilitated.
Analysis of milk production, butter marketing and household use of inputs in ...ILRI
Presented by Berhanu Gebremedhin, Kaleb Shiferaw, AzageTegegne and Dirk Hoekstra at Workshop on the 30th International Conference of Agricultural Economists (ICAE), Vancouver, British Columbia, 28 July-2 August 2018
Alternate livelihood income plan for vulnerability reduction through communit...Premier Publishers
The occurrence of natural disasters is currently one of the major developmental challenges that the world is facing. The Society for National Integration through Rural Development (SNIRD), an NGO working with the fisherfolk communities in the state of Andhra Pradesh, India, has long been working towards reducing community vulnerability and strengthening coping mechanisms. As there were no preparedness measures among the communities, the impact of the disaster was worsened, often destroying their livelihood support mechanisms. Hence SNIRD initiated a project to organize the community and imparted trainings towards disaster coping mechanisms. The project followed a community-based strategy, making use of Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) techniques by involving the community. This paper deals with the techniques of vulnerability assessment by involving the community and in preparing alternate livelihood income plan towards disaster preparedness and management. The project was evaluated using an amended version of the Hyogo Framework for Action (HFA) and found that the project was able to sufficiently increase their alternative livelihood mechanisms and therewith comprehensively and sustainable decrease community vulnerability to natural disasters.
Characterization and In vitro antifungal potential of Rosmarinus officinalis ...Premier Publishers
Antifungal activities of Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) and Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus globulus) essential oils evaluated, suppressed the mycelial growth of postharvest pathogenic fungus Colletotrichum sp. The result obtained with the Agar well diffusion method at 75% and 100% concentration of the essential oil were negligible, with the Agar incorporation method the essential oils had effect on the fungus. Eucalyptus essential oil having the highest inhibition of 100% on the mycelial growth of Colletotrichum sp followed by Rosemary essential oil which had 95.24% inhibition on the growth of the fungus Colletotrichum sp, The GC-MS analysis result of the essential oils shows that in Rosemary: Eucalyptol (1,8-Cineole) (32.83%) and Camphor (24.17%) are the main constituents and in Eucalyptus: Eucalyptol (1,8-Cineole) (26.67%) and Terpinen-4-ol (25.08%) are the main constituents, which could be responsible for the antifungal activities of the different essential oils. These essential oils could be used as possible biofungicides as an alternative to synthetic fungicides against pathogenic fungi on tomato fruits.
An economic study of small-scale tilapia fish farming in Mymensingh district ...Premier Publishers
The study was designed to estimate the costs, returns and resource use efficiency of tilapia fish farming in some selected areas of Mymensingh district. Both tabular and statistical techniques were used to achieve the objectives set for the study. The study revealed that the tilapia fish production is profitable business. Per hectare yield of tilapia fish were 19432 kg, 23234 kg, 27993 kg, for which money value was Tk. 2407846, 2950242, 3517805 for marginal, small and medium farmers, respectively. Benefit cost ratio was the highest for medium farmers (1.33) followed by marginal and small farmers (1.27). It was observed that the coefficient of human labour, feed and irrigation charge had significant effect on economic returns. Resource use efficiency analysis revealed that farmers are not efficient in using resources in tilapia fish production. Human labour cost, feed cost and fish protection chemicals cost were underused and therefore increase the use of these resources can maximize profit in tilapia fish production. Multiple ownership of pond, high price of feed, high disease infestation and lack of scientific knowledge and management were found the major problems for tilapia fish.
Building capacity in urban communities and schools: Community collaboration a...Premier Publishers
This research uses survey evidence gathered from more than 5,500 voters living in Wichita, Kansas (USA). The purpose was to better understand coproduction in community development organized around neighborhood schools. When this approach is combined with direct investment paid for through increased taxes, it can build community capacity and create opportunity for disadvantaged school children. This research found that, in spite of modernity, neighborhoods are still valued places for community development. Most citizens are willing to work collaboratively to improve schools and the neighborhoods where schools are located. In addition, taxpayers pledged support for increased investment in the education of disadvantaged schoolchildren. This pledge was honored by the passage of a referendum and the issuance of debt to support investment in neighborhood schools with the understanding that this debt would be retired through increased taxes.
Smallholder farmers pathway to resilience: achieving food security through ad...Premier Publishers
Building smallholder farmers’ resilience is essential to the sustainability of food security interventions. Being food secure alone is not enough, as disasters, including climate related extremes can quickly wipe out hard won development gains. Climate variability is an immediate challenge affecting the economy and poses threats to agriculture production and food security for smallholder farmers in rural communities. The livelihoods of people who depend on climate sensitive agricultural resources are particularly vulnerable. This study used a survey method to envisage adaptation strategies in agricultural production of smallholder farmer so as to increase resilience and create opportunities for increasing food security and environmental sustainability. The results indicated that more frequent and severe extreme climatic events, especially drought and heavy rainfall pose challenges to agricultural production and on ensuring food security in the area. To deal with such climate related extreme events, farmers develop different adaptation measures. Although farmers’ adaptation measures may not succeed completely, they form the basis of solutions to extreme events and disaster preparedness. It suggested that, addressing the threat posed by climate change will require better quantification of the problem, greater attention for prioritizing which production systems are vulnerable, and a redoubling of land and water management efforts. Climate change is occurring within a background of other global challenges, such as population growth, urbanization, land and water use, rural- urban migration, and biodiversity depletion. Thus, efforts to adapt to the impact of climate change should do so in a manner that is consistent with these broader development issues.
The work evaluates the response of the heart rate of non-mechanics handling some specific loads in the common postures employed during road-side repair of automobile and later, the result was validated with the auto-mechanics during repair activities. The purpose is to specify the safe work-impulse of auto-mechanics in the common postures, such as, bending, stooping and supine posture, used during roadside repair. The safe work-impulse was determined for preselected healthy non-mechanics of the classified age groups who gave informed consent. Increase in heart rates at exhaustion of non-mechanics in each age group, in lifting predetermined loads were measured using digital premium pressure monitor with a comfit cuff. Consequently, the work-impulse charts for the load classifications and different age-groups were developed for the different postures. The heart rates of the auto-mechanics performing specific tasks during engine repairs were then measured to determine the equivalent work-impulse, using the developed charts. The result revealed that, auto-mechanics handling the same mass of load under the same conditions have lower safe work-impulse. In conclusion, the study reveals that roadside auto-mechanics have the capacity to sustain higher safe work-impulse in bending and supine postures than in stooping posture.
Behavior of Bees Associated with the Wild Blueberry Agro-ecosystem in the USAPremier Publishers
Greenhouse and field studies were conducted between 1996 and 2014 in Maine to assess the behavior of selected bee taxa that visit wild blueberry, Vaccinium angustifolium (Ericaceae) Aiton. Some of my findings are as follows. When individual foraging efficiency was assessed on wild blueberry for four common bee pollinators, bumble bees were most efficient and honey bees were the least efficient in terms of the number of pollen grains deposited on a stigma in a single visit (P< 0.0001). However, I also found that the prior bumble bee visitation to flowers enhanced the pollination efficacy of honey bees. Field observations suggested that bumble bees recruit to plants with higher floral density and that bumble bees and andrenids forage for longer periods of time in the day than sweat bees and Osmia leaf cutting bees; honey bees showed intermediate foraging durations. Honey bees and solitary native bees were found to forage at an increasing rate with increasing air temperature, while bumble bee queens tended to forage independently of air temperature. Foraging patterns among the following bee taxa such as bumble bees, andrenids, megachilids, and honey bees also varied and the implications of these differing foraging patterns relative to pollination are discussed.
Free radical scavenging activity, phytochemistry and antimicrobial properties...Premier Publishers
This study is aimed at investigating the phytochemistry, free radical scavenging activity and antimicrobial properties of Tetrapleura tetraptera seeds. The results of the analysis of Tetrapleura tetraptera seeds showed the presence of phenols (0.34 %), flavonoids (0.91 %), alkaloids (0.52 %), tannins (0.23 %) and saponins (0.51 %). Vitamins include ascorbic acid (5.23 %), riboflavin (0.11 %), niacin (1.25 %),-carotenoid (3.40 %) and thiamine (0.06 %). Proximate compositions were moisture (14.73 %), ash (7.30 %), crude protein (17.36 %), crude fibre (6.68 %) and lipids (35.19 %). Mineral elements were calcium (1.41 %), magnesium (0.48 %), potassium (0.56 %), sodium (0.21 %), phosphorus (0.32 %), iron (1.20 %), copper (0.13 %) and zinc (0.77 %). The seed extract showed potent free radical scavenging activity (6.72 – 22.8 %) using ascorbic acid as a standard (12.10 - 42.00 %). The seed extract exhibited significant antimicrobial activity (7.00 – 20.00 mm) and the zones of inhibition were compared with that of ciprofloxacin as standard (15.00 – 28.00 mm). From these investigations, seed extract of Tetrapleura tetraptera has proven to be considered an excellent source of nutriceuticals, a potential antioxidant and antimicrobial agents owing to its high level of phytochemical and vitamin constituents.
Combining ability of inbred lines in quality protein maize (QPM) for varietal...Premier Publishers
Information on the combining ability of elite germplasm is essential to maximize their use for variety development. Sixty-six F1 crosses resulted from diallel crosses of 12 QPM inbred lines and two standard checks BHQP542 and Melkassa6Q were evaluated to determine general (GCA) and specific (SCA) combining ability for yield and yield related traits using alpha-lattice design with two replications during the 2013 cropping season at Mechara. Analysis of variance showed that mean squares due to entries were significant for most traits studied, indicates existence of variability among the materials. Mean squares due to crosses and crosses versus checks were also significant for most studied traits. GCA and SCA mean squares revealed highly significant (p<0.01) differences for grain yield and most yield related traits. Inbred lines P1, P3 and P12 were good general combiners as the lines showed significant and positive GCA effects for grain yield. Among the crosses, P2 x P11 and P6 x P8 manifested positive and significant SCA effects for grain yield, indicating high yielding potential of the cross combinations. In general, this study identified inbred lines and hybrid combinations that had desirable expression of important traits which will be useful for the development of high yielding varieties.
Standard heterosis of pipeline maize (Zea mays L.) hybrids for grain yield an...Premier Publishers
The knowledge of gene action and heterosis also helps in identification of superior F1 hybrids in order to use further in future breeding programs. The objective of this study was to estimate the amount of standard heterosis of the pipeline maize hybrids for grain yield and yield related traits. A total of eleven pipeline maize hybrids and two standard checks (BH546 and BH547) were evaluated using randomized complete block design with three replications during the 2015 main cropping season at Northwestern Ethiopia. Mean squares due to genotypes were highly significant (P ≤ 0.01) for most grain yield and yield related traits indicating the existence of genetic variation among the evaluated genotypes. The standard heterosis ranged from -38.72 to 33.65%and the highest heterosis was recorded for CML395/CML202//CML464 cross. The observed highest heterosis for grain yield and related traits indicated the possibility of increasing yield by exploiting heterotic potential of maize genotypes. The information generated by this study could be useful for researchers who need to develop high yielding maize hybrids.
Genotypic variation for agronomical and physiological traits affecting drough...Premier Publishers
The main objective of this study was to evaluate drought resistant genotypes previously developed in CIAT and local cultivars for yield traits and to identify agronomical and physiological traits associated with drought stress environments under the local environment in Yemen. The study materials were selected (16 genotypes) based on phenotypic, physiological traits and drought tolerance indexes in 2006 and 2007, then evaluated in 2008, 2009 and 2010 at three locations representing low rainfall drought (LRD) stress at the southern highland region (SHR) at Ibb – Yemen. Both experiments were subjected to medium to severe drought stress. Genotypes responded differently to drought stress and normal conditions; accordingly these bean genotypes categorized into four groups. The most important group, the group that includes MIB-154, MIB-155, Ser-72, BFB-141, SXB-416, Ser-111, Ser-88, NSL and Taiz-305 genotypes. This group expressed uniform superiority under both normal and drought conditions. The most important group, the group that includes MIB-154, MIB-155, Ser-72, BFB-141, SXB-416, Ser-111, Ser-88, NSL and Taiz-305 genotypes. This group expressed uniform superiority under both normal and drought conditions. Among phenotypic, physiological traits and drought tolerance indexes; delayed leaf senescence (DLS), growth recovery tolerance (LRT), grain filling index (GFI), seed production efficiency (SPE), stomatal conductance, early maturity and stress tolerance index (STI) were found to be the most suitable indices for screening bean lines for drought tolerance under both NS and SD environments as they were highly correlated with both (Yp) and (Ys). Moreover, stability indices analysis of the promising genotypes eight location x three years (2011, 2012 and 2013); proved that genotypes MIB-155, MIB-156, BFB-141, SXB-416 and NSL has high yields with low response indices.
Municipal solid waste landfill site selection in the Sekondi-Takoradi metropo...Premier Publishers
One of the threats to global environmental health is waste generation. Growth in population as well as rise in the quantity of municipal solid waste generated has made it difficult to locate appropriate site for waste disposal in most urban areas. Land filling is now accepted as the most widely used method for addressing this problem in all countries of the world. However, appropriate site selection for land filling is a problem in waste management and therefore needs to be addressed. This research sought to identify a suitable landfill site for waste disposal in Sekondi-Takoradi Metropolis of Ghana. To achieve this, Geographical Information System (GIS), Fuzzy Logic and Multi-criteria Evaluation (MCE) were applied in order to display and rank candidate sites. The analysis was limited to criteria that were selected and relevant to the area under investigation. The results obtained provide clear areas for landfill sites in the study area and finally arrives at suitable areas.
Seed Yield Stability and Genotype x Environment Interaction of Common Bean (P...Premier Publishers
When genotypes are introduced into a new and diverse production environments, occurrence of significant genotype by environment interaction (GEI) complicates selection of stable genotypes. Therefore, fifteen introduced and one check small red common bean lines were evaluated at five representative dry bean growing locations of Ethiopia for seed yield performance using a 4x4 triple lattice design in the 2013 and 2014 main cropping seasons to estimate the magnitude of GEI effects and to identify broadly or specifically adapted lines. Combined analysis of variance, Additive Main effects and Multiplicative Interaction (AMMI) and Genotype plus Genotype x Environment interaction (GGE) biplot models were used to interpret the data. Both the main and interaction effects were highly significant (p< 0.01) and environment, line, and GEI explained 81.06%, 3.21% and 15.73% of variations, respectively, indicating greater influence of environments and importance of simultaneous consideration of mean performance and stability. PC1 and PC2 were highly significant (p < 0.01) and together contributed nearly 60% variation in the GEI sum of squares. AMMI 1, GGE ranking, and GGE comparison biplots enabled identification of both high seed yielding and broadly adapted lines, KG-71-1, KG-71-23, and KG-71-44. Polygonal GGE biplot analysis enabled identification of four mega-environments and specifically adapted lines. However, the specific adaptability of lines was not repeated over years and thus, GEI couldn't be exploited and therefore, broadly adapted lines were recommended for verification and release.
Adapted progressive isoinertial lifting evaluation for determining lifting ca...Premier Publishers
Weight of the load and its characteristics is considered to be the important risk factor for low back disorders (LBD) among manual materials handlers. Determining weight of the load and the amount of load a person can lift is important in minimizing the incidence of LBD. Among various methods like isometric, isoinertial and isokinetic, isoinertial approach of lifting evaluation is best as it is safe, inexpensive, simple and dynamically represents real world lifting. The objective of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of adapted progressive isoinertial lifting evaluation (PILE) for determining maximum acceptable weight of lift (MAWL). This experimental study was conducted among 30 adult male participants recruited from a university community. Adaptation was done to the box dimensions and the weights used for PILE. The subjects were instructed to perform the PILE protocol using adapted box and weights using free lifting technique at two vertical distances and lifting capacity was determined. Heart rate was monitored throughout the trial and the participants were asked to rate their discomfort in a six point likert scale. All the participants were comfortable in performing adapted PILE and no untoward incident was noticed during the procedure. It may be feasible to adapt PILE for determining lifting capacity.
Bone health of postpartum women: Unexpected high prevalence of a health probl...Premier Publishers
The aim was to see the effect of pregnancy on Bone Mineral Density (BMD) and bone turnover markers (BTMs) in the immediate postpartum period and 12 months thereafter. Eighty women delivered at KAUH (May 2009-Oct 2010) had BMD, bone profile, 25-OH vitamin D and (BTMs). Inclusion criteria: Singleton pregnancy without medical or pregnancy complications. Exclusion criteria: multiple pregnancies, history of diabetes thyroid or bone disease, and use of any medication that affect calcium metabolism. Biochemical tests were repeated for 27 women after one year. Statistical analysis was done using SPSS 16. Eighty women had BMD before discharge. Sixty four women (80%) had low BMD; sixteen of these (25%) had osteoporosis. Although bone profiles were normal, Vitamin D levels were moderately or severely deficient in 35.37% of women. After adjustment for BMI and age there was no correlation between BMD and other variables. Multiple linear regressions showed that BMI was the predictor for BMD (P=0.0014). There was no significant difference between postpartum bone BTMs and bone profiles, and those after twelve months.
Osteoporosis/ osteopenia is a significant health problem in this group of women. Further studies are needed to look into predisposing factors.
Livestock waste management practices in Oyo state, NigeriaPremier Publishers
Livestock waste management methods were evaluated in Oyo State where different farms were visited, structured pre-tested and peer-reviewed questionnaires were administered. The results of this study revealed that the use of animal wastes as manure for farmlands or outright dumping in the bushes, garbage sites or open lands were the most common waste disposal methods practiced by commercial poultry and livestock keepers in Oyo State. Out of all the farms sampled, 45% of the farms practiced Open lands waste disposal methods, 10% practiced sun-dried and burned animal wastes disposal methods, 14% practiced flushing wastes into nearby streams and rivers as slurry, 24% used a combination of all the three methods as space or time permits, 2% turn their waste to biogas for cooking or lightening on the farm and 5% use part of the waste as feed source for ruminants or fishes on the farm. The results showed that larger percentage of the farms does not have an environmental friendly animal waste management system and the implication is widespread air, water and land pollution.
Identification and pathogenicity of fusarium and phomopsis foliar diseases of...Premier Publishers
Research on foliage disease of Jatropha curcas was conducted in Sokoto, Kebbi and Zamfara States of Nigeria to determine the occurrence, incidence and severity of the diseases. Fusarium and Phomopsis species were the fungal pathogens found to be responsible for the disease on J. curcas in the study area. A spore count of the isolates was made and used as inocula in the pathogenicity trial in glasshouse of the department to prove Kochs’ postulate. Results from the farmers’ field revealed that, highest incidence (81.00%) and severity (53.33%) of Phomopsis leaf blight was recorded in Tsaki of Sokoto State, while Janbaki in Kebbi State had the highest incidence (75.33%) and severity (60.00%) of Fusarium leaf blight. The surveys conducted showed that, J. curcas planted in lowland areas tend to be more prone to the fungal leaf blight particularly those close to water source. In the pathogenicity trial, results indicated that, there was no significant difference in the methods of inoculation and number of days after inoculation with respect to incidence and severity of leaf blight. It is recommended that fungicides that can be used for the management of fungal leaf blight of J. curcas should be identified.
Opportunities and constraints of coffee production in West Hararghe, EthiopiaPremier Publishers
Assessing factors influencing coffee production and productivity was used to develop appropriate technology for improvement and inform policy makers to understand gap concerning the commodity. Therefore, this study was designed to assess constraints and opportunities of coffee production in West Hararghe Zone. It employed multi-stage sampling procedure. In the first stage, Daro Lebu, Habro and Boke districts were selected purposively based on coffee production potential from the zone. In the second stage, a total of seven kebeles and 170 households were randomly selected. Household questionnaires were employed to collect primary data and analyzed by using descriptive statistics. The study revealed diseases, pest, poor access to market information, lack of physical infrastructure, lack of improved coffee variety and weak extensions services were major constraints of coffee production and productivity. On the other hand, high quality of Harar coffee, high demand of Hararghe coffee on world market, construction of rural road, availability of mobile phone, good indigenous knowledge were major opportunities for coffee producers in the area. Therefore, findings of study indicated that development of disease resistance coffee variety, assessment of farmers` indigenous knowledge, providing extension service and enhancing infrastructural and institution facilities need emphasis to improve coffee production and productivity.
Analysis of Economic efficiency of coffee production technologies in the case...Open Access Research Paper
Coffee is the primary source of income for more than 10 million households in coffee-growing African countries. Coffee also serves as an important source of export revenues and some of these countries rural population depend on this kind income. So, this study was carried to estimate and analyse factors affecting the level of economic efficiency of coffee production and its implication for increased productivity of coffee producers in the selected districts of Hadiya Zone. To achieve the objective, the target sample households were selected in multi-stage sampling techniques. Then, the primary data collected randomly from a sample of 200 households during 2013/14 production season. Cobb-Douglas production function was fitted using stochastic production frontier approach to estimate the efficiencies levels, whereas Tobit model is used to identify determinants that affect efficiency levels of the sample smallholder farmers. The estimated results showed that the mean technical, allocative and economic efficiencies were 81.78%, 37.45% and 30.62% respectively. It indicated that there was significant inefficiency in coffee production in the study areas. Among 14 explanatory variables hypothesised to affect the level of efficiencies, education level and extension contact of the sample household was the most important factor that found to be statistically significant to affect the level of technical, allocative and economic efficiency all together. In addition, farm size determined farmers’ technical, allocative and economic efficiencies negatively and significantly. Hence, in order to increase the economic efficiency level in coffee production, all concerned bodies and stakeholders should give due attention in determining coping up mechanism to significant determinants.
Determinants of Adoption of Improved Agricultural Technology and Its Impact o...Premier Publishers
The importance of agricultural technology in enhancing production and productivity can be realized when yield increasing and technologies are widely been used and diffused. Standing from this logical ground, this paper aimed at identifying the factors affecting agricultural technology adoption decision and examining the impact of adoption on household’s income in chiro district west Hararghe zone, Oromia national regional state, Ethiopia. Both primary and secondary data was used; primary data was collected through structured questionnaire administered on 97 randomly selected smallholder farmers and secondary data was collected from published and unpublished document related to this topic. For data analysis purpose both Probit and Ordinary Least Square (OLS) regression models were employed. From the total 97 respondents 80 of them were adopted improved agricultural Technology while the left were not adopted improved agricultural technology in the study area. The regression result revealed that agricultural technology adoption has a positive and significant effect on household income by which adopters are better-offs than non-adopters. The probit regression result revealed that gender of the household head; access to irrigation, credit service; extension service and income of the household head significantly affect adoption of improved agricultural technology in the study area. From these finding researchers recommend that government should encourage small scale irrigation, credit service and extension service in the study area.
Determinants of Smallholder Farmers’ Vegetable Crop Commercialization in East...ijtsrd
Transforming the subsistence oriented production system into a market oriented production system as a way to increase the smallholder farmer’s income and reduce rural poverty has been in the policy spotlight of many developing countries, including Ethiopia, particularly in the East Hararghe Zone. The objective of this study was to identify determinants of household level output side commercialization of vegetable crops in the East Hararghe Zone. A multi stage sampling procedure was used to select 230 sample vegetable producers by using probability proportional to population size. Descriptive statistics and econometric models were used to analyze data. The findings further revealed that the mean household vegetable commercialization index HCI was 89.21 . The results from the Tobit regression model revealed that commercialization of vegetable crops was determined by the distances to the nearest market center, access to market information, livestock ownership, cooperative membership, and the area allocated under vegetable production. This study recommended that improving market access, organizing farmers into groups to have better access to agricultural inputs, providing market information through networking and institutions, and clustering and intensification of vegetable crop production are therefore crucial in enhancing the commercialization and level of vegetable commercialization in the study area. Solomon Ayele | Kibret Ketema | Hussein Abro "Determinants of Smallholder Farmers’ Vegetable Crop Commercialization in East Hararghe Zone, Oromia Regional State, Ethiopia" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-7 | Issue-6 , December 2023, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd59881.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/59881/determinants-of-smallholder-farmers’-vegetable-crop-commercialization-in-east-hararghe-zone-oromia-regional-state-ethiopia/solomon-ayele
African Smallholder Farmers’ Perceptions and Attitudes towards Genetically Mo...Premier Publishers
As the debate concerning the application of Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs) technology in commercial agriculture intensifies in Africa, it is appropriate that empirical information about smallholder farmers’ perceptions and attitudes towards GM Crops be investigated as it has the potential of shaping farmers’ adoption decision. This study therefore sought to examine the perceptions and attitude of smallholder farmers in Northern Ghana towards GM crops. The study employed a descriptive survey with Q Methodological procedure applied in guiding data collection. Through multi-stage sampling techniques, 360 smallholder farmers across 10 districts in Northern Ghana were sampled. Descriptive statistics and Q factor analysis were employed in analysing the data gathered. Four-factor solutions were identified as the underlying constructs characterising smallholder farmers’ perceptions towards the cultivation of GM crops. Analysis of the narratives gathered from the smallholder farmers surveyed revealed wide arrays of mixed perceptions towards the cultivation of GM crops. While some farmers held positive and progressive views towards GM crops others held ‘negative, cynical, and dispassionate views towards the cultivation of GM crops. It is recommended that Ghana’s National Biosafety Authority intensify its public education activities to enlighten smallholder farmers about GM crops and Ghana’s agricultural biotechnology policy.
This study was analyzed value chain analysis of sesame in Bench Maji Zone of Southwestern, Ethiopia. It was specifically aimed to address the research gaps by, identifying the major value chain actors and mapping the value chain, and identifying major factors affecting market outlet choices of sesame producers in Meinit Goldya and Guraferda Districts. For addressing these objectives the study used both primary and secondary data obtained from field survey and desk review. Multistage random sampling technique was used to draw 270 sesame producers. Descriptive statistics and econometric method of data analysis were used to analyze the data. The major value chain actors for sesame marketing in the districts were producers, wholesalers, rural collector, cooperatives, broker/commission agents, retailers, local consumers, ECX, exporters and non-governmental organizations. The multivariate probit model results indicated that Years of experiences, Coop membership, household size, Education level, Land under sesame, Quantity supply, participating in training and distance to nearest market significantly influenced sesame producer’s choice of market outlet. Depending on results of this study recommend that strengthening farmers sesame cooperative and enhancing the financial capacity of cooperative, improving accessibility of Transport services and developing infrastructure, improving farmers’ knowledge through adult education as well as their experience sharing with other sesame producing farmers, improving productivity through strengthening supportive institutions(extension service provider) motivating sesame producing farm household to participate different training. Therefore, those important socioeconomic and institutional factors which are mentioned above must take into account to improve the productivity of sesame in the study area.
— The low productivity of the Ethiopian diary sector has been explained by the genetic potentials and management practices. Milk production and consumption largely rely on the indigenous cows. To enhance the contribution of dairy to household food security, nutrition and income, adoption of improved dairy breeds together with the component practices is indispensable. To study the adoption of the dairy technologies and the factors stimulating the choices, a cross-sectional household survey was conducted in the central and eastern Ethiopia. Results declare that the rate of adoption of improved breeds, artificial insemination and improved forage remained to be limited. The uptake of concentrate feeding is found to be relatively better. As the joint multivariate probit estimation confirmed, there is complementarity and interdependence in the uptake of improved breeds, artificial insemination, concentrate feeds and improved forages. Utilization of forage lagged behind to complement adoption of improved cows. Tobit model determination confirmed that the same factors are affecting the adoption decisions. The factors responsible for the joint adoptions, the number of cows owned and intensity of adoption include education status, household wealth, access to markets and district centers, contacts with extension and gender roles. Both the joint and individual analyses highlighted the need for strategies that could overcome the constraints and ensure better uptake of the technologies.
Sources of Technical Inefficiency of Smallholder Farmers in Sorghum Productio...Premier Publishers
This study aims to estimate the technical efficiency and identify sources of technical inefficiency in sorghum production by smallholder farmers in Konso district, southern Ethiopia using data collected from a sample of 124 households. Individual levels of technical efficiency scores were estimated using the Cobb-Douglas functional form, which was specified to estimate the stochastic production frontier. The estimated stochastic production frontier model indicated that input variables such as land, Urea, DAP, labour, oxen and chemicals found to be important factors in increasing the level of sorghum output in the study area. The mean technical efficiency of the sample households was about 69%, which shows existence of a possibility to increase the level of sorghum output by about 31% by efficient use of the existing resources. The estimated stochastic production frontier model together with the inefficiency parameters showed that, age, education, family size, off-farm occupation, extension service, livestock holding, plots distance and soil fertility were found to be significant in determining the level of technical inefficiency of sorghum production in the study area. Negative coefficients of education, family size, off-farm occupation, extension service and soil fertility indicates that improvement in these factors results in a significant decrease in the level of technical inefficiency. Akin, positive coefficients of age, livestock holding and plots distance were found to increase households’ technical inefficiency. Hence, emphasis should be given to improve the efficiency level of those less efficient households by adopting the practices of relatively efficient households in the study area. Beside this, policies and strategies of the government should be directed towards the above mentioned determinants.
Analysis of Value Chain of Cow Milk: The Case of Itang Special Woreda, Gambel...AI Publications
Ethiopia has a long and rich history of dairy farming, which was mostly carried out by small and marginal farmers who raised cattle, camels, goats, and sheep, among other species, for milk. Finding the Itang Special Woreda cow milk value chain is the study's main goal. In order to gather primary data, 204 smallholder dairy farmer households were randomly selected, and the market concentration ratio was calculated using 20 traders. Descriptive statistics, econometric models, and rank analysis were used to achieve the above specified goals. Out of all the participants in the milk value chain, producers, cafés, hotels, and dairy cooperatives had the largest gross marketing margins, accounting for 100% of the consumer price in channels I and II, 55% in channels III and V, and 25.5% in channels V. The number of children under five, the number of milking cows owned, the amount of money from non-dairy sources, the frequency of extension service contacts, the amount of milk produced each day, and the availability of market information were found to have an impact on smallholders' involvement in the milk market. Numerous obstacles also limited the amount of milk produced and marketed. The poll claims that general health issues, sickness, predators, and a lack of veterinary care are plaguing farmers. In order to address the issue of milk perishability, the researchers recommended the host community and organization to construct an agro milk processor, renovate the dairy cooperative in the study region, and restructure the current conventional marketing to lower the transaction and cost of milk marketing.
Studies on Economic Efficiency of Coffee Production in Ilu Abbabor Zone, Orom...Premier Publishers
The study was carried out in six districts of IluAbbabor zone of the production year of 2015/16. Coffee is the major crop but its productivity is low. This can be improved by using the available resource and technology. This study analyzed the efficiency of coffee production and assessing the potential for improvement. Cross-sectional data were used to analyze the economic efficiency of coffee production and identify its determinants factors from 200 farmers were selected using probability proportional sampling technique. The parametric stochastic frontier approach was employed to measure economic efficiency. The results indicate very low levels of technical, allocative and economic efficiency among coffee farmers. The production function indicated that labor was the only variable that had a positive and significant impact in determining coffee production. The mean technical efficiency (TE), allocative efficiency (AE) and economic efficiency (EE) of the household calculated from parametric approach of stochastic frontier analysis were 71.71%, 14.13% and 10.12% respectively. Relationships between TE, AE, and EE, and various variables were expected to have effect on efficiency were examined. An important conclusion emanating from this study is that AE appears to be more significant than TE as a source of gain in EE. From a policy point of view age of the household head, access to credit, land fragmentation, family size and total farmland are the variables found to be the most promising for improving efficiencies of coffee productions. Therefore, policies and strategies of the government should be directed towards the above-mentioned determinants.
Analyzing Marketing Margins and the Direction of Price Flow in the Tomato Val...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
— The Limpopo Province is home to South Africa's tomato farming giants, some of whom also occupy the position of the largest producers of the commodity in the Southern Hemisphere. Regardless of its importance in the tomato industry of the country, there are few studies analysing the mechanism through which prices of tomatoes are determined and transmitted from the farm gate in Limpopo to the various provincial, local and international markets. This study attempts to fill the knowledge gap on the performance of Limpopo Province's tomato markets by examining the marketing margins and the direction of price flow amongst the successive tomato marketing levels. By means of the Concurrent Marketing Margin Analysis approach, it was established that the farmers' portion of the consumer's Rand is low. About 85.1% of the consumer's Rand goes to pay for marketing margins. Granger causality tests show that both the wholesale and retail prices are caused by farm gate prices. The farm level is therefore key to tomato price determination in Limpopo Province of South Africa and pertinent policies that improve the commodity's primary sector may potentially enhance the other sectors in value chain that depend on tomato production. Keywords— Limpopo Province, market dominance, marketing margins, price flow, tomato markets, vertical price linkage.
Assessment of Dairy Marketing in Assosa District, EthiopiaPremier Publishers
The important roles of livestock in the developing countries within the agricultural sector in contributing to rural livelihoods and particularly those of the poor are well recognized. Ethiopia holds large potential for dairy development due to its large livestock population, the favorable climate for improved, high-yielding animal breeds, and the relatively disease-free environment for livestock. This study was initiated to Assessment of Dairy Marketing in Assosa District, Ethiopia. The focus of the study was to identify actors and their roles in dairy marketing chains; and to identify the challenges and opportunities of dairy marketing chains in the study area. The type of data use for assessment is cross sectional data. Different variables were hypothesized to determine dairy marketing. The daa was supplemented by primary and secondary sources. Primary survey was conducted in Assosa district to obtain the total number of households that have dairy animals in the three selected kebeles for dairy production. The secondary data is generated from both published and unpublished documents. Descriptive statistics has been used to assess the generated data. The results obtained from this assessment indicate absence of training service and lack of transportation service were found to be the most important significant variables influencing dairy marketing in the district. Therefore, providing training and improving transportation facilities to strengthen the vertical and horizontal linkages among the marketing agents are recommended to develop and strengthen information on dairy marketing in the study area.
Agriculture in Ethiopia yet bases on small scale farming is experiencing frequent drought. The study examines, does improved wheat seed adoption benefit farmer’s wheat yield or not in Ofla woreda, Tigrai? A primary data sources from a survey of random sample 300 small scale farm households were gathered. Of which 100 were certified wheat seed adoptor farmers and the remaining 200 were non users. In dealing with propensity score matching (PSM) was applied. The average treatment effects on the treated (ATT) result revealed that improved wheat seed adoptor household’s earn 35 to 54 quintal of wheat yield per hectare at a cost of plowing 9,400 Birr larger in a single production year compared to non adoptors earn below 18 quintal at a cost of Birr 7,000. Adoption of certified wheat seed complementary with other packages is more recommendable to enhance wheat yield at small scale level.
Evaluation of Agro-morphological Performances of Hybrid Varieties of Chili Pe...Premier Publishers
In Benin, chilli pepper is a widely consumed as vegetable whose production requires the use of performant varieties. This work assessed, at Parakou and Malanville, the performance of six F1 hybrids of chilli including five imported (Laali, Laser, Nandi, Kranti, Nandita) and one local (De cayenne), in completely randomized block design at four replications and 15 plants per elementary plot. Agro-morphological data were collected and submitted to analysis of variance and factor analysis of mixed data. The results showed the effects of variety, location and their interactions were highly significant for most of the growth, earliness and yield traits. Imported hybrid varieties showed the best performances compared to the local one. Multivariate analysis revealed that 'De cayenne' was earlier, short in size, thin-stemmed, red fruits and less yielding (≈ 1 t.ha-1). The imported hybrids LaaliF1 and KrantiF1 were of strong vegetative vigor, more yielding (> 6 t.ha-1) by developing larger, long and hard fruits. Other hybrids showed intermediate performances. This study highlighted the importance of imported hybrids in improving yield and preservation of chili fruits. However, stability and adaptation analyses to local conditions are necessary for their adoption.
An Empirical Approach for the Variation in Capital Market Price Changes Premier Publishers
The chances of an investor in the stock market depends mainly on some certain decisions in respect to equilibrium prices, which is the condition of a system competing favorably and effectively. This paper considered a stochastic model which was latter transformed to non-linear ordinary differential equation where stock volatility was used as a key parameter. The analytical solution was obtained which determined the equilibrium prices. A theorem was developed and proved to show that the proposed mathematical model follows a normal distribution since it has a symmetric property. Finally, graphical results were presented and the effects of the relevant parameters were discussed.
Influence of Nitrogen and Spacing on Growth and Yield of Chia (Salvia hispani...Premier Publishers
Chia is an emerging cash crop in Kenya and its production is inhibited by lack of agronomic management information. A field experiment was conducted in February-June and May-August 2021, to determine the influence of nitrogen and spacing on growth and yield of Chia. A randomized complete block design with a split plot arrangement was used with four nitrogen rates as the main plots (0, 40, 80, 120 kg N ha-1) and three spacing (30 cm x 15 cm (s1), 30 cm x 30 cm (s2), 50 cm x 50 cm (s3)). Application of 120 kg N ha-1 significantly increased (p≤0.05) vegetative growth and seed yield of Chia. Stem height, branches, stem diameter and leaves increased by 23-28%, 11-13%, 43-55% and 59-88% respectively. Spacing s3 significantly increased (p≤0.05) vegetative growth. An increase of 27-74%, 36-45% and 73-107% was recorded in number of leaves, stem diameter and dry weight, respectively. Chia yield per plant was significantly higher (p≤0.05) in s3. However, when expressed per unit area, s1 significantly produced higher yields. The study recommends 120 kg N ha-1 or higher nitrogen rates and a closer spacing of 15 cm x 30 cm as the best option for Chia production in Kenya.
Enhancing Social Capital During the Pandemic: A Case of the Rural Women in Bu...Premier Publishers
Social capital plays an essential role in empowering people for social and economic change even during the pandemic. A livelihood project of the government was implemented among the members of a women’s association of a disadvantaged upland community in Bukidnon province, Southern Philippines for inclusive development. This study was conducted to determine the influence of some socio-economic attributes and the change in the knowledge level on the social capital of the rural women amidst the pandemic. The activities of the project were implemented considering the health protocols imposed by the government during the health crisis. The findings revealed that the trainings conducted resulted to a positive change in the knowledge level among the rural women. This facilitated the production of vegetables for their households and generated additional income very necessary during the pandemic especially that other economic activities were hindered. Similarly, there was a significant increase in the social capital of the rural women during the last two years. The main occupation, sources of income and their ethnicity significantly influenced the social capital of the rural women. The rural development workers and policymakers must consider the social capital of the group in the implementation of poverty alleviation programs.
Impact of Provision of Litigation Supports through Forensic Investigations on...Premier Publishers
This paper presents an argument through the fraud triangle theory that the provision of litigation supports through forensic audits and investigations in relation to corporate fraud cases is adequate for effective prosecution of perpetrators as well as corporate fraud prevention. To support this argument, this study operationalized provision of litigation supports through forensic audit and investigations, data mining for trends and patterns, and fraud data collection and preparation. A sample of 500 respondents was drawn from the population of professional accountants and legal practitioners in Nigeria. Questionnaire was used as the instrument for data collection and this was mailed to the respective respondents. Resulting responses were analyzed using the OLS multiple regression techniques via the SPSS statistical software. The results reveal that the provision of litigation supports through forensic audits and investigations, fraud data mining for trends and patterns and fraud data collection and preparation for court proceedings have a positive and significant impact on corporate fraud prevention in Nigeria. This study therefore recommends that regulators should promote the provision of litigation supports through forensic audits and investigations in relation to corporate fraud cases in publicly listed firms in Nigeria, as this will help provide reports that are acceptable in court proceedings.
Improving the Efficiency of Ratio Estimators by Calibration WeightingsPremier Publishers
It is observed that the performances of most improved ratio estimators depend on some optimality conditions that need to be satisfied to guarantee better estimator. This paper develops a new approach to ratio estimation that produces a more efficient class of ratio estimators that do not depend on any optimality conditions for optimum performance using calibration weightings. The relative performances of the proposed calibration ratio estimators are compared with a corresponding global [Generalized Regression (GREG)] estimator. Results of analysis showed that the proposed calibration ratio estimators are substantially superior to the traditional GREG-estimator with relatively small bias, mean square error, average length of confidence interval and coverage probability. In general, the proposed calibration ratio estimators are more efficient than all existing estimators considered in the study.
Urban Liveability in the Context of Sustainable Development: A Perspective fr...Premier Publishers
Urbanization and quality of urban life are mutually related and however it varies geographically and regionally. With unprecedented growth of urban centres, challenge against urban development is more in terms of how to enhance quality of urban life and liveability. Making sense of and measuring urban liveability of urban places has become a crucial step in the context of sustainable development paradigm. Geographical regions depict variations in nature of urban development and consequently level of urban liveability. The coastal regain of West Bengal faces unusual challenges caused by increasing urbanization, uncontrolled growth, and expansion of economic activities like tourism and changing environmental quality. The present study offers a perspective on urban liveability of urban places located in coastal region comprising of Purba Medinipur and South 24 Parganas districts. The study uses the liveability standards covering four major pillars- institutional, social, economic and physical and their indicators. This leads to develop a City Liveability Index to rank urban places of the region, higher the index values better the urban liveability. The data for the purpose is collected from various secondary sources. Study finds that the eastern coastal region of the country covering state of West Bengal depicts variations in index of liveability determined by physical, economic, social and institutional indicators.
Transcript Level of Genes Involved in “Rebaudioside A” Biosynthesis Pathway u...Premier Publishers
Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni is a plant which has recently been used widely as a sweetener. This medicinal plant has some components such as diterpenoid glycosides called steviol glycosides [SGs]. Rebaudioside A is a diterpenoid steviol glycoside which is 300 times sweeter than table sugar. This study was done to investigate the effect of GA3 (50 mg/L) on the expression of 14 genes involved in Rebaudioside A biosynthesis pathway in Stevia rebaudiana under in vitro conditions. The expression of DXS remarkably decreased by day 3. Also, probably because of the negative feedback of GA3 on MEP-drived isoprenes, GGDS transcript level reached its lowest amount after GA3 treatment. The abundance of DXR, CMS, CMK, MCS, and CDPS transcripts showed a significant increase at various days after this treatment. A significant drop in the expression levels of KS and UGT85C2 is detected during the first day. However, expression changes of HDR and KD were not remarkable. Results revealed that the level of transcript of UGT74G1 and UGT76G1 up regulated significantly 4 and 2 times higher than control, respectively. However, more research needs to shed more light on the mechanism of GA3 on gene expression of MEP pathway.
Multivariate Analysis of Tea (Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze) Clones on Mor...Premier Publishers
Information on genetic variability for biochemical characters is a prerequisite for improvement of tea quality. Thirteen introduced tea clones characterized with objective; assessing tea clones based on morphological characters at Melko and Gera research stations. The study was conducted during 2017/18 cropping season on experimental plots in RCBD with three replications. Data recorded on morphological traits like days from pruning to harvest, height to first branch, stem diameter, leaf serration density, leaf length, leaf width, leaf size, petiole length, leaf ratio, internode length, shoot length, number of shoot, canopy diameter, hundred shoot weight, fresh leaf yield per tree. Cluster analysis of morphological trait grouped into four clusters indicated, the existence of divergence among the tested clones. The maximum inter-cluster distance was between clusters I and IV (35.27) while the minimum inter cluster distance was observed between clusters I and II (7.8).Principal components analysis showed that the first five principal components with eigenvalues greater than one accounted 86.45% for 15 morphological traits. Generally, the study indicated presence of variability for several morphological traits. However, high morphological variation between clones is not a guarantee for a high genetic variation; therefore, molecular studies need to be considered as complementary to biochemical studies.
Causes, Consequences and Remedies of Juvenile Delinquency in the Context of S...Premier Publishers
This research work was designed to examine nature of juvenile offences committed by juveniles, causes of juvenile delinquency, consequences of juvenile delinquency and remedies for juvenile delinquency in the context of Sub-Saharan Africa with specific reference to Eritrea. Left unchecked, juvenile delinquents on the streets engage in petty theft, take alcohol or drugs, rape women, rob people at night involve themselves in criminal gangs and threaten the public at night. To shed light on the problem of juvenile delinquency in the Sub-Saharan region data was collected through primary and secondary sources. A sample size of 70 juvenile delinquents was selected from among 112 juvenile delinquents in remand at the Asmara Juvenile Rehabilitation Center in the Eritrean capital. The study was carried out through coded self-administered questionnaires administered to a sample of 70 juvenile delinquents. The survey evidence indicates that the majority of the juvenile respondents come either from families constructed by unmarried couples or separated or divorced parents where largely the father is missing in the home or dead. The findings also indicate that children born out of wedlock, families led by single mothers, lack of fatherly role models, poor parental-child relationships and negative peer group influence as dominant causes of juvenile infractions. The implication is that broken and stressed families are highly likely to be the breeding grounds for juvenile delinquency. The survey evidence indicates that stealing, truancy or absenteeism from school, rowdy or unruly behavior at school, free-riding in public transportation, damaging the book of fellow students and beating other young persons are the most common forms of juvenile offenses. It is therefore, recommended that parents and guardians should exercise proper parental supervision and give adequate care to transmit positive societal values to children. In addition, the government, the police, prosecution and courts, non-government organizations, parents, teachers, religious leaders, education administrators and other stakeholders should develop a child justice system that strives to prevent children from entering deeper into the criminal justice process.
The Knowledge of and Attitude to and Beliefs about Causes and Treatments of M...Premier Publishers
Stigma and discrimination associated with mental illness are a common occurrence in the Sub-Saharan region including Eritrea. Numerous studies from Sub-Saharan Africa suggest that stigma and discrimination are major problems in the community, with negative attitudes and behavior towards people with mental illness being widespread. In order to assess the whether such negative attitudes persist in the context of Eritrea this study explored the knowledge and perceptions of 90 Eritrean university students at the College of Business and Economics, the University of Asmara regarding the causes and remedies of mental illness A qualitative method involving coded self-administered questionnaires administered to a sample of 90 university students to collecting data at the end of 2019. The survey evidence points that almost 50% of the respondents had contact with a mentally ill person suggesting that the significant number of the respondents experienced a first-hand encounter and knowledge of mental illness in their family and community. The findings show an overall greater science-based understanding of the causes of mental illness to be followed by recommended psychiatric treatments. The survey evidence indicates that the top three leading causes of mental illness in the context of Eritrea according to the respondents are brain disease (76%), bad events in the life of the mentally ill person (66%) and substance abuse or alcohol taking, smoking, taking drugs like hashish. (54%). The majority of the respondents have a very sympathetic and positive outlook towards mentally ill persons suggesting that mentally illness does not simply affect a chosen individual rather it can happen to anybody regardless of economic class, social status, ethnicity race and religion. Medical interventions cited by the majority of the respondents as being effective treatments for mental illness centered on the idea that hospitals and clinics for treatment and even cures for psychiatric disease. Changing perceptions of mental illnesses in Eritrea that paralleled the very caring and sympathetic attitudes of the sample university students would require raising public awareness regarding mental illness through education, using the mass media to raise public awareness, integrating mental health into the primary health care system, decentralizing mental health care services to increase access to treatment and providing affordable service to maintain positive treatment outcomes.
Effect of Phosphorus and Zinc on the Growth, Nodulation and Yield of Soybean ...Premier Publishers
An investigation was carried out at Kogi State University Student Research and Demonstration farm Anyigba during the 2019 wet season to observe the effect of phosphorus and zinc on the growth, nodulation and yield of soybean. The treatments comprised three levels: phosphorus and zinc (0, 30 and 60 kg P2O5/ha; 0, 5 and 10kg Zn/ha) and two varieties TGX 536 – 02D and Samsoy 2. The investigation revealed that application of phosphorus affected growth, nodulation, yield and some yield components of soybean while zinc application, apart from the plant height, which is reduced significantly, had no significant effect on other growth characters, nodulation, yield and yield components. However, it was generally found to decrease most of the characters. Application of 60 kg P2O5/ha gave the highest growth and yield, while 30 kg P2O5/ha gave the highest nodulation. Application of 60 kg P2O5/ha significantly increased yield to 1.9t/ha, which was significantly higher over the control plots, which gave 1.7t/ha. Crude protein and oil contents of the seeds were not significantly affected by phosphorus application but were significantly affected by zinc application, which significantly decreased protein content as its amount an increase from 0 to 10 kg/ha, and significantly increased oil content from 0 to 5kg/ha and decreased it below 5kg/ha. It was also revealed that the two varieties responded similarly to phosphorus and zinc in terms of growth, grain yield and crude protein content of the seeds.
Influence of Harvest Stage on Yield and Yield Components of Orange Fleshed Sw...Premier Publishers
A field experiment was conducted at Adami Tullu Agricultural Research Center in 2018 under rainfed condition with supplementary irrigation to determine the influence of harvest stage on vine yield and tuberous root yield of orange fleshed sweet potato varieties. The experiment consisted of four harvest stages (105, 120, 135 and 150 days after planting) and Kulfo, Tulla and Guntute varieties. A 4 X 3 factorial experiment arranged in randomized complete block design with three replications was used. Interaction of harvest stage and variety significantly influenced above ground fresh biomass, vine length, marketable tuberous root weight per hectare, commercial harvest index and harvest index. The highest mean values of above ground fresh biomass (66.12 t/ha) and marketable tuberous root weight (56.39 t/ha) were produced by Guntute variety harvested at 135 days after planting. Based on the results, it can be recommended that, farmers of the study area can grow Guntute variety by harvesting at 135 days after planting to obtain optimum vine and tuberous root yields.
Performance evaluation of upland rice (Oryza sativa L.) and variability study...Premier Publishers
This study aimed at assessing genetic variability and to evaluate the performance of 13 improved upland rice varieties for yield and its components based on morphological traits. The field experiment was conducted using a randomized block design at Guraferda and Gimbo districts in the 2019 main cropping season. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) over the two locations revealed significant differences (p≤ 0.05) among varieties for days to 50% heading, days to 85% maturity, panicle length, thousand-grain weight, and grain yield. Similarly, the ANOVA for variety by location interactions depicted significant differences among the tested varieties for days to 50% heading, days to 85% maturity, and thousand-grain weight. High heritability was obtained from days to heading (88.5%), panicle length (85.0%), and grain yield (85.2%), which indicates these traits can be easily improved through selection. High to medium broad sense heritability and genetic advance as percentage of the mean for days to heading, thousand-grain weight, and grain yield indicates a good opportunity for improvement through selection using their phenotypic performance. This is mainly due to the high role of additive gene action in the expression of such traits. This study confirmed the presence of variability among varieties for most of the studied traits, which will create an opportunity for breeders to improve rice yield and other attributes.
Response of Hot Pepper (Capsicum Annuum L.) to Deficit Irrigation in Bennatse...Premier Publishers
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2. Trends and determinants of coffee commercialization among smallholder farmers in southwest Ethiopia
Chelkeba et al. 113
Results of different empirical studies shows demographic,
social, economic and institutional factors affect
commercialization (market participation) and its extent.
Tufa et.al., (2014) used truncated regression model to
identify factors affect household’s horticultural crops
commercialization level. The result shows education of
the household head, irrigation availability, farm size and
livestock ownership by the head affected the level of
commercialization of horticultural crops positively and
significantly. However, household size and distance to the
market affected commercialization level negatively and
significantly. Tobit estimation was used by Gebremedhin
and Jaleta, (2007) to analyze determinants of crop output
market participation. Accordingly, education of the
household head, number of oxen owned and market
orientation index affected participation or
commercialization level positively and significantly while
distance to settlement center to nearest market place
affected the participation level negatively and significantly.
Agwu et.al., (2013) used multiple regression to identify
factors affect commercialization level of smallholder
farmers. Household size and distance to market was
negatively and significantly affected commercialization
decision. However, income of the household, farming
experience, farm size, farmer’s membership to
associations and accessibility to credits affected
commercialization positively and significantly. Tobit
estimation was also used by Goshu et.al., (2012) to
determine intensity of commercialization (%) for both crop
and livestock. The size of cultivated land, quantity of
fertilizer needed annually for crop production, livestock
holding and family size affected commercialization
intensity of livestock positively and significantly while
distance to development stations affected negatively and
significantly. On other hands, quantity of fertilizer needed
annually for crop production, production of major cash
crop and distance to major town affected crop
commercialization intensity positively and significantly.
Gebreselassie and Ludi, (2008) used linear regression to
assess the proportion of output sold to the market and
determinants of market participation. The result identified
value of output produced and specialization in coffee
production affected extent of market participation
positively and significantly and proportion of food
purchase affected extent of market participation
negatively and significantly. The degree of coffee
commercialization was higher among households with
smaller families, households headed by women and
households headed by older persons. However, neither
the demographic and household factors considered
(gender, age, and family size) nor farm size had any
significant effect on the observed variation in the degree
of coffee commercialization among sampled households.
Martey et al., (2012) used Tobit model to identify factors
determining the intensity of cassava commercialization.
The authors found marital status, household head’s age,
extension access, distance to market places and access
to market information affected cassava commercialization
intensity negatively and significantly. However, number of
adults in the household, farming experience, volume of
cassava produced, farm size, cassava price and off farm
income affected positively and significantly.
Coffee is the mainstay of Ethiopian economy. It directly or
indirectly affects the livelihood of 15 million Ethiopians.
Coffee contributes 25% to total export earnings (USDA,
2013). Despite its gigantic socio economic contribution to
the country, smallholder farmers dominate its production
(95% of coffee production) which resulted to limited
market participation (McMillan et al., 2003). Regarding
commercialization, the research finding of Gebreselassie
and Ludi, (2008) revealed that the index of household
coffee commercialization ranged from zero (for 10% of
households) to 100% (for 10.6% of households) across
the sampled house-holds, with the mean value of 59%.
Ghimbi and Gomma districts sold 66% and 63% of their
coffee output respectively. Concomitantly, Aleta Wondo
and Yirgachefe districts’ coffee commercialization index
was 53% and 56% respectively. The result of the study
also revealed that coffee contributed 70% to the total
value of output sold in the market by the average farmer.
Studies witnessed there is very low level of
commercialization among smallholder farmers in Ethiopia
(Jaleta and Gardebroek, 2008; Adane, 2009; Bedaso et
al., 2012). The commercial behavior of smallholders and
the commercialization extent at which they are operating
is a crucial research question to be addressed. Although
there is relatively rich body of literature, analyzing the
extent and trends of commercialization in coffee sector
have received little attention not only in the study area but
also in the country. The main objective of the study was to
identify coffee commercialization and utilization trend in
Jimma zone. The specific objectives of the study was to:
assess level of coffee production, consumption and
commercialization by smallholder farmers of the study
area; to analyze institutional and socio economic factors
affecting smallholder coffee commercialization extent; to
suggest policy analysts and extensionists the way coffee
production and commercialization could be enhanced and
promoted in a sustainable manner.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The study area
The study was conducted in Jimma zone which is located
335 km to the South west of Addis Ababa in the Ethiopia –
Africa. The zone extends between 70
13’ – 80
56’ North
latitudes and 350
49 -380
38’ East longitudes. It is bordered
with East Wollega zone in the North, with East Shoa zone
and Southwest Shoa zone in North East, with south nation,
nationalities and people’s administration in the South East
and South part, and with Ilu-Ababora zone in the West.
3. Trends and determinants of coffee commercialization among smallholder farmers in southwest Ethiopia
J. Agric. Econo. Rural Devel. 114
The zone is characterized by a tropical highland climate
with heavy rainfall, warm temperatures and a long wet
period. The mean annual rainfall ranges between 1,200
mm and 2,500 mm. Coffee is produced in 13 of 18 districts
of Jimma zone; meaning coffee is the major contributor to
the socio economic well-being of the zone as well as for
Ethiopia. Jimma town is the capital of Jimma zone.
Limu-kosa, Gomma and Manna districts of the zone were
randomly selected from the coffee potential districts for
this specific study. Gomma district is located 397 km to
southwest of capital Addis Ababa and 50 km away from
Jimma town. The annual rainfall varies between 800-2000
mm. The agro climate of the district is highland (8%);
intermediate high land (88%) and low land (4%). Manna is
another major coffee producing district in Jimma zone,
which is located at 368 km southwest of Addis Ababa and
20 km west of Jimma town. The district constitutes 12%
highland, 65% intermediate highland and 23% lowland
with altitude ranges between 1470–2610 m.a.s.l.
Limu-kosa is also another coffee producing district in
Jimma zone, which is located at 421 km from the capital
Addis Ababa and 20 km from north of Jimma town. The
agro climate of the district is intermediate highland (65%),
highland (25%) and lowland (10%).
Sampling procedure
A three stage sampling procedures were followed to select
sample households. In the first stage, coffee potential
districts were identified in collaboration to Jimma zone
coffee staff. In the second stage, peasant associations of
the districts were picked randomly and finally a random of
households were identified with development agents of the
respective peasant association. Farmers from three
districts and twelve peasant associations as well as sixty
four villages were randomly chosen for the survey.
Data type and collection
Primary data was collected from 156 coffee producing
households of the selected districts, peasant associations
and villages of the zone. All attitudinal, institutional,
demographic and socioeconomic factors related to the
farmers were collected through personal interviews.
Structured questionnaire prepared for household heads
were filled by the help of selected and well trained
enumerators. Few secondary data like socio economic
data of the study areas was also gathered from zonal and
district bureaus of agriculture and natural resource
development to supplement the primary data.
Data analysis
The Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS
version-20) was used for data entry while STATA 12.1 was
used for data cleaning and analysis. Descriptive statistics
and econometric models were implemented to analyze the
data collected from households. Tobit model was used to
determine factors determining level of commercialization
of coffee. The Tobit regression model is employed to
quantify the magnitude and direction of the effects of the
factors influencing commercialization of smallholder
agriculture. Most studies have modeled agricultural
commercialization as a two-step analytical approaches
involving the unobservable decision to commercialize and
the observed degree or extent of commercialization (Alene
et al., 2008). The structural equation of Tobit model is:
iii Xy *
Where; εi ~ N(0, σ2
). y*
is a latent variable that is observed
for values greater than Г and censored otherwise. The
observed y is defined by the following measurement
equation
y*
if y*
> Г
y
*
= Гy if y
*
≤ Г
In the typical Tobit model, we assume that Г=0 i.e. the
data are censored at 0. Thus we must have
y*
if y*
> 0
y
*
= 0 if y
*
≤ 0
The likelihood function for the censored normal
distribution in Logit model is:
didi
N
i
y
L
1
)](1[)](
1
[
Where, Г is the censoring point. In the traditional Tobit
model, we set Г = 0 and parameterize µ as Xiβ. This gives
us the likelihood function for the Tobit model:
diidiii
N
i
XXy
L
1
)](1[)](
1
[
The log-likelihood function for the Tobit model is:
))}(1ln[)1())(lnln({ln
1
iii
N
i
X
di
Xy
diL
The overall log-likelihood is made up of two parts. The first
part corresponds to the classical regression for the
uncensored observations, while the second part
corresponds to the relevant probabilities that an
observation is censored.
Expected value of the latent variable y*
:
iXyE ][ *
Marginal effect on the latent dependent variable, y*
:
k
kX
yE
][ *
The reported Tobit coefficients indicate how a one unit
change in an independent variable Xk alters the latent
dependent variable (Sigelman, 1999; Wooldridge, 2002).
4. Trends and determinants of coffee commercialization among smallholder farmers in southwest Ethiopia
Chelkeba et al. 115
Figure 1. Map of the study area
Table 1. Variables and their hypothesized sign
Variables Measurement Description Expected
sign
District Dummy of districts [1=Manna; 2=Gomma;
3=Limu-Kosa]
-/+
Household age Years Continuous +/-
Household education Dummy of level of
education
[1=non educated; 2= Read and
write; 3=primary education;
4=secondary and above
+
Family size Number of
dependent family
member
Continuous (km) -
Farming experience Years of farming Continuous (km) +
Distance to village market Kilometers Continuous (km) -
Distance to main market Kilometers Continuous (km) -
Distance to cooperatives Kilometers Continuous (km) -
Distance to extension service
station
Kilometers Continuous (km) -
Single trip transport cost to main
market
Ethiopian Birr Continuous (Ethiopian Birr) -
Coffee volume produced Kilograms Continuous (kg) +
Coffee price Ethiopian Birr Continuous (Ethiopian Birr) +
Total coffee land Hectares Continuous (Hectares) +
Total cultivated land for other
crops
Hectares Continuous (Hectares) +
Total land Hectares Continuous (Hectares) +
Off-farm income Hectares Continuous (Hectares) +
Buyers trust-worth Dummy [1=yes; 2=no) +
The Tobit model, in our case, analyses factors determining
level of coffee commercialization (0 to 100% of coffee
supplied to the market) on the study area. The following
independent variables were used on the model
considering model specification methods.
The description and hypothesized sign of those variables
are explained above on the table 1.
5. Trends and determinants of coffee commercialization among smallholder farmers in southwest Ethiopia
J. Agric. Econo. Rural Devel. 116
Table 2: Socio economic characteristics of respondents
Variables Manna Gomma Limu-kosa Overall
Mean ± S.D Mean ± S.D Mean ± S.D Mean ± S.D
Age 47.0 ± 9.34 45.42 ± 12.46 41.59 ± 7.02 44.67 ± 10.05
Years lived in the area 45.98 ± 8.66 44.79 ± 11.95 40.50 ± 7.58 43.75 ± 9.81
Farming experience 26.07 ± 8.61 23.19 ± 11.20 23.09 ± 6.53 24.12 ± 9.03
Family size 4.98 ± 1.64 4.62 ± 1.90 3.99 ± 1.71 4.53 ± 1.79
Cultivated land (Hect) 1.51 ± 1.64 2.28 ± 1.39 2.81 ± 1.77 2.22 ± 1.68
Coffee land (Hect) 1.81 ± 1.49 1.51 ± 0.88 2.08 ± 1.34 1.80 ± 1.28
Total land (Hect) 2.24 ± 1.74 2.63 ± 1.57 3.63 ± 2.43 2.83 ± 2.02
Table 3. Institutional accessibility of respondents
Variables Manna Gomma Limu-kosa Overall
Mean ± S.D Mean ± S.D Mean ± S.D Mean ± S.D
Distance to village market (km) 1.61 ± 1.45 5.27 ± 1.67 2.73 ± 1.82 3.20 ± 2.25
Distance to main market (km) 6.69 ± 5.57 20.09 ± 13.51 5.11 ± 2.19 10.63 ± 10.85
Distance to cooperatives (km) 3.19 ± 8.17 8.98 ± 5.45 4.36 ± 1.91 5.51 ± 6.26
Distance to extension service station
(km) 5.57 ± 4.55 10.68 ± 4.40 7.28 ± 7.65 7.84 ± 6.08
Single trip transportation cost to main
market (Birr) 12.52 ± 4.52 15.28 ± 4.10 14.85 ± 7.57 14.21 ± 5.71
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Characteristics of respondents
Of the total 156 households, 92% are men headed and
8% are women headed households. Regarding the
educational status of the households, 17% were non
educated, 43% read and write, 27% attended primary
education and 13% were attended secondary education
and above. Out of the total respondents, the means of
livelihood for 94% of them were farming and the means of
livelihood of 6% of respondents was farming plus pity
trade. Manna district farmers were relatively aged and had
relatively high farming experience. The average family
size of respondents is 4.53 where the highest family size
is at Manna (4.98) and lowest family size is at Limu-kosa
(3.99). The average coffee land holding was high at
Limu-kosa (2.08 hectares) and the lowest was seen at
Manna district (1.81 hectares). Similarly, the average total
land holding was high at Limu-kosa (3.63 hectares) and
low at Manna (2.24 hectares) (Table 2).
Institutional accessibility of respondents by districts shows
that Manna district is more accessible to village market
and Gomma district farmers are less accessible. Similarly,
Manna district is more accessible to cooperatives and
extension services. However, Gomma district is less
accessible to main market, cooperatives and extension
services. Comparatively, Limu-kosa district farmers are
more accessible to main market (Table 3).
Coffee production trends
The result of the survey shows huge fluctuation of coffee
production in the last five years of production. The mean
peak year of production of the individual coffee farmers
was 2014 on all districts and the lowest production was
seen on 2011(Figure 2) on both Manna and Gomma
district while it was on 2015 on Limu-Kosa district (1722
kg).
Coffee utilization trends
The survey found that the higher mean per capita coffee
was produced at Manna district (2843 kg) and the least
mean coffee was produced among Gomma farmers (1720
6. Trends and determinants of coffee commercialization among smallholder farmers in southwest Ethiopia
Chelkeba et al. 117
Figure 2. Coffee production trend by year
Table 4. Coffee utilization trends
Coffee Manna Gomma Limu-kosa Overall
Mean ± S.D Mean ± S.D Mean ± S.D Mean ± S.D
Mean Production (kg) 2843.6 ± 4532.71 1719.8 ± 821.53 1721.9 ± 1436.8 2094.9 ± 2263.7
Mean Sale (kg) 2108.9 ± 1477.51 1102.5 ± 664.11 1079.2 ± 859.34 1430.2 ± 1000.3
Paid in kind for land (kg) 25.3 ± 21.17 67.4 ± 33.73 - 30.88 ± 18.3
Paid in kind for labor (kg) 55.4 ± 104.86 146.4 ± 132.41 188.7 ± 337.22 130.17 ± 191.49
Payment for others (kg) 15.5 ± 13.82 25.6 ± 17.95 34.7 ± 22.21 25.27 ± 17.99
Gift/Donation (kg) 31.9 ± 33.93 15.3 ± 15.61 32.7 ± 32.91 26.64 ± 27.48
Consumption 197.1 ± 55.77 160.9 ± 43.18 198.2 ± 79.13 185.4 ± 59.36
In stock for consumption (kg) 409.5 ± 127.33 201.4 ± 168.89 188.4 ± 123.33 266.4 ± 139.85
kg). Few of the coffee produce serve as a payment for
land, labor and other payments though gift and donation
of coffee is also common in the areas. The extent of
coffee consumption on all districts ranges from 21-22.5%
and the mean overall consumption level was 21.6% (Table
4).This shows no wider fluctuation was seen in coffee
consumption among districts and individual farmers.
The figure below also summarizes the overall coffee
utilization trend in the study area. The result revealed that
68% was sold and 22% was consumed at home. On other
hands, 6% of coffee was paid in kind for labor which is
very common in the study area (Figure 3). During peak
coffee picking period, labor shortage hindrances coffee
picking. The only option to use is payment of coffee in kind
as the laborers prefer this type of payment.
The result of the survey on the study area shows
difference in the extent of coffee commercialization
among different geographical locations. The overall mean
commercialization level was 68% as mentioned above
and Manna district farmers sold more coffee (74%) of their
total production and Gomma and Limu-kosa farmers sold
64% and 63% of their coffee produce respectively (Figure
4).
Coffee marketing outlets
The result of the survey also shows only 3% of coffee was
sold by women; 51% of coffee was sold by men in the
married households and 46% of the coffee was sold by
7. Trends and determinants of coffee commercialization among smallholder farmers in southwest Ethiopia
J. Agric. Econo. Rural Devel. 118
Figure 3. Mean coffee utilization trends
Figure 4. Extent of coffee commercialization (%) among districts
both men and women indifferently. More than 69% of
coffee was sold from December to January and the rest
31% was sold in all months through the year except on
August, September and October. The mode of transport
for coffee used on the study area was truck, public
transport, donkey, cart and back (head) load. However,
more than 70% of respondents used donkey as a mode of
transport for coffee. The market outlet preference by
farmers showed that 73% of respondents used formal
coffee trader and 15%, 9% and 3% of respondents used
informal buyers, cooperatives and brokers respectively as
summarized on below (Figure 5).
Farmers were raising different reasons for the preference
of market outlet they sold for. The criteria of the
respondents include market accessibility, trustworthy of
the trader, market cost, optimum price and lack of other
market outlet alternatives. The descriptive result shows
accessibility and optimum offer (price) of the trader
accounts more than 47% and 23% respectively though
market transaction cost, trustfulness of the buyer and lack
of further alternatives were important criteria they
considered.
Determinants of coffee commercialization
Percentage of coffee sold relative to the produced was a
dependent variable for the Tobit model and some
demographic factors, economic factors and institutional
factors was considered as independent variables. The
8. Trends and determinants of coffee commercialization among smallholder farmers in southwest Ethiopia
Chelkeba et al. 119
Figure 5: Coffee market outlet preference by farmers
Table 5. Factors affecting commercialization of coffee among smallholder farmers
Number of observation = 52
LR chi
2
(17) = 47.90
Prob > chi
2
= 0.0001
Log likelihood = -178.19639 Pseudo R
2
= 0.2185
Variables Coefficient S.E P>|t| dy/dx
District [Manna] 5.440 2.036 0.011
**
4.053
***
Household age 0.072 0.317 0.822 0.054
Household education 2.466 1.858 0.193 1.837
Family size 0.046 0.854 0.957 0.035
Farming experience 0.117 0.322 0.717 0.087
Distance to village market 0.222 0.671 0.742 0.165
Distance to main market -2.484 0.853 0.006
***
-1.850
***
Distance to cooperatives -2.066 0.921 0.031
**
-1.539
**
Distance to extension service station 0.783 0.549 0.163 0.583
Single trip transport cost to main market -0.936 0.487 0.063
*
-0.697
*
Coffee volume produced 0.454 0.152 0.005
***
0.338
***
Coffee price 0.435 0.223 0.059
*
0.324
*
Total coffee land 2.657 2.134 0.222 1.979
Total cultivated land for other crops -6.072 1.415 0.000
***
-4.523
***
Total land 5.574 1.536 0.001
***
4.153
***
Off-farm income 0.0008 0.0001 0.516 0.003
Buyers trust-worth 1.634 1.360 0.237 1.218
Constant 153.39 26.585 0.000
***
-
*** = statistically significant at 1%; ** = statistically significant at 5% ; * =statistically significant at
10%
result of Tobit model showed that location difference,
distance to cooperatives, distance to main market and
transport cost to the main market, coffee produced by the
farmer and land holding affects coffee commercialization
level significantly.
District
The result of the survey shows that amount of coffee
supplied to the market or commercialized was higher and
significant at Manna district. The coefficient of Manna
9. Trends and determinants of coffee commercialization among smallholder farmers in southwest Ethiopia
J. Agric. Econo. Rural Devel. 120
district is positive and significant. The result is consistent
with the finding on descriptive result where Manna district
sold more than 74% of their produced coffee. The finding
suggests that commercialization level differ among
different geographical locations since difference in
institutional and socio economic features among the
locations.
Distance to main market
One of institutional factors considered to affect level of
commercialization was distance to main district market.
The result witnessed negative and significant relation
between commercialization level and distance to main
market (coefficient= -2.484). The marginal effect of the
variable was also significant at 1% significance level. The
finding suggests that, a one km increase to main market
declines amount of coffee to be commercialized by 1.85%
which is significant at 1% significance level. The result is
consistent with the hypothesized sign and with the
findings of Tufa et.al., (2014), Agwu et.al., (2013) and
Martey et al., (2012).
Distance to cooperatives
Distance to cooperatives has also negative and significant
relation to the level of commercialization which is also
consistent with the hypothesized sign. The coefficient of
the variable is -2.066 and the marginal effect was also
negative and significant (5% significance level). The result
implies a one kilometer increase to marketing
cooperatives decreases coffee supplied to the market by
1.54 which is also significant at 5% significance level. The
result corroborates with the finding of Goshu et.al., (2012).
Transport cost to main market
Transportation cost has negative and significant impact on
the level of coffee commercialization by smallholder
farmers which corroborate with the hypothesized sign.
The coefficient is -0.939 and the marginal effect were also
significant at 10% significance level. This means that a
one Ethiopian Birr increase in transportation cost to the
main market decreases the coffee supply to the main
market by 0.697%.
Coffee volume and price
The result of the study also shows positive and significant
relation between the volume of coffee produced and
commercialized (coefficient= 0.454) which is in line with
the hypothesized sign. The marginal effect was also
significant at 1% significance level. On other hands, there
was a positive relation between level of coffee
commercialized and coffee price (coefficient= 0.435)
which was significant at 1% significance level and the
marginal effect was also significant at 1%. The result is in
line with the findings of Goshu et.al., (2012) and Martey et
al., (2012) which witnessed positive relation between
volume produced and commercialization intensity. They
also found the positive relation between commodity price
and commercialization volume or output supplied to the
market which corroborate with the finding of this study.
Total land
Total land or farm size is positively related to coffee
supplied to market (coefficient= 5.574) which was
significant at 1% significance level and the marginal effect
was also significant. The possible logical reason behind
this is, those farmers with large land size tends to produce
more coffee and farmers produced more coffee also
supplies more coffee to the market relatively. The result is
consistent with the hypothesized sign and with the
findings of Tufa et.al., (2014), Agwu et.al., (2013) and
Martey et al., (2012).
Total cultivated land
Total cultivated land negatively related to coffee supplied
to market (coefficient= -6.072) which was significant at 1%
significance level and the marginal effect was also
significant (Table 5).The possible reason behind this is
those farmers with large crop land size opts to produce
less coffee and farmers produced less coffee also
supplies less coffee to the market. This result is against
the hypothesized sign. However, this result is against the
hypothesized sign and the finding of Goshu et.al., (2012).
He found positive relationship between market supply and
size of cultivated land.
CONCLUSIONS
The result of the study revealed that distance to main
market places, distance to cooperatives and transport
cost to market places affects level of coffee
commercialization negatively and significantly. Based on
the finding, it is suggested to develop institutional sectors
such as marketing cooperatives. On other hands,
improving physical accessibility to marketing places could
promote commercialization level of this high value crop.
Total land holding of the household head affects level of
commercialization positively and significantly. However,
increasing the size of landholding cannot be an option to
increase coffee supply since land is a finite resource.
Thus, researchers are suggested to popularize research
outputs that increases productivity of coffee per unit of
land which in turn increases coffee to be commercialized
aside awareness creation of efficient utilization of land
among farmers.